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Resumen Introducción: México atraviesa por un contexto de violencia creciente que incluye el aumento de homicidios y feminicidios a lo largo del territorio nacional. Los estudios existentes presentan vacíos de corte regional y de grupos de edad, en particular, el de 0 a 17 años. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el impacto de la mortalidad por homicidios sobre la población de 0 a 17 años en el sureste mexicano, una de las regiones más sacrificadas en materia de derechos humanos y bienestar social. Metodología: mediante las estadísticas de mortalidad general del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, se calcularon las tasas brutas de mortalidad y las tasas específicas por sexo y grupos de edad correspondientes al período 2000-2017. Se estimó el promedio de Años de Vida Perdidos. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo y analiza el efecto de los homicidios en la tendencia de la mortalidad y la esperanza de vida. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que el más alto porcentaje de homicidios lo obtuvieron los hombres de todos los grupos etarios. En términos del promedio de AVP, las mujeres adolescentes del conjunto de 12 a 17 años evidenciaron los mayores incrementos. Conclusiones: las tasas de mortalidad por homicidio se comportaron heterogéneamente; resalta la vigencia y aumento de ataques letales contra niñas, niños y, especialmente, adolescentes.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico is currently facing a context of raising violence that includes the increase of homicides and feminicides in the nation-wide territory. The existent studies present certain gaps regarding regional and age groups information. In particular, those gaps are relevant for population from 0 to 17 years old. That is why this article aims to describe the mortality impacts by means of homicides among that age group in Southeast Mexico. This region is one of the most abandoned in terms of Human Rights and Social Well-Being. Methodology: The article uses the general mortality statistics of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography to calculate the gross mortality rates as well as the specific rates by age and sex groups from 2000 to 2017. Likewise, the average years of life lost are calculated. The study is descriptive and analyzes the impact of homicides within the trend of mortality and life expectancy. Results: A main result shows to the highest percentage of homicides occur among men. However, in terms of the average number of YLL and for the age group 12 to 17 years the largest increases occur among adolescent women. Conclusions: The Southeast region of Mexico presents heterogeneous behavior in homicide mortality rates for the age group 0 to 17 years, highlights the validity and increase of lethal violence against girls, boys and particularly adolescents.

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The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used to estimate the regional (state of Colima, Mexico) cancer burden in 2010⁻2014. The years of life lost (YLL) were estimated with mortality data and years lived with disability (YLD) using incidence data. The DALYs were calculated as the arithmetic addition of YLL and YLD. Sex and cancer site-specific estimations were made and DALY rates were used to identify the leading causes of disease burden. Data from 2532 deaths were analyzed and, for all malignant tumors combined, 18,712.9 DALYs and 20,243.3 DALYs were estimated in males and females respectively. The overall contribution of YLL in DALY estimates was higher among females (93.7% vs. 87.4%). Age-standardized DALY rates (and 95% confidence intervals, CI) per 100,000 inhabitants were used to rank the leading causes of disease burden and, among males, malignant tumors from the prostate, lower respiratory tract, and colon and rectum accounted the highest rates (45.7, 95% CI 32.7⁻59.3; 37.6, 95% CI 25.7⁻49.9; and 25.9, 95% CI 16.0⁻36.1 DALYs). Breast, cervix uteri, and lower respiratory tract cancer showed the highest burden in females (66.0, 95% CI 50.3⁻82.4; 44.4, 95% CI 31.5⁻57.7; and 20.9, 95% CI 12.0⁻30.0 DALYs). The present study provides an indication of the burden of cancer at the regional level, underscoring the need to expand cancer prevention, screening, and awareness programs, as well as to improve early diagnosis and medical treatment.

