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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine French psychiatrists' level of general knowledge about dissociative identity disorder and to evaluate their perceptions of this condition. METHODS: In this study, French psychiatrists were invited by e-mail to answer an online survey. The questionnaire asked about their general knowledge and perceptions of dissociative identity disorder. RESULTS: We received 924 answers including 582 complete questionnaires. The survey revealed that almost two-thirds (60.8%) of psychiatrists working in France had never received any training on dissociative disorders and 62% had never managed patients suffering from dissociative identity disorder. Only 19.5% of them claimed to believe unreservedly in the existence of the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder. The psychiatrists' confidence in diagnosing or treating dissociative identity disorder was low (mean confidence in diagnosis: 3.32 out of 10 (SD 1.89), mean confidence in treatment: 3.1 out of 10 (SD 1.68)). Fifty percent believed that dissociative identity disorder is an entity created by cinema, medias or social networks. Seventy-seven point seven percent thought that confusion with borderline personality disorder is possible, and 41.3% with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: In France, there is a lack of training and knowledge about dissociative identity disorder, as well as persistent skepticism about the validity of the diagnosis. Specific training seems essential for a better understanding of dissociative identity disorder.

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OBJECTIVES: The Hypoglycemia During Hospitalization (HyDHo) score predicts hypoglycemia in a population of Canadian inpatients by assigning various weightings to 5 key clinical criteria known at the time of admission, in particular age, recent presentation to an emergency department, insulin use, use of oral hypoglycemic agents, and chronic kidney disease. Our aim in this study was to externally validate the HyDHo score by applying this risk calculator to an Australian population of inpatients with diabetes. METHODS: This study was a retrospective data analysis of a subset of the Diabetes IN-hospital: Glucose & Outcomes (DINGO) cohort. The HyDHo score was applied based on clinical information known at the time of admission to stratify risk of inpatient hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The HyDHo score was applied to 1,015 patients, generating a receiver-operating characteristic c-statistic of 0.607. A threshold of ≥9, as per the original study, generated a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 20%. A threshold of ≥10, to better suit this Australian population, generated a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 34%. The HyDHo score has been externally valid in a geographically different population; in fact, it outperformed the original study after accounting for local hypoglycemia rates. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the external validity of the HyDHo score in a geographically different population. Application of this simple and accessible tool can serve as an adjunct to predict an inpatient's risk of hypoglycemia and guide more appropriate glucose monitoring and diabetes management.

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OBJECTIVES: The COVID-Related Thoughts and Behavioral Symptoms (Cov-Tabs) is a self-reported questionnaire developed to identify the presence of psychological distress and anxiety-related behavior associated with COVID-19. This scale has been used since the first episodes of mass contamination of COVID-19 disease in the USA without psychometric validation analysis. The objective of this paper is to validate the French version of the Cov-TaBS. METHOD: In this study, we assessed a French translation of Cov-Tabs in 300 subjects from the general population. Moreover, we assessed convergent and discriminant validities using an anxiety and depression scale and a paranoid ideation scale. Statistical analyses consisted of evaluating internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity as well. RESULTS: The French translation of the Cov-Tabs demonstrated high internal consistency and reliability, as well as good temporal stability over a period of less than 2 weeks. It also showed strong convergent validity with anxiety and depression traits and divergent validity with paranoid ideation. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that the French version of the Cov-Tabs has robust psychometric properties and is a valid tool for evaluating behavioral symptomatology and thoughts related to COVID-19 disease. Therefore, the French version of the Cov-Tabs is a valid tool that can be used in French-speaking individuals.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the factorial structure and the psychometric qualities of the Pandemic Fatigue Scale among the Quebec adult population. METHOD: The data analyzed come from a web survey conducted in October 2021 among 10 368 adults residing in Quebec. The scale's factor structure and invariance by gender, age and language used to complete the questionnaire were tested using confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent and divergent validity were also assessed. Finally, the reliability of the scale was estimated from the alpha and omega coefficients. RESULTS: The analyzes suggest the presence of a bidimensional structure in the sample of Quebec adults with informational fatigue and behavioral fatigue. The invariance of the measure is noted for sex, for age subgroups and for the language used for the questionnaire. The results of convergent and divergent validity provide additional evidence for the validity of the scale. Finally, the reliability of the scale scores is excellent. CONCLUSION: The results support the presence of a bidimensional structure as in the initial work of Lilleholt et al. They also confirm that the scale has good psychometric qualities and that it can be used among the adult population of Quebec.

