RESUMEN
Reliable prediction of the risk of mycotoxin contamination in post-harvest wheat will aid in improvement of the quality and safety. To establish the relationship between Fusarium pseudograminearum mycotoxins and CO2 production, changes in their respective concentrations were monitored for the artificial contamination of wheat under different values of water activities (0.84 aw, 0.92 aw, and 0.97 aw) and temperatures (20 â, 25 â, and 30 â). Water activity played a significant role in all these processes. CO2 concentration together with moisture content and temperature were used as the main parameters to establish DON and ZEN contamination prediction models. The prediction accuracy for DON was 98.15 % (R2 = 0.990) and 90.74 % for ZEN (R2 = 0.982). These models were combined with T/RH/MC/CO2 multi-parameter integrated sensors to form an early warning system, which offers a great prospect to minimise the risk of DON/ZEN contamination in post-harvest wheat.
RESUMEN
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin known for its estrogenic activities. The metabolism of ZEN plays a role in the interspecies differences in sensitivity to ZEN, and is known to occur in the liver and via the intestinal microbiota, although the relative contribution of these two pathways remains to be characterized. In the present study a fecal in vitro model was optimized and used to quantify the interspecies differences in kinetics of the intestinal microbial metabolism of ZEN in rat, pig and human. Vmax, Km, and catalytic efficiencies (kcat) were determined, and results obtained reveal that the kcat values for formation of α-ZEL and ß-ZEL amounted to 0.73 and 0.12â¯mL/h/kg bw for human microbiota, 2.6 and 1.3â¯mL/h/kg bw for rat microbiota and 9.4 and 6.3â¯mL/h/kg bw for pig microbiota showing that overall ZEN metabolism increased in the order humanâ¯<â¯ratâ¯<â¯pig microbiota. Expressed per kg bw the kcat for ZEN metabolism by the liver surpassed that of the intestinal microbiota in all three species. In conclusion, it is estimated that the activity of the intestinal colon microbiome may be up to 36 % of the activity of the liver, and that it can additionally contribute to the species differences in bioactivation and detoxification and thus the toxicity of ZEN in pigs and rats but not in humans. The results highlight the importance of the development of human specific models for the assessment of the metabolism of ZEN.
RESUMEN
The safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a major strategic issue that involves human health. With the continuous improvement in disease prevention and treatment, the export of TCM and its related products has increased dramatically in China. However, the frequent safety issues of Chinese medicine have become the 'bottleneck' impeding the modernization of TCM. It was proved that mycotoxins seriously affect TCM safety; the pesticide residues of TCM are a key problem in TCM international trade; adulterants have also been detected, which is related to market circulation. These three factors have greatly affected TCM safety. In this study, fast, highly effective, economically-feasible and accurate detection methods concerning TCM safety issues were reviewed, especially on the authenticity, mycotoxins and pesticide residues of medicinal materials.