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OBJECTIVE: Frozen biopsy may guide surgical intraoperative decisions. We evaluated the accuracy of frozen biopsy for diagnosing benign, dysplastic and malignant laryngeal lesions, compared to paraffin section (gold standard). METHODS: Retrospective review of the charts of all patients presenting with laryngeal lesions suspicious of malignancy, who underwent laryngeal microsurgery with frozen biopsy in our institution, between 2015 and 2020. Results of frozen biopsy and paraffin section examinations were compared. RESULTS: Among 113 samples of 89 patients, paraffin section diagnosed 23 benign, 31 dysplastic and 59 malignant lesions. The accuracy of the frozen biopsy in identifying dysplasia or malignancy was 80.5% (91/113), and greater for lesions >5 mm (78.8% × 51.5%; p = 0.009). The positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity were 95.9%, 51.3%, 78.9% and 86.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen section is a reliable tool when malignancy is detected, but almost half of benign results exhibit dysplasia or malignancy in paraffin section. Other clinical parameters should be considered in intraoperative decisions to prevent undertreatment.

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Introducción. La evaluación de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales en cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides hace parte de la adecuada valoración integral. Aunque la laringoscopia directa es prueba de referencia, su uso real no es rutinario por lo que se propone la ecografía translaríngea como alternativa de evaluación. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo de evaluación de una prueba diagnóstica de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales pre y posoperatoria, comparando la ecografía translaríngea con la video laringoscopia, en pacientes con cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides, de febrero 1° a noviembre 30 de 2022. Se describieron las variables usando frecuencias absolutas y relativas. En el análisis univariado se calcularon Chi cuadrado y T de Student y en el bivariado, regresión logística binaria. La agudeza diagnóstica se determinó con sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos; se consideró la significancia estadística con p < 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 267 pacientes, 219 mujeres y 48 hombres; 196 pacientes (73,4%) tenían malignidad. Se encontró en el preoperatorio, sensibilidad 100 %, especificidad 99,6 %, VPP 83,3 %, VPN 100 %, odds de probabilidad positiva 83 % y Odds de probabilidad negativa 0,004 %. En el posoperatorio, sensibilidad 82,8 %, especificidad 99,2 %, VPP 92,3 % VPN 97,9 %, odds de probabilidad positiva 92 % y odds de probabilidad negativa 0,2 %. Conclusiones. La ecografía translaríngea en nuestro medio tiene alta agudeza diagnóstica. Podría ser usada en el abordaje inicial de la evaluación de la movilidad de las cuerdas vocales y reemplazar la laringoscopia directa, dejando ésta para cuando la visualización ecográfica no sea adecuada, o en casos de afectación o sospecha de invasión, para su confirmación.

Introduction. The evaluation of the mobility of the vocal cords in thyroid and parathyroid surgery is part of the adequate comprehensive assessment. Altough, direct laryngoscopy is the gold standard, its real use is not routine, so translaryngeal ultrasound approach is proposed as an alternative. Methods. A prospective diagnostic test study was carried out to evaluate the translaryngeal ultrasound compared with video laryngoscopy in visualizing vocal mobility in patients with thyroid and parathyroid surgery from February 1 to November 30, 2022. Patients were described using absolute and relative frequencies. Univariate statistical analysis with Chi-square and Student's t tests. T. Bivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. Diagnostic acuity was calculated with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV. Statistical significance with p< 0.05, 95% confidence interval. Results. 267 patients undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery were included, 219 women and 48 men. Malignant: thyroid neoplasm 196 patients (73.4%). The findings were for the preoperative period, 100% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity, PPV 83.33%, NPV 100%, 83% positive probability odds, and 0.004% negative probability odds. For the postoperative period, 82.8% sensitivity, 99.2% specificity, 92.3% PPV, 97.9% NPV, 92% positive probability odds, and 0.2% negative probability odds were found.Conclusions. Translaryngeal ultrasound in our series has high diagnostic acuity. It could be used as the initial approach to evaluate vocal mobility and might replace direct laryngoscopy, leaving it when its visualization is not adequate or in cases of involvement or suspected invasion for confirmation.