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The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) is a validated tool for determining frailty in older adults. This study examined the validity and accuracy of the TFI Part B (TFI-B) in a North American context. Seventy-two individuals ≥ 65 years of age recruited from a rural geriatric medicine clinic completed a set of self-reported and performance-based measures, including TFI-B. Frailty level was determined using modified Fried's Frailty Phenotype (FFP). Pearson correlation coefficients (r) assessed the concurrent relationships between the TFI-B and other measures. Accuracy of the TFI-B in classifying frailty level was assessed using assessing area under the curve (AUC). The TFI-B scores showed low correlations (r < 0.4) with gait speed and grip, suggesting that the TFI-B did not consider frailty as merely a physical problem. The AUC of 0.82 indicated that the TFI-B scores accurately classified frail versus non-frail individuals. The score of ≥ 5 on the TFI-B scores showed satisfactory sensitivity/specificity (73%/77%) and excellent negative predictive value (91.95%). This indicates that a TFI-B score of < 5 can be used to rule out frailty.

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To evaluate the effect of treatment on forearm rotation, torque muscle strength can be assessed using an isokinetic device (IKD) or a wrist dynamometer (WD). The aims of this study were 1) to determine concurrent validity and intra- and inter-rater reliability using the WD, and to examine correlations between WD and IKD in different positions; and 2) subsequently, to establish the intermethod reproducibility between WD as a handheld (HHD) or fixed device. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which torque strength was measured in healthy participants by two observers using an IKD and a WD. Study endpoints were concurrent validity (Pearson's r), intra- and inter-rater reliability, intermethod reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient: ICC) and measurement error (limits of agreement: LoA). Concurrent validity ranged, in the 2 studies assessing it, from r 0.37 to 0.52 for pronation and from r 0.50 to 0.82 for supination, with wide 95% confidence intervals. ICC for intra-rater reliability for pronation ranged from 0.85 to 0.91 and for supination from 0.91 to 0.95. ICC for inter-rater reliability for pronation ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 and for supination from 0.92 to 0.96. Despite the excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability and intermethod reproducibility for the WD-HHD and fixed WD, validity was low when compared to IKD and wide LoA indicated a high measurement error of approximately 20%. These results suggest that the WD cannot replace the IKD isometric mode for pronation and supination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

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O artigo tematiza a noção de validade diagnóstica na nosologia psicopatológica, de um ponto de vista epistemológico. Argumenta-se que a crise dos modelos operacionais, representados pelos DSMs, se aprofundou nas últimas décadas em virtude da adoção de uma concepção literal de validade, entendida como correspondência entre classificações diagnósticas e propriedades intrínsecas. Tal concepção relega as categorias diagnósticas ao estatuto de tipos artificiais sem substrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich etc., sugere-se uma recolocação do problema em termos de um nominalismo pragmático. Além de nos deslocar da dicotomia natural/artificial, uma postura nominalista pragmática teria a vantagem adicional de admitir um pluralismo nosológico, que tende a ser incompatível com sistemas classificatórios literais, com pretensões essencialistas.

This article discusses the notion of diagnostic validity in psychopathological nosology, from an epistemological perspective. The crisis of operational models, represented by the DSM, has deepened in recent decades due to the adoption of a literal conception of validity, understood as correspondence between diagnostic classifications and intrinsic properties. Such conception relegates the diagnostic categories to the status of artificial types devoid of ontological substrate. Based on authors such as Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., it suggests reframing the problem in terms of a pragmatic nominalism. Besides shifting us from the natural/artificial dichotomy, a pragmatic nominalist stance would admit a nosological pluralism, usually incompatible with essentialist classificatory systems.

Cet article traite de la notion de validité diagnostique en nosologie psychopathologique, dans une perspective épistémologique. La crise des modèles opérationnels, représentés par les DSM, s'est aggravé au cours des dernières décennies en raison de l'adoption d'une conception littérale de la validité, comprise comme une correspondance entre les classifications diagnostiques et les propriétés intrinsèques. Une telle conception relègue les catégories diagnostiques au statut de types artificiels dépourvus de substrat ontologique. S'appuyant sur des auteurs tels que Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., on suggère de recadrer le problème en termes de nominalisme pragmatique. En plus de nous éloigner de la dichotomie naturel/artificiel, cette position admettrait un pluralisme nosologique, généralement incompatible avec les systèmes classificatoires essentialistes.

