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BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects over 50% of the global population and is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. The pathogenicity of H. pylori is primarily attributed to virulence factors such as vacA. Timely and accurate identification, along with genotyping of H. pylori virulence genes, are essential for effective clinical management and controlling its prevalence. METHODS: In this study, we developed a dual-target RAA-LFD assay for the rapid, visual detection of H. pylori genes (16s rRNA, ureA, vacA m1/m2), using recombinase aided amplification (RAA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD) methods. Both 16s rRNA and ureA were selected as identification genes to ensure reliable detection accuracy. RESULTS: A RAA-LFD assay was developed to achieve dual-target amplification at a stable 37 °C within 20 min, followed by visualization using the lateral flow dipstick (LFD). The whole process, from amplification to results, took less than 30 min. The 95 % limit of detection (LOD) for 16 s rRNA and ureA, vacA m1, vacA m2 were determined as 3.8 × 10-2 ng/µL, 5.8 × 10-2 ng/µL and 1.4 × 10-2 ng/µL, respectively. No cross-reaction was observed in the detection of common pathogens including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis, showing the assay's high specificity. In the evaluation of the clinical performance of the RAA-LFD assay. A total of 44 gastric juice samples were analyzed, immunofluorescence staining (IFS) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used as reference methods. The RAA-LFD results for the 16s rRNA and ureA genes showed complete agreement with qPCR findings, accurately identifying H. pylori infection as confirmed by IFS in 10 out of the 44 patients. Furthermore, the assay successfully genotyped vacA m1/m2 among the positive samples, showing complete agreement with qPCR results and achieving a kappa (κ) value of 1.00. CONCLUSION: The dual-target RAA-LFD assay developed in this study provides a rapid and reliable method for detecting and genotyping H. pylori within 30 min, minimizing dependency on sophisticated laboratory equipment and specialized personnel. Clinical validation confirms its efficacy as a promising tool for effectively control of its prevalence and aiding in the precise treatment of H. pylori-associated diseases.

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Las proteínas de la leche de vaca pueden causar alergia alimentaria. Los distintos mecanismos de acción involucrados y la variabilidad clínica según la etapa de la vida pediátrica en la que se manifieste ocasionan dificultades en su abordaje, con riesgo de sub- o sobrediagnóstico. En este proceso, intervienen profesionales de diversas áreas y es recomendable su interacción. Es por ello que el objetivo de este consenso ha sido reflejar el conocimiento actualizado desde la interdisciplina, generando recomendaciones para su correcto diagnóstico. Hemos trabajado con el método de Delphi para sumarle a la evidencia científica, la experiencia proveniente de neonatólogos, pediatras, especialistas en alergia, nutrición y gastroenterología. Pensamos que este enfoque interdisciplinario de trabajo va a resultar de utilidad práctica y promoverá una atención más integral de estos pacientes.

Cow's milk protein can cause food allergy. The different mechanisms of action involved, the clinical variability depending on the stage of pediatric life in which it manifests, leads to difficulties in its approach, with the risk of under- or over-diagnosis. Professionals from various areas intervene in this process and their interaction is recommended. That is why the objective of this consensus has been to reflect the updated knowledge in an interdisciplinary mode, generating recommendations for its correct diagnosis. We have worked with the Delphi method to add to the scientific evidence, the experience from neonatologists, pediatricians, experts in allergy, nutrition and gastroenterology. We think that this interdisciplinary approach will be of practical use and will promote more comprehensive care for these patients.

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Introduction The development of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely linked to its virulence genes, which vary by geographic region. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (vacA) genes and their genotypes in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Methods Patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal disease based on endoscopic findings were recruited for the study. Gastric biopsies were collected to screen for H. pylori infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequently, infected samples were tested for cagA and vacA genes, and their genotypes were analyzed by sequencing. Results Among 250 cases, 56% (140/250) exhibited gastrointestinal diseases. Of these cases, 32.1% (45/140) were infected with H. pylori. Regarding gene detection, 40 (88.9%) samples were positive for cagA, while all samples were positive for vacA. For cagA, the Western type with the ABC pattern was the most prominent. There was a statistically significant association between cagA genotypes and clinical outcomes, with the Western type being more prevalent in gastritis patients. For vacA, there was a high prevalence of the s1 and i1, while the m1 and m2 showed similar prevalence. In our combined analysis, the dominant vacA genotype combinations were s1m1i1 (46.7%). There were no statistical differences between the vacA genotypes and clinical outcomes (P > 0.05). Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori cagA and vacA genes, but there were variations in their genotypes. A correlation was observed between the Western-type cagA and gastritis; however, no association was found between vacA genotypes and clinical outcomes.