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OBJECTIVE: Visual-perceptive assessment of glottic characteristics of vocal nodules by means of high-speed videoendoscopy. METHODS: Descriptive observational research with convenience sampling of five laryngeal videos of women with an average age of 25 years. The diagnosis of vocal nodules was defined by two otolaryngologists, with 100% intra-rater agreement and 53.40% inter-rater agreement and five otolaryngologists as judge assessed the laryngeal videos based on an adapted protocol. The statistical analysis calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as percentage. The AC1 coefficient was used for agreement analysis. RESULTS: In high-speed videoendoscopy imaging, vocal nodules are characterized by amplitude of the mucosal wave and muco-undulatory movement with magnitude between 50% and 60%. Non-vibrating segments of vocal folds are scarce, and the glottal cycle does not show a predominant phase, it is symmetric and periodic. Glottal closure is characterized by the presence of a mid-posterior triangular chink (double chink or isolated mid-posterior triangular chink), without movement of supraglottic laryngeal structures, with irregular contour of the free edge of vocal folds, which are vertically on-plane. CONCLUSION: Vocal nodules present mid-posterior triangular chink and irregular free edge contour. Amplitude and mucosal wave were partially reduced. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4 (Case-series).

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Abstract Objective Visual-perceptive assessment of glottic characteristics of vocal nodules by means of high-speed videoendoscopy. Methods Descriptive observational research with convenience sampling of five laryngeal videos of women with an average age of 25 years. The diagnosis of vocal nodules was defined by two otolaryngologists, with 100% intra-rater agreement and 53.40% inter-rater agreement and five otolaryngologists as judge assessed the laryngeal videos based on an adapted protocol. The statistical analysis calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as percentage. The AC1 coefficient was used for agreement analysis. Results In high-speed videoendoscopy imaging, vocal nodules are characterized by amplitude of the mucosal wave and muco-undulatory movement with magnitude between 50% and 60%. Non-vibrating segments of vocal folds are scarce, and the glottal cycle does not show a predominant phase, it is symmetric and periodic. Glottal closure is characterized by the presence of a mid-posterior triangular chink (double chink or isolated mid-posterior triangular chink), without movement of supraglottic laryngeal structures, with irregular contour of the free edge of vocal folds, which are vertically on-plane. Conclusion Vocal nodules present mid-posterior triangular chink and irregular free edge contour. Amplitude and mucosal wave were partially reduced. Level of evidence: Level 4 (Case-series).

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A actinomicose é uma infecção rara causada por bactérias do gênero Actinomyces sp. que são importantes constituintes das flora comensal de animais e humanos, colonizando a orofaringe, o trato respiratório superior, o trato gastrointestinal e o trato genital feminino. Diante de uma lesão na mucosa associada a um desequilíbrio nas defesas do organismos, as bactérias se infiltram nas estruturas, gerando uma infecção. As áreas mais comumente afetadas por esta patologia correspondem às regiões cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) e torácica (15 a 20%), sendo o envolvimento laríngeo bastante raro (< 5% dos casos), com poucos casos descritos na literatura. Este estudo visa relatar o caso de um paciente de 76 anos com actinomicose mimetizando neoplasia de laringe, através da revisão do prontuário, descrevendo o quadro clínico e evidenciando os exames de imagem realizados na investigação com o objetivo de alertar os profissionais de saúde e compartilhar informações sobre esta patologia para que possa fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial de doenças granulomatosas e infecciosas da laringe, principalmente em pacientes com mais de 50 anos, visando o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado.

Actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by bacteria of the genus Actinomyces sp. which are important constituents of the commensal flora of animals and humans, colonizing the oropharynx, the upper respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and the female genital tract. Faced with a lesion in the mucosa associated with an imbalance in the organism's defenses, the bacteria infiltrate the structures, generating an infection. The areas most commonly affected by this pathology correspond to the cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) and thoracic (15 to 20%) regions, and laryngeal involvement is quite rare (< 5% of cases), with few cases described in the literature. This study aims to report the case of a 76-year-old patient with actinomycosis mimicking laryngeal neoplasm, through the medical record review, describing the clinical picture and evidencing the imaging tests performed in the investigation with the purpose of alerting health professionals and sharing information about this pathology so that it can be part of the differential diagnosis of granulomatous and infectious diseases of the larynx, especially in patients older than 50 years, aiming at early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

La actinomicosis es una infección rara causada por bacterias del género Actinomyces sp. que son componentes importantes de la flora comensal de animales y humanos, colonizando la orofaringe, el tracto respiratorio superior, el tracto gastrointestinal y el tracto genital femenino. Ante una lesión de la mucosa asociada a un desequilibrio de las defensas del organismo, las bacterias se infiltran en las estructuras, generando una infección. Las áreas más comúnmente afectadas por esta patología corresponden a las regiones cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) y torácica (15 a 20%), siendo la afectación laríngea bastante rara (< 5% de los casos), con pocos casos descritos en la literatura. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de una paciente de 76 años con actinomicosis simulando neoplasia laríngea, a través de la revisión de la historia clínica, describiendo el cuadro clínico y mostrando los estudios de imagen realizados en la investigación, con el propósito de alertar a los profesionales de la salud y compartir información sobre esta patología para que forme parte del diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades granulomatosas e infecciosas de la laringe, particularmente en pacientes con edad superior a 50 años, con vistas al diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento adecuado.

