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PURPOSE: Disability experts are often called upon to analyze the economic impact of an injury. Determining future economic loss in cases of disabilities is difficult, particularly when the disabilities are considered partial in nature, and the individuals have some capacity to mitigate their future income losses. This paper examines one possible approach for examining reduced future income capacity in cases of partial disabilities, the use of the Work Ability Index (WAI) and Work Ability Scale (WAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Empirical data from one-hundred six cases is analyzed using a censored tobit regression to determine the relationship between scores on the WAI/WAS and verified long-term income losses for individuals who suffered disabling events. RESULTS: The study found a high correlation between the scores obtained on both the WAI and WAS measures, and future economic loss. The results suggest that these scales may be very useful in analyzing reduced future income capacity in situations involving partial disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: This study assists the rehabilitation and disability expert to better understand the implications of a moderate to severe disability on the future income capacity of an injured person. It also provides additional support for the validity of the WAI/WAS scales.

The Workability Scale is a valid measure to examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programsThe Workability Scale is a good proxy to determine the loss of earnings capacity in cases of moderate to severe partial disability casesThe Workability Scale can be used as a simple cross-check for more complex methods that vocational/occupational experts use for purposes of determining earnings capacity losses.

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This research is focused on the development of an eco-friendly low-cost concrete using fly ash (FA) and marble powder waste (MPW) as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate respectively. The substantial use of cement in concrete makes it expensive and contributes to global warming due to high carbon emissions. Thus, using such waste materials can help reduce the overall carbon footprint. For this purpose, various mix designs of concrete were developed by varying the percentages of FA and MPW. The concrete's fresh and hardened properties were experimentally determined for those mixes. The test results revealed that MPW as a sand substitute increases strength up to 40% and gradually decreases beyond that, but a 60% replacement still has more strength than the control specimen. Similarly, using FA as a cement replacement was found to reduce the strength, but the reduction was not very significant up to 20%. A mixed blend of FA and MPW showed superior results and maximum strength was obtained at F10M40. The optimal mix, with 10% FA and 40% MPW (F10M40), achieved a compressive strength of 4493.46 psi, a 16.21% improvement compared to the control mix proportion. Furthermore, the microstructure of the cementitious material was improved due to the pozzolanic reaction that led to a denser microstructure, as supported by the permeability test and SEM analysis.

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The proper selection of cutting longwall winning machines for specific mining and geological conditions requires the development of an appropriate algorithm. The appropriate selection of a machine (shearer) is closely related to acquiring a high concentration of exploitation from the given longwall. That is indispensable, especially taking into consideration the growing cost of mining, as well as the depth of coal seams. In this article, an algorithm showing the selection of longwall winning machines has been presented. The algorithm has been created based on results of research on the processed coal's mechanical properties. Analysis of the mining process, especially in difficult conditions, shows that in order to define a drum longwall shearer's range of usage, the coal's properties which have a significant impact on the mining process must be determined. The above also influences the technique, technology and effectiveness of mining-they impact the effectiveness of the winning machines. In connection to this, the cutting heads should be chosen and designed based on those factors, as well as any performance forecasts. As representative values the following have been chosen: workability index (WUB), resistance to unidirectional compression (Rc), and energy consumption of the mining process (TE).

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This study focuses on the investigation of the effect of a reclaimed asphalt material (RAP) and a bio-rejuvenator (mix of vegetable oils) on the stiffness modulus and indirect tensile strength (ITS) values of eight bituminous mixtures produced by using three types of compaction, with different RAP amounts (25% and 50%) and rejuvenator (0%, 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60% by mass of RAP). A conventional hot mix asphalt was considered as the reference mix. All tests were performed on cylindrical samples produced using: Marshall compaction with 50 blows/side, cored cylindrical specimens from slabs compacted using a roller compactor (39 passes), and, respectively, gyratory compaction on 80 gyrations. Stiffness modulus and ITS values showed strong linear variation with the increase in rejuvenator content, independently of test temperature and type of compaction. The rejuvenating effect of the bio-rejuvenator was observed to counterbalance the impact of RAP. The results at 20 °C for gyratory specimens for the mix with 50% RAP and 0.40% bio-rejuvenator were comparable/closer (under 5% relative difference) to those obtained for the reference mix. A strong correlation between stiffness modulus values of mixes and penetration values of the corresponding binder blends was obtained (R2≥0.977).

