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Influenza is an acute viral infectious respiratory disease worldwide, presenting in different clinical forms, from influenza-like illness (ILI) to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Although real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is already an important tool for both diagnosis and treatment monitoring of several viral infections, the correlation between the clinical aspects and the viral load of influenza is still unclear. This lack of clarity is primarily due to the low accuracy and reproducibility of the methodologies developed to quantify the influenza virus. Thus, this study aimed to develop and standardize a universal absolute quantification for influenza A by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), using a plasmid DNA. The assay showed efficiency (Eff%) 98.6, determination coefficient (R2) 0.998, linear range 10^1 to 10^10, limit of detection (LOD) 6.77, limit of quantification (LOQ) 20.52 copies/reaction. No inter and intra assay variability was shown, and neither was the matrix effect observed. Serial measurements of clinical samples collected at a 72h interval showed no change in viral load. By contrast, immunocompetent patients have a significantly lower viral load than immunosuppressed ones. Absolute quantification in clinical samples showed some predictors associated with increased viral load: (H1N1)pdm09 (0.045); women (p = 0.049) and asthmatics (p = 0.035). The high efficiency, precision, and previous performance in clinical samples suggest the assay can be used as an accurate universal viral load quantification of influenza A. Its applicability in predicting severity and response to antivirals needs to be evaluated.

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In this paper we discuss recent significant developments in the field of venom research, specifically the emergence of top-down proteomic applications that allow achieving compositional resolution at the level of the protein species present in the venom, and the absolute quantification of the venom proteins (the term "protein species" is used here to refer to all the different molecular forms in which a protein can be found. Please consult the special issue of Jornal of Proteomics "Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts" published in 2016, vol. 134, pages 1-202). Challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve a compact and automated platform with which to routinely carry out comprehensive quantitative analysis of all toxins present in a venom. This short essay reflects the authors' view of the immediate future in this direction for the proteomic analysis of venoms, particularly of snakes.

RESUMEN

In this paper we discuss recent significant developments in the field of venom research, specifically the emergence of top-down proteomic applications that allow achieving compositional resolution at the level of the protein species present in the venom, and the absolute quantification of the venom proteins (the term "protein species" is used here to refer to all the different molecular forms in which a protein can be found. Please consult the special issue of Jornal of Proteomics "Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts" published in 2016, vol. 134, pages 1-202). Challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve a compact and automated platform with which to routinely carry out comprehensive quantitative analysis of all toxins present in a venom. This short essay reflects the authors' view of the immediate future in this direction for the proteomic analysis of venoms, particularly of snakes.(AU)

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In this paper we discuss recent significant developments in the field of venom research, specifically the emergence of top-down proteomic applications that allow achieving compositional resolution at the level of the protein species present in the venom, and the absolute quantification of the venom proteins (the term "protein species" is used here to refer to all the different molecular forms in which a protein can be found. Please consult the special issue of Jornal of Proteomics "Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts" published in 2016, vol. 134, pages 1-202). Challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve a compact and automated platform with which to routinely carry out comprehensive quantitative analysis of all toxins present in a venom. This short essay reflects the authors' view of the immediate future in this direction for the proteomic analysis of venoms, particularly of snakes.(AU)

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Abstract In this paper we discuss recent significant developments in the field of venom research, specifically the emergence of top-down proteomic applications that allow achieving compositional resolution at the level of the protein species present in the venom, and the absolute quantification of the venom proteins (the term protein species is used here to refer to all the different molecular forms in which a protein can be found. Please consult the special issue of Jornal of Proteomics Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts published in 2016, vol. 134, pages 1-202). Challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve a compact and automated platform with which to routinely carry out comprehensive quantitative analysis of all toxins present in a venom. This short essay reflects the authors view of the immediate future in this direction for the proteomic analysis of venoms, particularly of snakes.

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La producción del cultivo de papa en Colombia se puede afectar por infección con diferentes patógenos virales, entre ellos, el Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) que puede reducir la producción entre el 30 % y 50%. PYVV se ha diagnosticado molecularmente usando RT-PCR convencional en hojas sintomáticas y no sintomáticas. Sin embargo, no hay reportes sobre la detección y distribución viral en diferentes órganos infectados por PYVV en las plantas que expresan síntomas y sin síntomas. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue detectar a PYVV por RT-PCR convencional con cebadores específicos y por qRT-PCR (tiempo real) utilizando Sondas TaqMan® y analizar la distribución viral en plantas de S. tuberosum grupo Phureja cv. Criolla Colombia (papa criolla). Se logró la detección del virus en todos los órganos analizados (foliolo, peciolo, tallo aéreo y subterráneo, pedúnculo floral, pétalo y antera) mediante ambas técnicas, sin embargo, qRT-PCR fue 100 veces más sensible que la técnica convencional. Adicionalmente, se realizó la cuantificación absoluta del gen de la proteína mayor de la cápside de PYVV (CP). Los resultados indican que cuando la planta no expresa síntomas (NS), hay una distribución homogénea del virus, con un promedio del número de copias del gen CP de 4.09×107±2.35×107; mientras que en plantas sintomáticas el título viral es mayor (6.82×108±1.74×108) y la distribución heterogénea en los órganos, con mayor acumulación en órganos de la zona aérea. Este es el primer informe sobre la detección de PYVV en diferentes órganos de papa por medio de tiempo real, incluyendo las anteras y pedúnculo floral. La información debe ser de utilidad para el diagnóstico de PYVV y para adelantar estudios sobre la biología del virus y la relación con el huésped y el vector. La información suministrada debe ser valiosa para agricultores y fitomejoradores, además para programas de indexado de plantas contra PYVV y en la certificación de semilla.

Potato yield in Colombia could be affected by the infection with different viral pathogens, among which, Potato vein yellow virus (PYVV) could reduce potato production by 30% to 50%. PYVV has been diagnosed molecularly in symptomatic and symptomless leaves samples by conventional RT-PCR. However, the PYVV detection and distribution in different organs of symptomatic and symptomless plants have not been reported until now. The aim of this research was to detect and analyze PYVV distribution in different organs of infected S. tuberosum group Phureja cv. Criolla Colombia (papa criolla) plants using conventional and real time qRT-PCR usindTaqMan® probes. It was achieved to detect the virus in all analyzed organs (leaflets, petiole, peduncle, anther, petals, aerial and underground stem) by both techniques; however, qRT-PCR was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional technique. Additionally, the absolute quantification of coat major protein gene (CP) was determined. The results shown that in non symptomatic plants (NS), PYVV was distributed homogenously with an average CP gene copy number of 4.09 × 107 ± 2.35 × 107, while in symptomatic moderate and severe plants (M) or (S) the viral load was greater (6.82×108±1.74×108) with an heterogeneous distribution regarding the organ and with greater accumulation in the aerial organs. The results presented in this study will be important for PYVV detection and further studies on the virus biology, host and vector relations. The information should be useful to farmers, breeders, indexing and seed certification programs.

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