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Abstract Introduction Revision framework surgeries might be required for unilateral vocal fold paralyses. However, outcomes and indications of revision surgeries have not been adequately documented. For a better understanding of indications for the procedure and to help in achieving better vocal outcomes, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Objectives This study aimed to present clinical features of patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Methods Of the 149 framework surgeries performed between October 2004 and October 2019, 21 revision framework surgeries were performed in 19 patients. Self-assessments by patients using the voice handicap index-10 questionnaire, and objective aerodynamic and acoustic assessments performed pre- and post-operatively were analyzed using the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test for paired comparisons. Results Undercorrection was indicated as reasons for revision surgeries in all cases. The revision techniques included type I thyroplasty, type IV thyroplasty, and arytenoid adduction, and revision surgeries were completed without any severe complication in all cases. Pre- and post-operative voice handicap index-10 scores were obtained in 12 cases, and other parameters were evaluated in 18 cases. Significant improvements were observed in voice handicap index-10 scores, maximum phonation time, mean flow rate, Current/Direct Current ratio, and pitch perturbation quotient. Conclusion Undercorrection was observed in all patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis, and the initial assessment and planning are thought to be important in order to avoid revision surgeries. Revision surgeries were performed safely in all cases, and significantly improved vocal outcomes were observed, even after multiple procedures. Revision surgery should be considered for patients with unsatisfactory vocal functions after primary framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

Resumo Introdução As cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo podem ser necessárias em casos de paralisia unilateral de prega vocal. Entretanto, os resultados e as indicações das cirurgias de revisão não têm sido documentados de forma adequada. Para melhor compreensão das indicações do procedimento e para auxiliar na obtenção de melhores resultados vocais, fizemos uma revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo em paralisia unilateral de prega vocal. Objetivos Apresentar as características clínicas de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo para tratamento de paralisia unilateral de prega vocal. Método Das 149 cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo feitas entre outubro de 2004 e outubro de 2019, 21 cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo foram feitas em 19 pacientes. As autoavaliações feitas pelos pacientes com o questionário voice handicap index‐10 e avaliações aerodinâmicas e acústicas objetivas feitas no pré e pós‐operatório foram analisadas com o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para comparações pareadas. Resultados A hipocorreção foi apontada como o motivo das cirurgias de revisão em todos os casos. As técnicas de revisão incluíram tireoplastia tipo I, tireoplastia tipo IV e adução de aritenoide. As cirurgias de revisão foram feitas sem qualquer complicação grave em todos os casos. Os escores do questionário voice handicap index‐10 pré e pós‐operatórios foram obtidos em 12 casos e outros parâmetros foram avaliados em 18 casos. Melhorias significativas foram observadas nos escores do questionário, no tempo máximo de fonação, taxa de fluxo médio, relação antes/depois e no quociente de perturbação do pitch. Conclusão Hipocorreção foi observada em todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de revisão do arcabouço laríngeo para paralisia unilateral de prega vocal e a avaliação inicial e o planejamento são considerados importantes para evitar cirurgias de revisão. As cirurgias de revisão foram feitas com segurança em todos os casos e melhoria significativa dos resultados vocais foi observada mesmo após múltiplos procedimentos. A cirurgia de revisão deve ser considerada para pacientes com funções vocais insatisfatórias após cirurgia primária do arcabouço laríngeo para paralisia unilateral de prega vocal.

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Abstract The agent that causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), produces a spectrum of symptoms that mainly affect the respiratory system, the central nervous system (CNS), the regulation of hemostasis and the immune system. Bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP) is a condition of unknown incidence among infected patients, either because it is short-lived or because of the difficulty in establishing a direct cause to the virus. Viral infection has been described in the literature as a cause of BVFP and there is the suspicion that a proportion of the idiopathic cases are due to undiagnosed viral infections. Although the neurotropic mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear, there is strong evidence to ensure its neuroinvasive potential. The most frequent etiologies of BVFP are trauma, neoplasm, and neurological, but a viral origin should not be ruled out. Causality between COVID-19 and BVFP is plausible and will require further study in the short and long term. We present a case series that support and discuss the hypothesis under consideration.