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The correct workability of concrete is an essential parameter for its placement and compaction. However, an absence of automatic and transparent measurement methods to estimate the workability of concrete hinders the adaptation from laborious traditional methods such as the slump test. In this paper, we developed a machine-learning framework for estimating the slump class of concrete in the mixer using a stereovision camera. Depth data from five different slump classes was transformed into Haralick texture features to train several machine-learning classifiers. The best-performing classifier achieved a multiclass classification accuracy of 0.8179 with the XGBoost algorithm. Furthermore, we found through statistical analysis that while the denoising of depth data has little effect on the accuracy, the feature extraction of mixer blades and the choice of region of interest significantly increase the accuracy and the efficiency of the classifiers. The proposed framework shows robust results, indicating that stereovision is a competitive solution to estimate the workability of concrete during concrete production.

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Rice husk ash (RHA) is agricultural waste with high silica content that has exhibited proven technical feasibility as a pozzolanic material since the 1970s. Notwithstanding, its use in mortars and concrete is limited by the standards currently utilized in some countries where RHA production is high and the aforementioned pozzolanic material is not standardized. This is the case in Spain, one of the main rice producers in Europe. Nowadays, the high pressure placed on the Portland cement production sector to reduce its energy use and CO2 emissions has given rise to a keen interest in mineral admixtures for cement manufacturing. In this research, we intended to establish the contributions of different RHA types to the final blended Portland cement properties ("H" is used to identify RHA in standardized cements). The experimental results demonstrated that RHA with good pozzolanic properties (large specific surface and high amorphous silica content) had to be limited to 10% cement replacement because of the severe reduction in workability at higher replacement percentages. RHA with lower reactivity, such as crystalline RHA, or fly ash (FA) can be used to prepare binary and ternary blended cements with reactive RHA. It is possible to design the following cements: CEM II/A-H and CEM II/A-(H-V). It would also be possible to design cement (CEM II/B-(H-V) with replacement values of up to 30% and the same 28-day mechanical performance as observed for the Portland cement without mineral addition.

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As a new type of backfill material, Self-compacting solidified soil (SCSS) takes the abandoned slurry of cast-in-place piles after dewatering and reduction as the main raw material, which brings a problem of coordinating the working performance with the mechanical property under the condition of high mobility. In this paper, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and metakaolin were introduced as additives to solve this problem. First, the workability and mechanical properties of SCSS were regulated and optimized by means of the water seepage rate test, the flowability test, and the unconfined compressive strength test. Second, this study also used X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the effects of HPMC and metakaolin on the physical phase and microstructure of SCSS. In this way, the results showed that there was a significant impact on the flowability of SCSS, that is, when the dosage reached 0.3%, the water seepage rate of SCSS was reduced to less than 1%, and the compressive strength at 7 days reached its peak. At the same time, HPMC weakened the strength growth of SCSS in the age period of 7 days to 14 days. However, the addition of metakaolin promoted its compressive strength. XRD analysis showed that the additives had no significant effects on the physical phases. And, from the SEM results, it can be seen that although the water-retaining effect of HPMC makes hydration of cement more exhaustive, more ettringite (AFt) can be observed in the microstructure. In addition, it can be observed that the addition of metakaolin can generate more hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) due to the strong surface energy possessed by metakaolin. As a result of the above factors, SCSS filled the voids between particles and improved the interface structure between particles, thus enhanced the compressive strength.