Este artículo aborda la noción de validez diagnóstica en la nosología psicopatológica desde un punto de vista epistemológico. Se argumenta que la crisis de los modelos operativos, representada por los DSM, se ha profundizado en las últimas décadas debido a la adopción de una concepción literal de validez, entendida como una correspondencia entre clasificaciones diagnósticas y propiedades intrínsecas. Esta concepción relega las categorías diagnósticas al estatus de tipos artificiales sin sustrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar y Agich, se sugiere reposicionar el problema en términos de nominalismo pragmático. Además de desplazarnos de la dicotomía natural/artificial, una postura pragmática nominalista tendría la ventaja adicional de admitir un pluralismo nosológico, que tiende a ser incompatible con los sistemas clasificatorios literales de pretensiones esencialistas.

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This systematic review of the literature aimed to identify studies examining the measurement properties of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) in various international populations and investigate its use in various diagnoses and health conditions. The search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), SCOPUS, CINAHL and Web of Science, with no restrictions on publication date, country or patient age. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards to select the health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. 312 publications were identified and screened; 55 studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically reviewed. These publications comprised 16 languages and 11 pathologies and mainly investigated the internal consistency, construct validity and reliability of the MHQ. In general, all the measurement properties of the instrument showed good scores. The present review shows that the MHQ is a valid patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) and can be properly used in different clinical and rehabilitative contexts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2A.

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Background. Occupation based practice (OBP) is the central core of occupational therapy. Therefore, measuring its usage and influencing factors seems necessary. Purpose. To develop and validate the occupation based practice measure (OBPM). Method. OBPM was developed in two phases: (I) following a qualitative study, a literature review was conducted. The item pool was revised by expert panel; (II) The face, content, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were assessed. Findings. The 142 items derived through the qualitative study were integrated with the 42 items derived from the literature review. The item pool was reduced by expert panel to 78 items and finalized to 37 items through face, content, and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha was greater than 0.70 and intra-class correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability. Implications. OBPM is a valid and reliable questionnaire that evaluates the occupational therapists' knowledge, attitudes, interest, usage, and contextual factors influencing the OBP.

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OBJECTIVES: Transition to adult care is challenging for youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their caregivers. We have developed the diabetes-specific "On TRAck" transition readiness scale, and in this study we assess its reliability and validity compared with TRANSITION-Q, a generic transition readiness questionnaire. METHODS: We systematically created 3 versions of On TRAck: adolescent, parent and health-care provider (HCP) versions (for case managers and physicians). Among adolescents 13 to 18 years of age with T1D at a single academic centre, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and assessed interrater agreement, internal consistency and relationship with age; recent glycated hemoglobin (A1C); and recent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with On TRAck and TRANSITION-Q. RESULTS: One hundred fifteen adolescents (aged 15.8±1.6 years and diabetes duration 6.7±4.1 years), their caregivers and diabetes HCPs participated. The final 24-item adolescent and parent scales (with 3 subscales: "Self-efficacy," "Autonomy" and "Support & maturity") and the 3-item HCP version had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 to 0.93. Adolescent scores correlated with parents (r=0.64), case managers (r=0.39) and physicians (r=0.28). Mean adolescent score was 190.3±27.1 points out of 240. Adolescent scores were 3.4 points higher per year of age (p=0.03) and 4.4 points higher for every 1% lower A1C (p=0.01), but were not associated with DKA. TRANSITION-Q was associated with age. On TRAck HCP scores were associated with adolescent's age, A1C and DKA. CONCLUSIONS: On TRAck represents a new psychometrically comprehensive diabetes-specific scale that can be used in adolescent diabetes clinics for measuring transition readiness. It is a multidimensional instrument with ease of use and high reliability scores.

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Our objective was to compare grip strength measurement in two body positions (sitting and standing) with the K-Force® Grip dynamometer and the Jamar® Plus Digital hand dynamometer, and to conduct a test-retest study of the K-Force Grip device. The study was conducted on 50 healthy young adults aged 18-25 years. Maximal grip strength was tested in sitting and standing positions with both devices. After 2 days, a re-test was conducted with the K-Force Grip. The correlation coefficient was high for grip strength measurements in sitting and standing positions with the K-Force Grip and Jamar Plus dynamometers (r > 0.9 for all). K-Force Grip values were similar in sitting and standing positions (p > 0.05). Despite this similarity, K-Force Grip measured significantly lower values than Jamar Plus (p < 0.05). Thus, the K-Force Grip device can be used as an alternative to the Jamar Plus dynamometer, regarded as the gold standard in evaluating grip strength. We believe that the same devices should be used in clinical studies, research, and patient follow-up.