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Introducción: El primer año de vida del niño constituye una de las etapas más vulnerables del ciclo de vida. La leche humana es el alimento óptimo desde el nacimiento hasta los 2 años o lo que la familia desee. Aunque muy pocas circunstancias clínicas contraindican la lactancia, menos de la mitad de los niños la reciben en forma exclusiva hasta los 6 meses. En esas situaciones, se plantea la controversia acerca de la mejor opción de leche a utilizar, en combinación con los alimentos complementarios. Desarrollo: En circunstancias en que la lactancia materna (LM) se halla disminuida o discontinuada, la recomendación nutricionalmente más adecuada es el uso de fórmulas infantiles. Diferentes motivos determinan que la leche de vaca (LV) sea la última opción, por su propio perfil de nutrientes y su condición de factor de riesgo de deficiencia de hierro en menores de 2 años. Se desarrollaron cuatro escenarios según la edad del niño/a: 6 a 8 meses y 9 a 12 meses, que combinan LM, LV o fórmula, y ejemplifican tipo y cantidades de alimentos complementarios junto con los resultados en términos de adecuación de energía y nutrientes. Conclusiones: Un adecuado manejo del componente lácteo en el primer año de vida contempla eventuales inadecuaciones cuando la alimentación complementaria es precoz, tardía o inadecuada en densidad nutricional, y representa una ventana crítica para un buen crecimiento y el desarrollo, la conformación de una microbiota abundante y diversa y el desarrollo de un patrón gustativo saludable

Introduction: The first year is one of the most vulnerable period of the life cycle. Human milk is the optimal food from birth to 2 years or whatever the family wants. Although very few clinical circumstances contraindicate breastfeeding, less than half of children receive it exclusively up to 6 months. In these cases, controversy arises about the best option of milk, in combination with complementary foods. Development: In circumstances in which breastfeeding (BF) is reduced or discontinued, the most nutritionally appropriate recommendation is the use of infant formulas. Different reasons determine that cow's milk (CV) is the last option, due to its own nutrient profile and its condition as a risk factor for iron deficiency below 2 years. Four scenarios were developed according to the child's age: 6 to 8 months and 9 to 12 months, combining BF, LV or formula, exemplifying type and quantities of complementary foods and the results in terms of energy and nutrients adequacy. Conclusions: Adequate management of the dairy component in the first year of life, contemplating possible inadequacies when complementary feeding is early, late or inadequate in nutritional density represents a critical window for good growth and development, the development of an abundant and diverse microbiota and of a healthy taste pattern

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BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori), a bacterium characterized by its spiral shape and gram-negative nature, impacts approximately half of the global population, showing a greater prevalence in developing nations. There are various factors that contribute to the pathogenicity of H pylori in the gastric mucosa, leading to gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancers. The relationship between H pylori and gastric cancers has been well documented. The association between Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and H pylori still remains a grey field. The study aimed to evaluate the presence of H pylori in OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 46 case samples and 21 controls. The case samples comprised of histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC obtained from patients undergoing wide local excision. Fresh tissue samples were collected during cryosection and stored in eppendorf tubes. The control samples were collected from the gingiva and buccal mucosa of apparently healthy patients with no history of habits, undergoing procedures such as gingivectomy and impaction. All the cases and controls were subjected to immunohistochemistry for Helicobacter pylori antibody. The cases demonstrating Helicobacter pylori in immunohistochemistry further underwent additional Real-Time- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and culture methodology for subsequent confirmation. RESULTS: 15/46 cases (32.6 %) showed positive immunohistochemical expression of H pylori in OSCC, while all the twenty-one controls were negative (p value 0.001). Out of the 15 cases tested using culture methodology, a total of 7 cases, representing 46.7 % of the sample, were positive for the presence of H pylori (p- value 0.003). Similar statistically significant results were also obtained for 16S rRNA gene with RT- PCR. Furthermore, H pylori positive cases were frequently found in higher pathological tumor staging. A significant increase in overall survival rate was evident among the H pylori negative cases. CONCLUSION: Helicobacter pylori was significantly expressed in OSCC tissues when compared to healthy tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of the presence of H pylori in FFPE OSCC samples yielded more positive results when compared to culture and PCR methodology. We opine that in OSCC, H pylori may have a role in the faster progression of the disease, rather than merely a 'chance spectator'.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of type I and type II Helicobacter pylori infection and investigate risk factors in a population from Hainan Province in China. METHODS: Data came from a large, cross-sectional study conducted from August 2022 to April 2023 involving five cities of Hainan. Subjects with confirmed 14C-urea breath test (UBT) and positive serological assay were included. All subjects had a gastroscopy. According to presence or absence of CagA/VacA proteins, subjects were classified as either type I (present) or type II strains (absent). Gastroscopic findings and several socio-demographic factors were examined for correlation with antibody serotyping. RESULTS: In total, 410 subjects were investigated for H. pylori strain types. The overall prevalence of the highly virulent, type I H. pylori strain was 79% (324/410) and type II strain was 21% (86/410). There was a strong association between type I strain and peptic ulcer disease. Of several sociodemographic factors investigated, only smoking and data over baseline (DOB) values showed significant differences between type 1 and type II strains. Logistic regression analysis showed a lower risk of type I H. pylori infection in smokers compared with non-smokers, and a higher risk of H. pylori type I infection in subjects with medium and high data over baseline (DOB) values compared with subjects who had low DOB values. CONCLUSION: Highly virulent, type I H. pylori infections predominate in Hainan and the co-positivity of CagA and VacA antibodies are related to type I H. pylori infection. We found that Type I H. pylori was closely associated with peptic ulcer disease and the DOB values were generally high.