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Alkali Activated Slag Concrete (AASC) has been a sustained research activity over the past two decades. Its promising characteristics and being environmentally friendly compared to Ordinary Portland Cement made AASC of exceptional interest. However, there is still no firm mix design, for the AASC, that can provide desirable fresh and hardened properties based on the composition of the binder and activator. This research specifically aims to investigate the affecting parameters on the slump and compressive strength of alkali-activated slag/lime-based concrete and provide a better understanding of the potential reasons for these characteristics. The experimental program consisted of two stages; the first stage studied the effect of different binder and activator compositions, and the second stage studied the water-to-binder ratio and binder content effects on the slump and compressive strength of alkali-activated slag/lime-based concrete. The binder and activator compositions were defined through two main parameters, the hybrid factor (HF = CaO/Si2O + Al2O3) and the solution modulus (Ms = SiO2/Na2O). The compressive strength, initial slump, and slump loss were measured to evaluate the different mixes and specify the optimum range of compositions. Based on the studied parameters, the effective range to achieve desirable slump and concrete compressive strength is from HF 0.6 up to 0.8 at Ms 1.5, this would achieve a compressive strength of more than 30 MPa and a slump of 100 mm after 90 min.

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Cement production requires considerable energy and natural resources, severely impacting the environment due to harmful gas emissions. Coal bottom ash (CBA) and coal boiler slag (CBS), byproducts of coal-fired powerplants having pozzolanic properties, can be mechanically ground and replace cement in concrete, which reduces waste in landfills, preserves natural resources, and reduces health hazards. This study was performed to determine the optimum cement replacement amount of ground CBA (GCBA) and ground CBS (GCBS) in concrete, which was 10% for GCBA and 5% for GCBS. GCBA-based concrete exhibited superior tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and durability compared to the control. In the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test, 10% GCBA concrete resulted in 2026 coulombs at 56 days, compared to 3405 coulombs for the control, indicating more resistance to chloride penetration. Incorporating 2.5% nanoclay in GCBA-based concrete increased the optimum GCBA content by 5%, and the compressive strength of 15% GCBA concrete increased by 4 MPa. The mortar consisting of the finest GCBA(L1) having Blaine fineness of 3072 g/cm2 yielded the highest compressive strength (32.7 MPa). The study discovered that the compressive strength of GCBA and GCBS-based mortars increases with fineness, and meeting the recommended fineness limit in ASTM C618 enhances concrete or mortar properties.

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In order to alleviate environmental problems and reduce CO2 emissions, geopolymers had drew attention as a kind of alkali-activated materials. Geopolymers are easier access to raw materials, green and environment friendly than traditional cement industry. Its special reaction mechanism and gel structure show excellent characteristics such as quick hardening, high strength, acid and alkali resistance. In this paper, geopolymer pastes were made with metakaolin (MK) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as precursors. The effects of liquid-solid ratio (L/S) and modulus of sodium silicate (Ms) on the performances of MK-GGBFS based geopolymer paste (MSGP) were characterized by workability, strength and microstructural tests. The regression equations were obtained by central composite design method to optimize the mix design of MSGP. The goodness of fit of all the equations were more than 98%. Based on the results of experiments, the optimum mix design was found to have L/S of 0.75 and Ms of 1.55. The workability of MSGP was significantly improved while maintaining the strength under the optimum mix design. The initial setting time of MSGP decreased by 71.8%, while both of the fluidity and 28-d compressive strength increased by 15.3%, compared with ordinary Portland cement pastes. Therefore, geopolymers are promising alternative cementitious material, which can consume a large amount of MK and GGBFS and promote green and clean production.

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OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aims to examine association between different components of physical fitness and perceived work ability among working age population. METHODS: The population-based study sample included 2050 participants aged 18-74 from the Finnish national Health 2011 study. Physical fitness was assessed by the single leg stand test, the modified push-up test, the vertical jump test and the six-minute walk test, and perceived work ability was assessed via interview. Logistic regression was used for examining the associations between physical fitness and work ability. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, marital status, educational level, work characteristics, total physical activity, daily smoking, BMI and number of diseases), odds ratios indicated that good work ability was more likely among those who had better balance in single leg stand test (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.07-2.24), and who belonged in the high fitness thirds in six-minute walking test (OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.24-3.49) and in vertical jump test (OR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.23-5.12) compared to lowest third. Moreover, moderate (OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.02-3.05) to high fitness (OR = 2.87; 95% CI 1.40-5.92) in modified push-up test increased the likelihood of good work ability compared to lowest third. CONCLUSION: These study results indicate that good musculoskeletal as well as cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with better perceived work ability. Promoting physical fitness in individual and societal level may be potential targets for maintaining good work ability in working age population.