Resumen El agente causal de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), asociado a síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), genera un espectro de síntomas que afectan fundamentalmente el sistema respiratorio, el sistema nervioso central (SNC), la regulación hemostásica y el sistema inmune. La parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales (PBCV) es una entidad cuya incidencia en infectados se desconoce, bien porque no se presentan durante el tiempo suficiente o por la dificultad de establecer una causalidad directa con el virus. La infección vírica, como causa de PBCV, está descrita en la literatura y se sospecha que una parte de los casos idiopáticos corresponden a infecciones víricas no diagnosticadas. Aunque los mecanismos neurotrópicos no están completamente aclarados para el SARS-CoV-2, existen indicios sólidos para asegurar su potencial neuroinvasivo. Las causas traumáticas, neoplásicas y neurológicas son las etiologías más comunes de PBCV, sin que se pueda descartar el origen vírico. Es plausible una causalidad entre el COVID-19 y la PBCV, que requerirá mayores estudios a corto y largo plazo. Presentamos una serie de casos que sostienen y discuten la hipótesis en consideración.

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INTRODUCTION: A challenge in phonosurgery is achieving good vocal quality with minimal vocal fold fibrosis. Fibrin glue can be applied to minimize fibrosis; however, its use in the larynx is based primarily on clinical experience, particularly in extensive lesions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of application of fibrin glue on collagen concentration at the late phase of the healing process after detaching a pedicled flap of the vocal fold cover in rabbits. METHODS: In this prospective animal study, twelve adult male rabbits underwent laryngeal microsurgery, in which an incision was made along the entire length of both vocal folds, followed by extensive mucosal detachment and section of the incision ends. Fibrin glue was applied in the left vocal fold, and the mucosa was repositioned. In the right vocal fold, the mucosa was repositioned without treatment with fibrin glue. After 3-months, the rabbits were euthanized. Histological analyses were performed, and the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Vocal folds treated with fibrin glue presented higher collagen concentration in Masson trichrome staining and significantly higher (p < 0.05) collagen concentration in picrosirius red staining compared to control vocal folds. CONCLUSION: Treatment with fibrin glue led to greater vocal fold fibrogenesis in the present study. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to determine the prophylactic effect of sealants in laryngeal surgeries that require extensive detachment of the vocal fold cover.

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INTRODUCTION: Revision framework surgeries might be required for unilateral vocal fold paralyses. However, outcomes and indications of revision surgeries have not been adequately documented. For a better understanding of indications for the procedure and to help in achieving better vocal outcomes, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to present clinical features of patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis. METHODS: Of the 149 framework surgeries performed between October 2004 and October 2019, 21 revision framework surgeries were performed in 19 patients. Self-assessments by patients using the voice handicap index-10 questionnaire, and objective aerodynamic and acoustic assessments performed pre- and post-operatively were analyzed using the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test for paired comparisons. RESULTS: Undercorrection was indicated as reasons for revision surgeries in all cases. The revision techniques included type I thyroplasty, type IV thyroplasty, and arytenoid adduction, and revision surgeries were completed without any severe complication in all cases. Pre- and post-operative voice handicap index-10 scores were obtained in 12 cases, and other parameters were evaluated in 18 cases. Significant improvements were observed in voice handicap index-10 scores, maximum phonation time, mean flow rate, Current/Direct Current ratio, and pitch perturbation quotient. CONCLUSION: Undercorrection was observed in all patients who underwent revision framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis, and the initial assessment and planning are thought to be important in order to avoid revision surgeries. Revision surgeries were performed safely in all cases, and significantly improved vocal outcomes were observed, even after multiple procedures. Revision surgery should be considered for patients with unsatisfactory vocal functions after primary framework surgeries for unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

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Abstract Introduction A challenge in phonosurgery is achieving good vocal quality with minimal vocal fold fibrosis. Fibrin glue can be applied to minimize fibrosis; however, its use in the larynx is based primarily on clinical experience, particularly in extensive lesions. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of application of fibrin glue on collagen concentration at the late phase of the healing process after detaching a pedicled flap of the vocal fold cover in rabbits. Methods In this prospective animal study, twelve adult male rabbits underwent laryngeal microsurgery, in which an incision was made along the entire length of both vocal folds, followed by extensive mucosal detachment and section of the incision ends. Fibrin glue was applied in the left vocal fold, and the mucosa was repositioned. In the right vocal fold, the mucosa was repositioned without treatment with fibrin glue. After 3-months, the rabbits were euthanized. Histological analyses were performed, and the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Vocal folds treated with fibrin glue presented higher collagen concentration in Masson trichrome staining and significantly higher (p< 0.05) collagen concentration in picrosirius red staining compared to control vocal folds. Conclusion Treatment with fibrin glue led to greater vocal fold fibrogenesis in the present study. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to determine the prophylactic effect of sealants in laryngeal surgeries that require extensive detachment of the vocal fold cover.