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The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the KFORCE Sens® electrogoniometer in the evaluation of wrist proprioception. Wrist position sense was assessed on a Baseline® 360° universal goniometer and a KFORCE Sens® device. The validity and reliability of the KFORCE Sens® device for wrist position sense evaluation were investigated by comparing the two data sets. Fifty-three healthy volunteers (39 female, 14 male) with a mean age of 22.83 ± 1.28 years (range, 21-27 years) were included. Joint position sense test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient) on KFORCE Sens® was "very good" for all wrist movements. There was a very strong correlation between flexion-extension movements on the dominant side (r = 0.955), and a strong correlation between ulnar-radial deviation movements (r = 0.745). There was also a very strong (r = 0.863) correlation between flexion-extension movements on the non-dominant side and a strong correlation (r = 0.690) between ulnar-radial deviation movements (p < 0.05). Our results showed that the KFORCE Sens® device was a valid and reliable evaluation means of assessing wrist position sense.

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Foodbot Factory is a serious game developed to teach children about the 2019 Canada's Food Guide (CFG) healthy eating principles. Because no measurement tools existed to assess changes in children's knowledge of the CFG, the Nutrition Attitudes and Knowledge (NAK) questionnaire was developed for this purpose. The NAK is based on the 2019 CFG nutrition content and aligned with the Foodbot Factory modules (Drinks, Whole Grain foods, Vegetables and Fruit, Protein foods). Seven experts assessed face and content validity of the draft NAK questionnaire. Three sections were deemed valid, while the remaining 2 required minor revisions. The NAK was pilot tested for changes in nutrition attitudes and knowledge among children aged 9-10 years-old (n = 23), who answered the NAK questionnaire before and after using Foodbot Factory. Significant increases were found in overall nutrition knowledge, and knowledge of Whole Grain foods, Vegetables and Fruit and Protein foods. Knowledge of Drinks and nutrition attitudes remained unchanged. The NAK showed a moderate reliability when tested among a group of children (n = 23). While the NAK questionnaire is a promising tool for assessing changes nutrition knowledge related to the 2019 CFG guidelines in children, further research is required to test construct validity of this instrument. Novelty: The Nutrition Attitudes and Knowledge (NAK) questionnaire was developed by educators and dietitians. The NAK underwent face and content validity assessments and was pilot tested among children. The NAK questionnaire is a potential tool to detect changes in children's knowledge of the 2019 Canada's Food Guide.

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BACKGROUND: Diet strongly influences cardiovascular risk. Dietary evaluation is a major issue in cardiovascular prevention, but few simple tools are available. Our team previously validated a short food frequency questionnaire; a new version of this questionnaire (Cardiovascular Dietary Questionnaire 2 [CDQ-2]) is easier to complete and more reliable. AIMS: To validate CDQ-2 in comparison with the original version, and to test its reproducibility. METHODS: CDQ-2 has 17 closed-ended questions; it provides a global dietary score that is a combination of specific scores for saturated, monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, and fruit and vegetables. CDQ-2 was validated against the original version in two groups, who completed both questionnaires: 99 patients with cardiovascular risk factors and 50 healthy subjects. Reproducibility was assessed with 27 health professionals who completed the questionnaire twice, with a 1-month interval. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients of the scores between the two questionnaires ranged from 0.65 (monounsaturated fatty acids) to 0.93 (fruit and vegetables) (all P<0.001). The percentage of subjects classified in the same quartile by both questionnaires ranged from 56% (omega-3 fatty acids) to 78% (fruit and vegetables). The percentage of subjects classified in the same or adjacent quartile ranged from 91% to 99%. The intraclass correlation coefficients, which assessed reproducibility, ranged from 0.61 (fruit and vegetables) to 0.88 (saturated fatty acids) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This new version of the short dietary questionnaire shows good reproducibility and correlations with the original version; use and reliability are improved, which makes CDQ-2 a valuable tool for cardiovascular prevention.

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This systematic review of the literature aimed to identify studies examining the psychometric properties of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) in various international populations on. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL and Web Of Science, with no restrictions on publication period, the country in which the study was conducted, or the age of the patients. Eligible studies were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria and data were extracted. Study quality and the risk of bias were assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards to select the health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. 805 articles were identified; after removing duplicates, there were 361 single studies. 338 articles did not concern the psychometric properties of JTHFT. The remaining 23 studies were selected for full text review, and all were included. They comprised 8 languages and 9 pathologies. These findings suggest the JTHFT is a useful test of manual dexterity in activities of daily living. This study provides specific information on the instrument's psychometric properties in different populations and supports clinicians in making informed decisions when choosing instruments for upper-limb evaluations.

