RESUMEN
In this study new compounds consisting of activated carbon cloths (ACC) modified with calcium silicate (CaSiO3) were prepared for hydroxyapatite (HAP) generation. ACC samples were oxidized with 8 M HNO3 at different times (15 min and 2 h), to increase oxygenated functional groups. The CaSiO3 fine powders were prepared by chemical coprecipitation using Ca(NO3)2â4H2O and Si(OC2H5)4, and 5 M NaOH was used as precipitant. The resulting powders were mixed with ethanol by ultrasound stirring and the previously oxidized activated carbon fibers were placed leaving under stirring for 30 min to allow particle dispersion. Once the formed compounds were dried, the samples were immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 21 days in conical tubes at 36.5 °C to allow the HAP formation on the ACC/CaSiO3 composite surface. The results indicated that the increase in oxidation time improves HAP formation on the surface from ACC/CaSiO3 compounds and this bioactive composite may be a potential material for bone regeneration.
RESUMEN
Activated carbon cloths (ACCs) were used as biofilms supports in the anaerobic biotransformation of 4-nitrophenol (4NP). As received ACC material (AW) was oxidized with HNO3 (OX) and then functionalized with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQ). The three ACCs were packed in hybrid UASB reactors and seeded with anaerobic granular sludge for biotransformation experiments. The results indicated that ACC-packed bioreactors improved the biotransformation of 4NP by twofold as compared to the control reactor without support materials. However, the biotransformation effciency of AW, OX and AQ was very similar (59%), indicating the role of ACC as biofilm support and not as redox mediator. After 4NP biotransformation several physicochemical and biological changes were observed like (1) the point of zero charge (pHPZC) shift from acidic values (AW = 5.0, OX = 3.4, AQ = 3.1) to neutral values (pHPZC = 7.6 on average), (2) increase in the concentration of acidic and basic surface functional groups over ACC materials and the amount of supported biomass on ACCs due to biofilm formation, and (3) enrichment of exoelectrogenic microorganisms belonging to the genera Geobacter over carbonyl-rich ACC surface as revealed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Overall, the results suggest that chemical modifications of ACCs changed the microbial composition of the biofilm, but the higher concentration of carbonyl groups on ACC did not affect the biotransformation of 4NP.
Asunto(s)
Reactores Biológicos , Carbón Orgánico , Biodegradación Ambiental , Biopelículas , Biotransformación , Nitrofenoles , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Eliminación de Residuos LíquidosRESUMEN
In this work, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) was covalently immobilized onto activated carbon cloth (ACC), to be used as redox mediator for the reductive decolorization of reactive red 2 (RR2) by an anaerobic consortium. The immobilization of AQS improved the capacity of ACC to transfer electrons, evidenced by an increment of 3.29-fold in the extent of RR2 decolorization in absence of inhibitors, compared to incubations lacking AQS. Experiments conducted in the presence of vancomycin, an inhibitor of acidogenic bacteria, and with 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES), an inhibitor of methanogenic archaea, revealed that acidogenic bacteria are the main responsible for RR2 biotransformation mediated by immobilized AQS. Nonetheless, the results also suggest that some methanogens are able to maintain their capacity to use immobilized AQS as an electron acceptor to sustain the decolorization process, even in the presence of BES.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Azo/metabolismo , Biotransformación , Carbón Orgánico/química , Antraquinonas , Compuestos Azo/química , Bacterias/metabolismo , Carbón Orgánico/metabolismo , Color , Colorantes/metabolismo , Naftalenosulfonatos , Oxidación-Reducción , TriazinasRESUMEN
Se determinan las entalpias de inmersión de cinco telas de carbón activado en CCl4, H2O, y soluciones de NaOH y HCl 0,1 M. Los valores de área superficial de las telas se encuentran entre 243 y 848 m²g-1, y presentan una relación lineal con las entalpías de inmersión en CCl4. Las entalpías de inmersión de las telas de carbón están entre 5,49 y 42,3 Jg-1 para el CCl4 y entre 3,83 y 7,54 Jg-1 para el H2O. Las entalpías de inmersión en las soluciones se relacionan con los contenidos de grupos ácidos y básicos, y se encuentra que para el primer caso, al aumentar la entalpía de inmersión en NaOH, aumenta la acidez total. Se calcula el factor hidrofóbico a partir de las entalpías de inmersión en CCl4 y H2O, que indica la interacción del sólido con compuestos polares y apolares, y a la vez se relaciona con el pH PZC de cada muestra.
The immersion enthalpies of five activated carbon cloths in carbon, CCl4,H2O and NaOH and HCl 0.1 M solutions are determined. The surface area values of the cloths are between 243 and 848 m²g-1 and exhibit a linear relationship with the immersion enthalpies in CCl4. The immersion enthalpies of carbon cloths are between 5.49 and 42.3 Jg-1 for CCl4 and 3.83 and 7.54 Jg-1 for H2O. The immersion enthalpies in the solutions are related to the contents of acidic and basic groups and find that in the first case to increase the immersion enthalpy in NaOH increases the total acidity. Hydrophobic factor is calculated from the immersion enthalpies in CCl4 and H2O, that indicate the interaction with polar and apolar compounds, and also relates to pH PZC each sample.
Determinam-se as entalpías de imersão de cinco telas de carvão activado em CCL4HO , e soluções de NaOH e HCl 0,1 M. Os valores de área superficial das telas encontram-se entre 243 e 848 m²g-1, e apresentam uma relação lineal com as entalpías de imersão em CCl4. As entalpías de imersão das telas de carvão estão entre 5,49 e 42,3 Jg-1 para o CCl4 e entre 3,83 e 7,54 Jg-1 para o H2O. As entalpías de imersão nas soluções relacionam-se com os conteúdos de grupos ácidos e básicos e encontra-se que para o primeiro caso ao aumentar a entalpía de imersão em NaOH aumenta a acidez total. Calcula-se o factor hidrofóbico a partir das entalpías de imersão em CCl4 e H2O, que indica a interacção do sólido com compostos polares e apolares, e ao mesmo tempo se relaciona com o pH PZC da cada mostra.