Resumo Introdução Um desafio na fonocirurgia é conseguir uma boa qualidade vocal com o mínimo de fibrose das pregas vocais. A cola de fibrina pode ser aplicada para minimizar a fibrose; porém, seu uso na laringe é baseado principalmente na experiência clínica, particularmente em lesões extensas. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da aplicação da cola de fibrina na concentração de colágeno na fase tardia do processo de cicatrização, após o descolamento do retalho pediculado da cobertura da prega vocal em coelhos. Método Neste estudo prospectivo com animais, 12 coelhos adultos machos foram submetidos à microcirurgia de laringe, na qual uma incisão foi feita em toda a extensão de ambas as pregas vocais, seguida de extenso descolamento da mucosa e secção das extremidades da incisão. A cola de fibrina foi aplicada na prega vocal esquerda e a mucosa foi reposicionada. Na prega vocal direita, a mucosa foi reposicionada sem tratamento com cola de fibrina. Após três meses, os coelhos foram sacrificados. Análises histológicas foram feitas e os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Resultados As pregas vocais tratadas com cola de fibrina apresentaram maior concentração de colágeno na coloração tricrômica de Masson e concentração significativamente maior de colágeno (p < 0,05) na coloração com picrosirius red comparadas às pregas vocais controle. Conclusão O tratamento com cola de fibrina resultou em maior fibrogênese das pregas vocais no presente estudo. Contudo, novos estudos são necessários para determinar o efeito profilático dos selantes em cirurgias de laringe que requerem extenso descolamento da cobertura das pregas vocais.

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Introduction. Laryngeal disorders are characterized by a change in the vibratory pattern of the vocal folds. This disorder may have an organic origin described by anatomical fold modification, or a functional origin caused by vocal abuse or misuse. The most common diagnostic methods are performed by invasive imaging features that cause patient discomfort. In addition, mild voice deviations do not stop the in-dividual from using their voices, which makes it difficult to identify the problem and increases the possibility of complications. Aim. For those reasons, the goal of the present paper was to develop a noninvasive alternative for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation ap-plying the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Methods. A dataset of 74 audio files were used. Shannon energy and entropy mea-sures were extracted using the Daubechies 2 and Symlet 2 families and then the processing step was performed with the MLP ANN. Results. The Symlet 2 family was more efficient in its generalization, obtaining 99.75% and 99.56% accuracy by using Shannon energy and entropy measures, re-spectively. The Daubechies 2 family, however, obtained lower accuracy rates: 91.17% and 70.01%, respectively. Conclusion. The combination of WPT and MLP presented high accuracy for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation

ntroducción. Los trastornos laríngeos se caracterizan por un cambio en el patrón vibratorio de los pliegues vocales. Este trastorno puede tener un origen orgánico, descrito como la modificación anatómica de los pliegues vocales, o de origen fun-cional, provocado por abuso o mal uso de la voz. Los métodos de diagnóstico más comunes se realizan mediante procedimientos invasivos que causan malestar al pa-ciente. Además, los desvíos vocales de grado leve no impiden que el individuo utilice la voz, lo que dificulta la identificación del problema y aumenta la posibilidad de complicaciones futuras.Objetivo. Por esas razones, el objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar una he-rramienta alternativa, no invasiva para la identificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal aplicando Transformada Wavelet Packet (WPT) y la red neuronal artifi-cial del tipo Perceptrón Mutlicapa (PMC). Métodos. Fue utilizado un banco de datos con 78 voces. Fueron extraídas las me-didas de energía y entropía de Shannon usando las familias Daubechies 2 y Symlet 2 para después aplicar la red neuronal PMC. Resultados. La familia Symlet 2 fue más eficiente en su generalización, obteniendo un 99.75% y un 99.56% de precisión mediante el uso de medidas de energía y en-tropía de Shannon, respectivamente. La familia Daubechies 2, sin embargo, obtuvo menores índices de precisión: 91.17% y 70.01%, respectivamente. Conclusión. La combinación de WPT y PMC presentó alta precisión para la iden-tificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal

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Introducción. Los docentes son usuarios ocupacionales de la voz con alto riesgo de desarrollar patologías vocales a causa de su labor. Para enfrentar esta proble-mática, suelen usarse ejercicios con tracto vocal semiocluido (TVSO), estrategia de educación/rehabilitación empleada para generar un cambio en el patrón de vibración de los pliegues vocales, minimizando el riesgo de lesión vocal al reducir el estrés de colisión al que se someten los tejidos. Diversos reportes han indicado que este tratamiento tiene efectos en el cociente de cierre (CQ), medida indirecta del estrés de colisión.Objetivo. Examinar el efecto fisiológico de dos ejercicios con TVSO en la actividad laríngea de profesores con esfuerzo vocal constante pero sin patología vocal. Metodología. Se registraron muestras de 43 profesores antes, durante y después de la realización de dos ejercicios con TVSO (vibración lingual y fonación en tubos). Las muestras de electroglotografía se analizaron para obtener el CQ. Resultados y conclusión. Se observó una diferencia significativa al comparar los valores del CQ antes y durante la realización de ambos ejercicios. No se encontraron cambios en este parámetro después de ejecutar la actividad. Estos hallazgos concuer-dan con reportes previos en los cuales el CQ tiende a aumentar durante la fonación en tubos; contrariamente, la realización de la vibración lingual tiende a decrecer el valor del CQ. Es posible que este comportamiento se deba a los mecanismos biome-cánicos particulares de cada ejercicio

