RESUMEN
Viruses have developed various strategies to ensure their survival and transmission. One intriguing strategy involves manipulating the behavior of infected arthropod vectors and hosts. Through intricate interactions, viruses can modify vector behavior, aiding in crossing barriers and improving transmission to new hosts. This manipulation may include altering vector feeding preferences, thus promoting virus transmission to susceptible individuals. In addition, viruses employ diverse dissemination methods, including cell-to-cell and intercellular transmission via extracellular vesicles. These strategies allow viruses to establish themselves in favorable environments, optimize replication, and increase the likelihood of spreading to other individuals. Understanding these complex viral strategies offers valuable insights into their biology, transmission dynamics, and potential interventions for controlling infections. Unraveling interactions between viruses, hosts, and vectors enables the development of targeted approaches to effectively mitigate viral diseases and prevent transmission.
Asunto(s)
Virosis , Animales , Humanos , Virosis/transmisión , Virosis/prevención & control , Virosis/virología , Virus , Vectores Artrópodos/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Vesículas Extracelulares/virología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
The intersection of mathematical modeling, nanotechnology, and epidemiology marks a paradigm shift in our battle against infectious diseases, aligning with the focus of the journal on the regulation, expression, function, and evolution of genes in diverse biological contexts. This exploration navigates the intricate dance of viral transmission dynamics, highlighting mathematical models as dual tools of insight and precision instruments, a theme relevant to the diverse sections of Gene. In the context of virology, ethical considerations loom large, necessitating robust frameworks to protect individual rights, an aspect essential in infectious disease research. Global collaboration emerges as a critical pillar in our response to emerging infectious diseases, fortified by the predictive prowess of mathematical models enriched by nanotechnology. The synergy of interdisciplinary collaboration, training the next generation to bridge mathematical rigor, biology, and epidemiology, promises accelerated discoveries and robust models that account for real-world complexities, fostering innovation and exploration in the field. In this intricate review, mathematical modeling in viral transmission dynamics and epidemiology serves as a guiding beacon, illuminating the path toward precision interventions, global preparedness, and the collective endeavor to safeguard human health, resonating with the aim of advancing knowledge in gene regulation and expression.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Modelos Teóricos , MatemáticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The common cockle Cerastoderma edule plays an important ecological role in the marine ecosystem both as an infaunal engineer (reef forming and bioturbation) and a food source for protected bird species in its European range. Cockle beds are found in close proximity to aquaculture and fisheries operations, which can be "hot spots" for infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar (OsHV-1 µVar) has spread to many Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas culture sites globally, where it has been associated with significant mortalities in this cultured bivalve. Knowledge on the impact of the virus on the wider ecosystem, is limited. As the likelihood of released virus dispersing into the wider aquatic ecosystem is high, the plasticity of the virus and the susceptibility of C. edule to act as hosts or carriers is unknown. METHODS: In this study, wild C. edule were sampled biweekly at two C. gigas culture sites over a four-month period during the summer when OsHV-1 µVar prevalence is at its highest in oysters. C. edule were screened for the virus molecularly (PCR, qPCR and Sanger sequencing) and visually (in situ hybridisation (ISH)). The cockle's ability to act as a carrier and transmit OsHV-1 µVar to the oyster host at a temperature of 14 â, when the virus is considered to be dormant until water temperatures exceed 16 â, was also assessed in laboratory transmission trials. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that OsHV-1 µVar was detected in all C. edule size/age cohorts, at both culture sites. In the laboratory, viral transmission was effected from cockles to naïve oysters for the first time, five days post-exposure. The laboratory study also demonstrated that OsHV-1 µVar was active and was successfully transmitted from the C. edule at lower temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that OsHV-1 µVar has the plasticity to infect the keystone species C. edule and highlights the possible trophic transmission of the virus from cockles to their mobile top predators. This scenario would have important implications, as a greater geographical range expansion of this significant pathogen via migratory bird species may have an impact on other species that reside in bird habitats most of which are special areas of conservation.
Asunto(s)
Cardiidae/virología , Crassostrea/virología , Virus ADN/fisiología , Especificidad del Huésped , Animales , Acuicultura , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Having a mechanism to assess the transmission dynamics of a vector-borne virus is one critical component of understanding the life cycle of these viruses. Laboratory infection systems using artificial blood meals is one valuable approach for monitoring the progress of virus in its mosquito host and evaluating potential points for interruption of the cycle for control purposes. Here, we describe an artificial blood meal system with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and the processing of mosquito tissues and saliva to understand the movement and time course of virus infection in the invertebrate host.