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Introducción: la meningitis bacteriana constituye una preocupación para los médicos y los sistemas de salud en general de cualquier país, así como para los organismos internacionales. Objetivo: estimar las cargas por morbilidad y mortalidad por meningitis bacteriana en Cuba para 2006. Métodos: se utilizaron los datos de mortalidad y de incidencia de la encuesta epidemiológica de la Vigilancia Nacional de Meningitis Bacteriana del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí. Los procedimientos de estimación se basaron en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con el uso del DISMOD y las hojas de cálculos establecidas al efecto. Resultados: la carga global de meningitis bacteriana se estimó en 3527,26 años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD), lo que representó la pérdida de 31,3 años por cada 100 000 habitantes. La carga por morbilidad y mortalidad de meningitis bacteriana sin ponderar la secuela resultó 2056,25 años de vida ajustados por discapacidad, 55,9 por ciento correspondió sin agente etiológico identificado, seguida de las originadas por Streptococcus pneumoniae (30,9 por ciento), Neisseria meningitidis (9,5 por ciento) y por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (3,6 por ciento). La carga por mortalidad fue aproximadamente 2 039 años de vida perdidos (AVP) por muerte prematura, o sea 57,8 por ciento. Los menores de 5 años aportaron la mayor carga global de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad y dentro de ellos S. pneumoniae el que generó la mayor carga. Conclusión: la carga por meningitis bacteriana resultó elevada y corroboró su alta utilidad para evaluar los problemas de salud(AU)

Introduction: bacterial meningitis is a real concern for physicians and general health systems of any country as well as the international bodies. Objective: to estimate burdens of disease from morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial meningitis in Cuba during 2006. Methods: the mortality and the incidence data of the epidemiological survey from the National Surveillance of Bacterial Meningitis of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. The estimation methods were based on the WHO recommendations by using the DISMOD and the required Excel spreadsheets. Results: the global burden of bacterial meningitis was estimated at a total of 3527.26 Disability Adjusted Lost Years (DALYs), which accounted for 31.3 years lost per 100 000 inhabitants. Morbidity and mortality burden of bacterial meningitis without sequel weighing was 2056.25 disability adjusted lost years, being the 55.9 percent caused by unidentified agent, followed by S. pneumoniae (30.9 percent), N. meningitidis (9.5 percent) and H influenza type b (3.6 percent). The mortality burden was 2 039 years of life lost from premature death, that is, 57.8 percent of the global burden. Children under five years of age contributed the biggest global burden of disability adjusted lost years, and S. penumoniae generated the biggest burden. Conclusion: the burden of bacterial meningitis was high. Burden of disease is an important measure to assess health problems(AU)

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Introducción: la meningitis bacteriana constituye una preocupación para los médicos y los sistemas de salud en general de cualquier país, así como para los organismos internacionales. Objetivo: estimar las cargas por morbilidad y mortalidad por meningitis bacteriana en Cuba para 2006. Métodos: se utilizaron los datos de mortalidad y de incidencia de la encuesta epidemiológica de la Vigilancia Nacional de Meningitis Bacteriana del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí". Los procedimientos de estimación se basaron en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con el uso del DISMOD y las hojas de cálculos establecidas al efecto. Resultados: la carga global de meningitis bacteriana se estimó en 3527,26 años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD), lo que representó la pérdida de 31,3 años por cada 100 000 habitantes. La carga por morbilidad y mortalidad de meningitis bacteriana sin ponderar la secuela resultó 2056,25 años de vida ajustados por discapacidad, 55,9 por ciento correspondió sin agente etiológico identificado, seguida de las originadas por Streptococcus pneumoniae (30,9 por ciento), Neisseria meningitidis (9,5 por ciento) y por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (3,6 por ciento). La carga por mortalidad fue aproximadamente 2 039 años de vida perdidos (AVP) por muerte prematura, o sea 57,8 por ciento. Los menores de 5 años aportaron la mayor carga global de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad y dentro de ellos S. pneumoniae el que generó la mayor carga. Conclusión: la carga por meningitis bacteriana resultó elevada y corroboró su alta utilidad para evaluar los problemas de salud.