Introduction. Teachers are occupational voice users with high risk of developing vocal pathologies due to their work. To face this situation, it is common the use of semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises, a strategy of voice education/rehabil-itation implemented to induce a change in the vibration pattern of the vocal folds, mitigating, therefore, the risk of vocal lesion by reducing the collision stress applied to tissues. A variety of reports have indicated that this treatment has effects in the closed quotient (CQ), an indirect measure of collision stress. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological effect of two dif-ferent SOVT exercises in larynx activity of teachers with constant vocal effort but without vocal pathology. Methods. 43 samples of teachers were recorded before, during and after executing two SOVT exercises (tongue trill and tube phonation). Electroglottographic samples were analyzed in order to obtain CQ. Results and conclusion. Both exercises had a significant difference of CQ scores when before and during conditions were compared. Any difference was found on this parameter after executing the activity. These findings agree with previous reports where CQ tends to increase during phonation through resonance tubes; on the con-trary, execution of tongue trill tends to decrease CQ values. This behavior might be because of the particular biomechanical mechanisms of each exercise

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Purpose: To present a detailed, reproducible, cost-efficient surgical model for controlled subepithelial endoscopic vocal fold injury in the rat model. Methods: Six male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled in the experiment. The left vocal folds were used to carry out the injury model, and the right vocal fold served as control. After deep sedation, the rats were placed on a custom operating platform. The vocal fold injury by subepithelial stripping was carried out using custom-made microsurgical instruments under endoscopic guidance. Data were analyzed for procedural time and post-procedural pain. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scan and histologic images were obtained to assess the length, area, and depth of injury to the vocal fold. Results: The mean procedural time was 112 s. The mean control vocal fold length was 0.96 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold injury length was 0.53 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold surface was 0.18 ± 0.01 mm2 with a mean lesion area of 0.05 ± 0.00 mm2. Mean vocal fold injury depth was 375.4 ± 42.8 µm. The lesion length to vocal fold length ratio was 0.55 ± 0.03, as well as lesion area to vocal fold surface area was 0.29 ± 0.02. Conclusions: Our described experimental vocal fold injury model in rats is found to be fast, safe, cost-efficient, and reproducible with a rapid learning curve.

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Vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) has a risk of malignant transformation. Therefore, patients can have symptoms such as dysphonia, vocal strain, difficulty breathing, and dysphagia. Additionally, there is a genetic predisposition that can be associated with genetic polymorphisms. We aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms and protein levels in the etiology of VFL. Our study followed the PRISMA checklist and was registered on PROSPERO database. The questions were: "Are genetic polymorphisms involved in the etiology of VFL? Are protein levels altered in patients with VFL?". Eligibility criteria were case control studies that compared the presence of polymorphisms or/and protein levels of subjects diagnosed with VFL and healthy controls. Of the 905 articles retrieved, five articles with a total of 1038 participants were included in this study. The C allele of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-819 T/C IL-10, A allele of the SNP -592 A/C IL-10, CT genotype of the SNP rs11886868 C/T BCL11A, GG genotype of the SNP rs4671393 A/G BCL11A, LL genotype, and L allele of (GT)n repeat polymorphisms of the HO-1 were risk factors for VFL development. Nevertheless, there was a lack of association between VFL and the -1082 A/G IL-10, rs14024 CK-1, and -309 T/G Mdm2 SNPs. The concentrations of the MDM2, BCL11A, and HO-1 proteins were modified, while IL-10 levels were normally expressed in these subjects. In conclusion, most markers evaluated in this review could be potential indicators to develop effective therapies, avoiding a malignant transformation of the lesion.