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In the present work, we used treated domestic wastewater with different pHs in self-compacting concrete (SCC) to find the effect of treated wastewater with different pHs on the workability, mechanical, and durability properties of SCC. Eight different SCC mixtures were designed, including two control samples using tap water with a water-to-cement ratio (W/C) of 0.5 with 400 kg/m3 of cement and W/C of 0.36 with 440 kg/m3 of cement. Six SCC samples with the same characteristics as control samples except using treated domestic treated wastewater with different pHs. The results indicate that the workability of the SCC sample using the treated domestic wastewater in acidic pH was higher than the alkalinity state. Using treated domestic wastewater instead of tap water in SCC samples decreased compressive, flexural strength, and fracture toughness by less than 10%. Also, carbonation, 30-min water adsorption, and capillary water adsorption of SCC samples increased when treated domestic wastewater was used. The compressive strength of SCC samples made with treated domestic wastewater in an acidic state is less than about 5% in an alkaline state. The energy dispersive spectroscopy and the scanning electron microscope images confirmed that using treated wastewater instead of tap water, in SCC samples, reduced compressive strength because the Ca/Si ratio increased when treated domestic wastewater was used. The SCC samples with treated domestic wastewater in the alkaline state have a lower Ca/Si ratio. The higher compressive strength belongs to concrete samples that used treated domestic wastewater in an alkaline environment with a lower Ca/Si ratio.

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OBJECTIVES: Multiple studies highlight that individuals undergoing menopause are not receiving sufficient support at work. An improved menopausal experience in the workplace has been found to be associated with increased job satisfaction, increased economic participation and reduced absenteeism. This work was undertaken to explore the impact of menopause on the working lives of NHS staff working in Wales, with specific emphasis on their experience of menopausal symptoms and management strategies in the workplace. STUDY DESIGN: This was a qualitative study using semi-structured focus groups and thematic analysis. 14 women working in the NHS in Wales attended four focus groups, lasting up to 1.5 h. Stem questions focused on participants' positive and negative experiences in the workplace, and their receipt of support. Transcripts were analysed using the framework approach. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified: experiences of menopausal symptoms and symptom management, the impact of menopause on work and the impact of work on the menopause. Menopause symptom experience in the workplace was multifaceted and varied, depending on factors such as ongoing or past symptom experience, expectations, social support and effectiveness of management strategies. Inconsistent information was highlighted as a reason why some participants felt confused both about the symptoms that they could attribute to the menopause and the management strategies available to them. A variety of symptom management strategies had been used by participants, including hormone replacement therapy, flexible working hours, working from home, changes to uniform, peer support and lifestyle changes, with varying levels of success. Some women were reticent to ask for support at work even though they felt the workplace response was likely to be supportive. Almost all the women felt that they had to persuade their GP to prescribe HRT and felt that their doctors were too reticent in prescribing this treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Employers have a key role in supporting their staff experiencing menopausal symptoms, and such support has the potential to reduce sickness absence and boost retention. Based on the findings we recommend creating an open culture to break down taboos; protected time for peer support around shared experiences and effective symptom management techniques; and maximising the impact of non-menopause-specific policies such as flexible working to help all staff manage fatigue and become more productive in their roles.