Introduction: bacterial meningitis is a real concern for physicians and general health systems of any country as well as the international bodies. Objective: to estimate burdens of disease from morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial meningitis in Cuba during 2006. Methods: the mortality and the incidence data of the epidemiological survey from the National Surveillance of Bacterial Meningitis of "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. The estimation methods were based on the WHO recommendations by using the DISMOD and the required Excel spreadsheets. Results: the global burden of bacterial meningitis was estimated at a total of 3527.26 Disability Adjusted Lost Years (DALYs), which accounted for 31.3 years lost per 100 000 inhabitants. Morbidity and mortality burden of bacterial meningitis without sequel weighing was 2056.25 disability adjusted lost years, being the 55.9 percent caused by unidentified agent, followed by S. pneumoniae (30.9 percent), N. meningitidis (9.5 percent) and H influenza type b (3.6 percent). The mortality burden was 2 039 years of life lost from premature death, that is, 57.8 percent of the global burden. Children under five years of age contributed the biggest global burden of disability adjusted lost years, and S. penumoniae generated the biggest burden. Conclusion: the burden of bacterial meningitis was high. Burden of disease is an important measure to assess health problems.

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Proper morphology is essential for the ability of Candida albicans to switch between yeast and hyphae and thereby sustain its virulence. Here we identified, by differential screening, a novel C. albicans AAA ATPase encoding gene, CaYLL34 (RIX7), with enhanced expression in hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that CaYLL34 belongs to a [quot ]VCP-like[quot ] subgroup of AAA ATPases essential for yeast viability and contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal. Inactivation of one copy of CaYLL34, by the URA-Blaster method, generated the heterozygous mutant strain M61. This strain has severe phenotypic alterations, such as a highly increased vacuole, abnormal cell shape and reduced growth in different conditions. Also, major pathogenicity factors are affected in M61, for instance, a significant decrease of hypha formation (>90%), surface biofilm adhesion (86%) and secreted aspartyl proteinase activity (76.5%). Our results show that the partial impairment of CaYll34p cellular levels is sufficient to affect the proper cellular morphology and pathogenicity factors and suggest that this protein is required for biogenesis of ribosomal subunits. Accordingly, we propose that the product of CaYLL34 could be tested as a novel target for antifungal drugs.

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The ability to switch from yeast to hyphal forms is essential for Candida albicans virulence. This morphological switch involves the expression of hyphal-specific genes under the control of transcriptional factors. To contribute to the discovery of hyphal-specific genes, we used a differential screening method where clones of a genomic DNA library were hybridized with yeast and hyphal cDNA probes. Two clones with increased expression in hyphae were selected for study. Sequencing these clones, we found that they encoded two important metabolic genes, CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) and CaYLL34 (member of the AAA ATPase family). CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 ORFs were completely determined. Analyses of the putative proteins show that: (1) CaHxt7p has one hexose transporter domain and (2) CaYll34p has two AAA ATPase domains. These results show, for the first time, increased expression of metabolic genes in C. albicans hyphae. Also, because the proteins encoded by CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 may be necessary for the switching to hyphae, they could be new targets for antifungal drugs.

A transição morfológica de levedura para hifa é essencial para a virulência de Candida albicans. Esta transição envolve a expressão de genes hifa-específicos que estão sob o controle de fatores transcricionais. Para descobrir genes hifa-específicos utilizamos um método de triagem diferencial, onde clones de biblioteca de DNA genômico foram hibridizados com sondas de cDNA de levedura e hifa. Dois clones com aumento de expressão em hifa foram selecionados. O sequenciamento dos insertos destes clones permitiu a identificação de dois genes metabólicos importantes: CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) e CaYLL34 (da família AAA ATPase). As ORFs completas destes genes foram caracterizadas e a análise das proteínas hipotéticas revelou que: (1) CaHxt7p tem um domínio de transportador de hexose e (2) CaYll34 tem dois domínios AAA ATPase. Este é o primeiro estudo que demonstra aumento de expressão de genes metabólicos em hifas de C. albicans. Ainda, a associação dos produtos de CaHXT7 e CaYLL34 com a formação de hifas torna estas proteínas potenciais novos alvos para drogas antifúngicas.