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Introduction The study of larynx lesions is of great importance. More than 50% of people with vocal complaints have benign vocal fold alterations and some require surgery. Objective To determine which factors are related to surgical recurrence of benign laryngeal lesions and to determine which videolaryngoscopic diagnoses are related to the risk or protection of surgical relapses over time. Methods Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection of 1,383 surgeries in 1,301 patients. Results The mean age at the first surgery was 39.2 years old. The predominant gender was female (65.6%). There were 396 cases of polyps (25.34%), 349 cases of cysts (22.33%), 261 cases of Reinke edema (16.7%), 175 cases of nodules (11.2%), 153 cases of minor structural alterations (MSAs) (9.79%), 94 cases of leukoplakia (6.01%), 77 cases of granulomas (4.93%) and 58 cases of pseudocysts (3.71%). The age presented statistical significance with the risk of surgical relapses ( p = 0.016). Male gender was associated with the greatest chance of relapse. Diagnosis of granuloma ( p < 0.001) and of leukoplakia ( p < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of surgical recurrence. Cyst diagnosis was associated with protection ( p = 0.015) in relation to the chance of further surgeries. Patients with associated lesions, bilaterals or voice professionals did not present a statistically significant association with surgical recurrence. Conclusion Age and gender are statistically related to the increase of surgical relapses. Leukoplakia and granuloma are associated with increased surgical relapses. Patients submitted to cyst microsurgery appear to be protected against surgical recurrence.

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INTRODUCTION. Airway abnormalities are rare but potentially fatal. Stridor is a res-piratory noise with greater predominance in the inspiratory phase. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the etiology of stridor, determine its comorbidities and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Population of 110 and sample of 33 data from the Medical Records of neonatal or infant patients who presented stri-dor at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital of Quito-Ecuador, from january 2009 to december 2020. RESULTS. The 51,51% (17; 33) of cases were men. The age of the first consultation for stridor was within the first month in 18,00% (6; 33) and 40,00% (13; 33) at 3 months. The most frequent congenital laryngeal patholo-gy was: laryngomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), followed by subglottic stenosis 9,09% (3; 33), bilateral chordal paralysis 6,06% (2; 33) and tracheal stenosis 3,03% (1; 33). The 51,51% (17; 33) presented comorbidities of causes: neurological, pulmonary and genetic among the main ones. Mortality was 18,20% (6; 33) related to the severity of comorbidities, except one secondary to tracheal stenosis. CONCLUSION. Laryn-gomalacia and subglottic stenosis were the predominant pathologies with congenital stridor. The comorbidities that occurred were neurological, pulmonary, genetic and caused mortality within 90 days after diagnosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las anomalías de la vía aérea son poco frecuentes, pero potencialmente mortales. El estridor es un ruido respiratorio con mayor predominio en la fase inspiratoria. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la etiología del estridor, determinar sus comorbilidades y la mortalidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio transversal retrospectivo. Población de 110 y muestra de 33 datos de Historias Clínicas de pacientes neonatos o lactantes que presentaron estridor en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito - Ecuador, de enero 2009 a diciembre 2020. RESULTADOS. El 51,51% (17; 33) de casos fueron hombres. La edad de la primera consulta por estridor fue dentro del primer mes en el 18,00% (6; 33) y del 40,00% (13; 33) a los 3 meses. La patología congénita laríngea más frecuente fue: laringomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), seguida de estenosis subglótica 9,09% (3; 33), parálisis cordal bila-teral 6,06% (2; 33) y estenosis traqueal 3,03% (1; 33). El 51,51% (17; 33) presentaron comorbilidades de causas: neurológica, pulmonar y genética entre las principales. La mortalidad fue 18,20% (6; 33) relacionada con la severidad de las comorbilidades, excepto una secundaria a estenosis traqueal. CONCLUSIÓN. La laringomalacia y la estenosis subglótica fueron las patologías que predominaron con estridor congénito. Las comorbilidades que se presentaron fueron neurológica, pulmonar, genética y causaron mortalidad dentro de los 90 días posteriores al diagnóstico.

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OBJECTIVE: This review set out to examine the applicability of transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography (TLUSG) for the assessment of laryngeal function after thyroidectomy. METHODS: An integrative review of the literature was performed using Medline/PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed using the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: All 8 included articles investigated laryngeal function with regard to the risk of vocal fold immobility after thyroidectomy. The results regarding the diagnostic power of TLUSG for this assessment are controversial, and there is a tendency to use this examination as a screening procedure for subsequent confirmation by flexible laryngoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography is a viable, noninvasive, and useful tool to assess laryngeal function after thyroidectomy, but current available evidence suggests that it does not replace flexible laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of vocal fold immobility.