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Blended cement is commonly used for producing sustainable concretes. This paper presents an experimental study and an optimization design of a low-CO2 quaternary binder containing calcined clay, slag, and limestone using the response surface method. First, a Box-Behnken design with three influencing factors and three levels was used for the combination design of the quaternary composite cement. The lower limit of the mineral admixtures was 0%. The upper limits of slag, calcined clay, and limestone powder were 30%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. The water-to-binder ratio (water/binder) was 0.5. Experimental works to examine workability and strength (at 3 and 28 days) were performed for the composite cement. The CO2 emissions were calculated considering binder compositions. A second-order polynomial regression was used to evaluate the experimental results. In addition, a low-CO2 optimization design was conducted for the composite cement using a composite desirability function. The objectives of the optimization design were the target 28-day strength (30, 35, 40, and 45 MPa), target workability (160 mm flow), and low CO2 emissions. The trends of the properties of optimal combinations were consistent with those in the test results. In summary, the proposed optimization design can be used for designing composite cement considering strength, workability, and ecological aspects.

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To ensure a limited washout loss rate and the self-compaction of underwater concrete, the mix proportion design of underwater non-dispersible concrete is a key technology that has not been completely mastered. In view of this aspect, an orthogonal test study was carried out in this paper on the workability, washout resistance, and compressive strength of underwater non-dispersible concrete. Six factors with five levels were considered, which included the water/binder ratio, the sand ratio, the maximum particle size of the coarse aggregate, the content of the dispersion resistance agent, the content of superplasticizer, and the dosage of fly ash. Using a range and variance analysis, the sensitivity and significance of these factors were analyzed on the slump and slump-flow, the flow time, the washout loss rate, the pH value, and the compressive strength at the curing ages of 7 days and 28 days. The results indicated that the water/binder ratio and the content of the dispersion resistance agent were strong in terms of their sensitivity and significance on the workability and washout resistance, and the water/binder ratio and the dosage of fly ash were strong in terms of their sensitivity and significance on the compressive strength. With the joint fitness of the test results, formulas for predicting the slump-flow, washout loss rate, and compressive strength of underwater non-dispersible concrete were proposed considering the main impact factors.

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SiC particle (SiCp) size has been found to significantly influence the hot workability of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMC). In this work, therefore, three types of SiCp/6013 composites with different SiCp sizes (0.7, 5 and 15 µm) were prepared and then subjected to isothermal hot compression tests. In addition, constitutive analysis, processing maps and microstructural characterizations were used to reveal the influence of SiCp size on the hot workability of SiCp/6013 composite. The results showed that the values of hot deformation activation energy Q increased with decreasing SiCp size. Specifically, at lower temperatures (e.g., 350 and 400 °C), the highest peak stress was shown in the AMC with SiCp size of 0.7 µm (AMC-0.7), while in the AMC with SiCp size of 5 µm (AMC-5) at higher temperatures (e.g., 450 and 500 °C). This is because a finer SiCp size would lead to stronger dislocation pinning and grain refinement strengthening effects, and such effects would be weakened at higher temperatures. Further, dynamic softening mechanisms were found to transform from dynamic recovery to dynamic recrystallization with increasing SiCp size, and the dynamic recrystallization occurred more easily at higher temperatures and lower strain rates. Consequently, the instability zones of the composites are all mainly located in the deformation region with lower temperature and higher strain rate, and smaller SiCp results in larger instability zones.

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Background: This study determined the prevalence of bothersome menstrual symptoms and their association with workability in naturally menstruating women not using hormonal contraception. Materials and Methods: A representative sample of community-dwelling Australian women aged 18-39 years selected from two large national electronic databases responded to a survey on general health. This study focuses on self-reported dysmenorrhea and menstrual bleeding and their association with workability and absenteeism in working women, assessed by the Workability Index. Results: Of 3,555 women, 1,573 (44.2% [95% CI: 42.6%-45.9%]) reported moderate to severe dysmenorrhea and 774 (21.8% [95% CI: 20.4%-23.2%]) reported heavy to very heavy bleeding. Women with dysmenorrhea were 50% more likely to report poorer work performance and twice as likely to report more days of sick leave in the past year (absenteeism) than other women. Conclusions: Despite the availability of safe and effective management options, Australian working women aged 18-39 years continue to experience bothersome dysmenorrhea and menstrual bleeding. Dysmenorrhea is associated with increased absenteeism and poorer workability. Therefore, awareness needs to be raised among women and health care providers of ways to manage dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding and the unmet need for intervention in the community, respectively.