RESUMEN

The ability to switch from yeast to hyphal forms is essential for Candida albicans virulence. This morphological switch involves the expression of hyphal-specific genes under the control of transcriptional factors. To contribute to the discovery of hyphal-specific genes, we used a differential screening method where clones of a genomic DNA library were hybridized with yeast and hyphal cDNA probes. Two clones with increased expression in hyphae were selected for study. Sequencing these clones, we found that they encoded two important metabolic genes, CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) and CaYLL34 (member of the AAA ATPase family). CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 ORFs were completely determined. Analyses of the putative proteins show that: (1) CaHxt7p has one hexose transporter domain and (2) CaYll34p has two AAA ATPase domains. These results show, for the first time, increased expression of metabolic genes in C. albicans hyphae. Also, because the proteins encoded by CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 may be necessary for the switching to hyphae, they could be new targets for antifungal drugs.

A transição morfológica de levedura para hifa é essencial para a virulência de Candida albicans. Esta transição envolve a expressão de genes hifa-específicos que estão sob o controle de fatores transcricionais. Para descobrir genes hifa-específicos utilizamos um método de triagem diferencial, onde clones de biblioteca de DNA genômico foram hibridizados com sondas de cDNA de levedura e hifa. Dois clones com aumento de expressão em hifa foram selecionados. O sequenciamento dos insertos destes clones permitiu a identificação de dois genes metabólicos importantes: CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) e CaYLL34 (da família AAA ATPase). As ORFs completas destes genes foram caracterizadas e a análise das proteínas hipotéticas revelou que: (1) CaHxt7p tem um domínio de transportador de hexose e (2) CaYll34 tem dois domínios AAA ATPase. Este é o primeiro estudo que demonstra aumento de expressão de genes metabólicos em hifas de C. albicans. Ainda, a associação dos produtos de CaHXT7 e CaYLL34 com a formação de hifas torna estas proteínas potenciais novos alvos para drogas antifúngicas.

RESUMEN

The ability to switch from yeast to hyphal forms is essential for Candida albicans virulence. This morphological switch involves the expression of hyphal-specific genes under the control of transcriptional factors. To contribute to the discovery of hyphal-specific genes, we used a differential screening method where clones of a genomic DNA library were hybridized with yeast and hyphal cDNA probes. Two clones with increased expression in hyphae were selected for study. Sequencing these clones, we found that they encoded two important metabolic genes, CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) and CaYLL34 (member of the AAA ATPase family). CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 ORFs were completely determined. Analyses of the putative proteins show that: (1) CaHxt7p has one hexose transporter domain and (2) CaYll34p has two AAA ATPase domains. These results show, for the first time, increased expression of metabolic genes in C. albicans hyphae. Also, because the proteins encoded by CaHXT7 and CaYLL34 may be necessary for the switching to hyphae, they could be new targets for antifungal drugs.

A transição morfológica de levedura para hifa é essencial para a virulência de Candida albicans. Esta transição envolve a expressão de genes hifa-específicos que estão sob o controle de fatores transcricionais. Para descobrir genes hifa-específicos utilizamos um método de triagem diferencial, onde clones de biblioteca de DNA genômico foram hibridizados com sondas de cDNA de levedura e hifa. Dois clones com aumento de expressão em hifa foram selecionados. O sequenciamento dos insertos destes clones permitiu a identificação de dois genes metabólicos importantes: CaHXT7 (high-affinity hexose transporter) e CaYLL34 (da família AAA ATPase). As ORFs completas destes genes foram caracterizadas e a análise das proteínas hipotéticas revelou que: (1) CaHxt7p tem um domínio de transportador de hexose e (2) CaYll34 tem dois domínios AAA ATPase. Este é o primeiro estudo que demonstra aumento de expressão de genes metabólicos em hifas de C. albicans. Ainda, a associação dos produtos de CaHXT7 e CaYLL34 com a formação de hifas torna estas proteínas potenciais novos alvos para drogas antifúngicas.