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ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate and compare the parameters of Digital kymography obtained through the High-speed Videolaryngoscopy of women without laryngeal disorders, of women with vocal fold nodules and of women with vocal cysts. Methods A cross-sectional observational study in which 60 women aged 18 years and 45 years were selected. Three study groups were formed: 20 women without laryngeal disorder forming the control group (Group 1), 20 women with diagnosis of vocal fold nodules forming Group 2 and 20 women with diagnosis of vocal cysts forming Group 3. Subsequently the participants were evaluated by High-speed Videolaryngoscopy for analysis and comparison of laryngeal images using Digital kymography. The laryngeal parameters processed by the program KIPS® were: minimum, maximum and mean opening; dominant amplitude of the left and right vocal folds; dominant frequency of the right and left vocal folds; and close. Results The analysis of Digital kymography suggests that the presence of the vocal fold nodules and the vocal cysts tend to restrict more to the maximum and minimum opening of the vocal fold and the dominant amplitude of the opening variation in the middle region of the glottis. Conclusion Digital kymography parameters were similar in the presence of vocal fold nodules and vocal cysts lesions.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar e comparar os parâmetros da videoquimografia digital obtidos pela videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade de mulheres sem alterações laríngeas, de mulheres com nódulos de prega vocal e de mulheres com cistos vocais. Método Estudo observacional transversal, no qual foram selecionadas 60 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 45 anos. Três grupos foram formados: 20 mulheres sem alterações laríngeas formando o grupo controle (Grupo 1), 20 mulheres com diagnóstico de nódulos nas pregas vocais formando o Grupo 2 e 20 mulheres com diagnóstico de cistos vocais formando o Grupo 3. Posteriormente, os participantes foram avaliados por Videolaringoscopia de alta velocidade para análise e comparação de imagens da laringe usando videoquimografia digital. Os parâmetros videoquimográficos avaliados pelo programa KIPS® foram: aberturas mínima, máxima e média; amplitudes da prega vocal direita e esquerda; frequências da abertura da prega vocal direita e esquerda; e fechamento. Resultados A análise da videoquimografia digital sugere que a presença dos nódulos e dos cistos de pregas vocais tendem a restringir a abertura máxima e média da prega vocal e a amplitude dominante da variação de abertura na região média da glote. Conclusão Os parâmetros da videoquimografia digital foram semelhantes na presença de nódulos nas pregas vocais e lesões de cistos vocais.

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Abstract Introduction Inspiratory maneuver corresponds to a simple method used during videolaryngoscopy to increase characterizations of laryngeal findings, through the movement of the vocal fold cover and exposure of the ligament, facilitating its evaluation. Objective To evaluate the increase in diagnosis of benign laryngeal lesions from the usage of inspiratory maneuvers during videolaryngoscopy in patients with or without vocal complaints. Methods A cross-sectional study performed from March 1 to July 1, 2018, in the Laryngology sector of a tertiary hospital. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 60 years old. They were divided into two groups, symptomatic and asymptomatic vocals, and evaluated through videolaryngoscopy together with inspiratory maneuvers. The exams were recorded and later evaluated by three trained laryngologists who determined the laryngeal lesions before and after the inspiratory maneuver. Results There were 60 patients in this sample, 41 of which were vocal symptomatic and 19 asymptomatic. The majority was female and the main complaint was about dysphonia. Before the inspiratory maneuver, the most observed lesions in both groups were chronic laryngitis, followed by vascular dysgenesis. After the inspiratory maneuver, sulcus vocalis was the most frequent additional finding. Conclusion With the inspiratory maneuver, it was possible to increase the identification of structural lesions in the vocal fold, and the most frequent lesion in patients with or without vocal complaints was sulcus vocalis.

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Introduction Inspiratory maneuver corresponds to a simple method used during videolaryngoscopy to increase characterizations of laryngeal findings, through the movement of the vocal fold cover and exposure of the ligament, facilitating its evaluation. Objective To evaluate the increase in diagnosis of benign laryngeal lesions from the usage of inspiratory maneuvers during videolaryngoscopy in patients with or without vocal complaints. Methods A cross-sectional study performed from March 1 to July 1, 2018, in the Laryngology sector of a tertiary hospital. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 60 years old. They were divided into two groups, symptomatic and asymptomatic vocals, and evaluated through videolaryngoscopy together with inspiratory maneuvers. The exams were recorded and later evaluated by three trained laryngologists who determined the laryngeal lesions before and after the inspiratory maneuver. Results There were 60 patients in this sample, 41 of which were vocal symptomatic and 19 asymptomatic. The majority was female and the main complaint was about dysphonia. Before the inspiratory maneuver, the most observed lesions in both groups were chronic laryngitis, followed by vascular dysgenesis. After the inspiratory maneuver, sulcus vocalis was the most frequent additional finding. Conclusion With the inspiratory maneuver, it was possible to increase the identification of structural lesions in the vocal fold, and the most frequent lesion in patients with or without vocal complaints was sulcus vocalis.