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The strip filling method in underground reservoir needs high strength to achieve the requirements of water storage. In order to address the challenges associated with costly and weak filling materials, this study aimed to develop an economically efficient and high-strength gangue-based geopolymer backfill material (GBGBM). To achieve this, the Taguchi method was employed to design a series of 25 experiments, each consisting of four factors and five levels. This study focused on investigating the effects of different gangue gradation levels, sand ratios, water binder ratios (w/b), and aggregate binder ratios (a/b) on the working characteristics and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the GBGBM. The optimal combination of the GBGBM was determined by employing a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)-based extreme difference and variance analysis. The results revealed that the w/b ratio exerted the most substantial influence on both the slump and UCS. Specifically, when employing a gradation of 50%, a sand ratio of 55%, an a/b ratio of 2.5, and a w/b ratio of 0.64, the slump measured 251.2 mm, the UCS at 3d reached 5.27 MPa, and the UCS at 28d amounted to 17.65 MPa. These findings indicated a remarkable improvement in early UCS by 131.14% and the late UCS by 49.45% compared to gangue-based cement backfill material (GBCBM). Additionally, this study examined the hydration products and microstructures of both GBGBM and GBCBM using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analyses. Significantly, the GBGBM exhibited notable advantages over the GBCBM, including a 78.16% reduction in CO2 emissions, a 73.45% decrease in energy consumption, and a 24.82% reduction in cost. These findings underscore the potential of GBGBM as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to GBCBM.

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This study provides the results of an experiment on the possibility of using high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (HVGGBFS)-based concrete as mass concrete. In addition to the control concrete, the total weight of the binder was 75% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 25% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). For the aggregates, both natural and recycled aggregates were used. Three specimens with dimensions of 800 mm × 800 mm × 800 mm were prepared to simulate mass concrete. The workability, temperature aging and strength of the mass concrete were tested. The test results showed that utilizing HVGGBFS concrete as mass concrete can significantly reduce the heat of hydration due to the low heat of hydration of GGBFS, while the heat of hydration of GGBFS and recycled aggregate combination is 11.2% higher than normal concrete, with a slump that is 31.3% lower than that of plain concrete. The results also showed that the use of recycled aggregates in HVGGBFS concrete can significantly reduce workability. However, the compressive strength is higher than when natural aggregates are used due to the alkali activation effect caused by the recycled aggregates. The compressive strength at 7 and 28 days increased by 33.7% and 16.3%, respectively.

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PURPOSE: To assess the reliability and validity of the work-ability support scale (WSS) in a severe traumatic/acquired brain injury (TBI/ABI) population seeking to return to work (RTW). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-four clients were enrolled in a vocational rehabilitation (VR) intervention trial through the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program in New South Wales, Australia. Each client's primary brain injury clinician and VR provider completed the WSS pre- and post-intervention. Validating measures assessing dysexecutive behavior, disability, participation, and work instability were completed. Several aspects of reliability and validity were evaluated. RESULTS: Internal consistency was excellent for Part A (Cronbach's αs > 0.9) but unacceptably low to questionable for Part B (αs < 0.6). Inter-rater reliability between clinicians and VR providers was generally fair to moderate for Part A (κw < 0.6) and worse for Part B (κw < 0.5), with both slightly improving at post-intervention. Strong support was found for predictive and convergent validity, but not divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a poor fit for Part A, whereas most Part B fit indices met criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The WSS can play a useful role in assessing return to work (RTW) potential, planning and evaluation after severe TBI/ABI. Training could improve consistency of administration among staff working across health and VR service sectors.

The work-ability support scale (WSS) has potential as a screening tool in assisting return to work (RTW) assessment, planning, and evaluation, following severe traumatic brain injury and acquired brain injury.Employment success following a RTW intervention was predicted by the initial WSS Part A total score.The low inter-rater reliability between brain injury clinicians in health settings and vocational rehabilitation providers suggests that training will be important to improve consistency in WSS administration across service sectors.