RESUMEN
Se preparan telas de carbón activado, a partir de dos materiales tejidos de algodón, por activación química mediante impregnación en soluciones acuosas diluidas de ZnCl2, AlCl3 y H3PO4 y la posterior carbonización en atmósferas de nitrógeno y dióxido de carbono hasta una temperatura final de 850 °C . Se presentan los porcentajes de contracción y rendimiento así como los parámetros estructurales determinados por adsorción de N2 77 K, y se comparan con algunos parámetros cristalográficos determinados por difracción de rayos X. Las telas de carbón activado preparadas presentan áreas superficiales de 210 m2g-1 y 951 m2g-1 así como volúmenes de microporo de 0,09 cm3g-1 y 0,528 cm3g-1que permiten estudiar la influencia de los materiales de partida, el agente químico utilizado en la impregnación y la atmósfera de carbonización.
Activated carbon cloths are prepared by chemical activation of two woven materials of cotton, by the impregnation in diluted aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, AlCl3 and H3PO4 and the later carbonization in nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmosphere up to a final temperature of 850 °C . We report the percentage of contraction and yield as well as the structural parameters determined by adsorption of N2 77 K, and they are compared with some crystallographic parameters determined by X-ray diffraction. The prepared activated carbon cloths exhibit a superficial area of between 210 m2g-1 and 951 m2g-1, as well as micropore volumes 0,09 cm3g-1 and 0,528 cm3g-1 that allows to study the influence of the precursors, the chemical agent used as impregnant and the atmosphere of carbonization.
Os panos ativado de carbono são preparados por activação química de dois materiais tecidos do algodão, impregnando- thos em soluções aguadas diluídas de ZnCl2, AlCl3 e H3PO4 e carbonizando- lhos numas atmósfera de nitrogênio e de dióxido de carbono até uma temperatura final de 850 °C . Nós relatamos a porcentagem da contração e rendimento, assim como os parâmetros estruturais determinados pela adsorção do N2 77 K, e eles são comparados com alguns parâmetros cristalográficos determinados pela difração de raios X. Os panos preparados de carbono ativado exibem uma área superficial de 210 m2g-1 e 951 m2g-1 e volumes do micropore de 0,09 cm3g-1 e 0,528 cm3g-1 que permitem estudar a influência dos precursors, de agente químico usado como impregnante e a atmósfera de carbonição.
RESUMEN
Se preparan dos telas de carbón activado a partir de la activación química de textiles de algodón. La preparación de los materiales se lleva a cabo por medio de la impregnación de éstos en una solución 0,10 M de H3PO4 , seguida de una carbonización en atmósfera de dióxido de carbono hasta una temperatura final de 825°C. Se presentan los análisis termogravimétricos de las telas de partida que permiten ajustar las condiciones experimentales de carbonización así como los porcentajes de contracción y rendimiento de los materiales preparados, que se encuentran entre un 50% y 20% respectivamente. Las telas de carbón activado preparadas presentan áreas superficiales de 796 m² g-1 y 951 m² g-1 así como volúmenes de microporo de 0,416 cm³ g-1 y 0,528 cm³ g-1 . Un estudio calorimétrico de los sólidos preparados permite estimar que las entalpías de inmersión en tetracloruro de carbono son -4,66 J g-1 y -5,05 J g-1 respectivamente. Los resultados de un análisis por microscopia óptica de las telas preparadas también son presentados.
The present work reports the results of the preparation of two activated carbon cloths by chemical activation of cotton based fabrics. The preparation of the materials was achieved by its impregnation into a solution 0.10 M of H3 PO4 , followed by carbonisation in carbon dioxide atmosphere up to 825ºC . Thermal analysis of the precursor fabrics that allow to adjust the experimental conditions of carbonization are presented, as well as the contraction percentages and yield of the prepared materials that are respectively between 50% and 20% The activated carbon cloths prepared exhibit a superficial area of 796 m² .g-1 and 951 m² .g-1 , and micropore volume of 0.416 cm³ g-1 y 0.528 cm³ g-1 . A calorimetric study of the prepared solids allows to estimate that the immersion enthalpies in carbon tetrachloride are - 4.66 J g-1 and -5.05 J g-1 respectively. The optical microscopy results of the prepared cloths also are presented.
Nós relatamos os resultados da preparação de dois tecidos de carvões ativados pela ativação química da teia baseadas em algodão. A preparação dos materiais foi conseguida pela sua impregnação em uma solução 0.10 M de H3 PO4 , seguida pelo carbonização na atmosfera de dióxido de carbono até uma temperatura de análise de 825ºC . Análise térmica dos tecidos do precursor que reservam para ajustar as condições experimentais do carbonização são apresentadas, assim como as porcentagens da contração e o rendimento dos materiais preparados que estão entre 50% e 20% respectivamente. Os tecidos ativados preparados de carbono exibem uma área superficial de 796 e 951 m 2 g-1 , e um volume de microporo de 0.416 cm 3 g-1 y 0.528 cm³ g-1 . Um estudo calorimetrico dos sólidos preparados reserva para estimar que as entalpias da imersão no tetracloreto do carbono são -4.66 J g-1 e -5.05 J g-1 respectivamente. Os resultados pelo microscopia ótica dos tecidos preparados são apresentados também.