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BACKGROUND: Bias is a major methodological issue for epidemiology. However, only a few studies have been dedicated to the past and present formulations of the concept of bias. Moreover, the classical definition of bias as systematic deviation from the truth of results or inferences, definition which can be found in dictionaries of epidemiology, does not seem to either match the way epidemiologists use it in practice, or correspond to the different definitions given throughout its history. It is consequently important to elucidate this paradox. METHODS: In this historical and conceptual article, we study the different uses of the word "bias" in epidemiological literature, from classic articles in the 1950's about the link between smoking and lung cancer to the most recent epidemiology textbooks, the objective being to analyze the ways in which epidemiologists have defined, applied and modified this concept over time. RESULTS: We show that D.L. Sackett's article on bias in analytic research, published in 1979, put an end, at least temporarily, to reflection in populational epidemiology that started thirty years before. More precisely, we show that Sackett's definition of bias corresponds more to the needs and goals of clinical epidemiology than to those of populational epidemiology. Concomitantly, populational epidemiologists such as K.J. Rothman redefined bias as a threat to the internal validity of a study, and epidemiological study as an "exercise in measurement of an effect rather than as a criterion-guided process for deciding whether an effect is present or not". CONCLUSION: It is thereby important to draw a distinction between two notions pertaining to bias: an epidemiological concept of bias, viewed as the lack of internal validity of an observational study; and a medical concept of bias, defined as deviation from the truth. The former concerns the design and methodology of epidemiological studies; the latter is more general and impels epidemiologists and physicians to be skeptical, and even critical, towards their own inferences.

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OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a Tunisian Arabic-Speaking population. METHOD: The CERQ original version was translated and back-translated and then administrated to 360 participants. Afterwards, using the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, we studied the latent factor structure for CERQ. The internal consistency of the subscales was assessed by Cronbach's alfa coefficients, and the test-retest and interscale reliability were assessed with Pearson correlations. The criterion validity was also examined using correlations between the CERQ subscales and both the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales at first evaluation and at a one year follow-up. RESULTS: The Tunisian version was quite satisfactory with the nine-factor structure, as in the original CERQ. Moreover, all validity and reliability measures were comparable to the original CERQ. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first work devoted to a Tunisian adaptation of the CERQ. Our findings highlight that the Tunisian version is both reliable and valid for the measurement of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

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Traditionally, the angle between the intersecting central axes (lateral projection intersecting central axes - LCA) of the proximal and distal fragments of metacarpal fractures is measured on radiographs. We recommend using the angle between the intersecting dorsal tangent lines instead (lateral projection intersecting dorsal tangent lines - LDT). We analyzed radiographs of 25 fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone shaft in three planes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. Mean palmar tilt was 35.6° ± 12.5° according to LCA and 27.6° ± 12.0° according to LDT. There were no differences during repeated measurements. Intra-rater reliability was high: ICC (95% CI) for LDT was 0.82 (0.74-0.88) and for LCA it was 0.71 (0.51-0.83). Mean values of palmar tilt using LCA exceeded those using LDT by 8.0° ± 7.7° (p < 0.001). Only LDT measurements provided comparable results between all raters. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of intersecting dorsal tangent lines for measuring palmar tilt in fifth metacarpal fractures as an alternative to the commonly used angle between the intersecting central axes.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Schizophrenia Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (S-CGQoL) for use in the Hispanic-American population from the caregiver's perspective. METHODS: A cross-sectional instrumental model was used, with a sample of 253 caregivers of patients suffering of Schizophrenia in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. The psychometric properties of the S-CGQoL were tested through construct validity, reliability and some aspects of external validity. In addition, in order to assess the nature of the different items across the three countries, a Differential Performance Analysis (DPA) was conducted. RESULTS: A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale structure was well correlated to the initial structure of the QoL-MDS. The results confirmed the existence of adequate reliability indicators (α>.70 and ω>.80) and the absence of FIDs supporting the invariance of item calibrations among the three Latin American countries. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation and validation of the S-CGQoL questionnaire demonstrate adequate psychometric properties to assess the quality of life of caregivers in samples of middle-income countries in Latin America.

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