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La desnutrición ocurre cuando hay una ingesta o asimilación deficiente de la energía y los nutrientes. Si esta se produce dentro de los primeros años de vida, las consecuencias para la salud son devastadoras. El tratamiento temprano de la desnutrición es clave para reducir estas consecuencias y en este proceso la leche tiene una participación destacada. La leche es un excelente alimento debido al contenido y calidad de sus macro- y micronutrientes, lo que ha llevado a que la investigación y el uso de la leche en el tratamiento de la desnutrición hayan aumentado sostenidamente desde comienzos del siglo XX. En Chile, la desnutrición infantil fue prácticamente erradicada entre los años 1960 y 1980 debido a la aplicación exitosa de una serie de políticas públicas materno-infantiles, dentro de las cuales la Leche Purita fue fundamental. Sin embargo, la historia de la leche como parte de las políticas nutricionales en Chile comenzó mucho antes. Conmemorando los cincuenta años desde el nacimiento de Leche Purita, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un breve repaso acerca de la importancia histórica de la leche en las políticas nutricionales en Chile, enfatizando la contribución realizada por la Leche Purita a la erradicación de la desnutrición infantil y a la disminución de la anemia en niños.

Undernutrition occurs when there is poor intake or assimilation of energy and nutrients. If undernutrition is established within the first years of life, the health consequences are devastating. Early treatment of undernutrition is critical to reduce these consequences and milk plays an important role in this treatment. Cow's milk is an excellent food due to the content and quality of its macro- and micronutrients. This has led to a steady increase in research and the use of milk in treating undernutrition since the beginning of the 20th century. In Chile, child undernutrition was practically eradicated between the decades of 1960 and 1980 due to the successful application of maternal and child public policies, within which the product Leche Purita was fundamental. However, the history of milk as part of nutritional policies in Chile began much earlier. Commemorating fifty years since the introduction of Leche Purita, we aim to summarize the historical importance of milk in Chile's nutritional policies. We emphasize Leche Purita's role in eradicating child undernutrition and reducing anemia among children.

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We explored the clinical-stage association of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) compared to cases of chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) and its relationship with virulence genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) clinical isolates from patients with dyspepsia in Peru. This study was cross-sectional and included 158 H. pylori clinical isolates; each isolate corresponded to a different Peruvian patient, genotyped by polymerase chain reaction to detect cagA gene and EPIYA motifs, the vacA gene (alleles s1, s2, i1, i2, d1, d2, m1, m2 and subtypes s1a, s1b and s1c), the iceA gene (alleles 1 and 2), and the babA gene (allele 2). We observed that 38.6% presented with IM and that all clinical isolates were CagA positive. The EPIYA-ABC motif was predominant (68.4%), and we observed a high frequency for the vacA gene alleles s1 (94.9%), m1 (81.7%), i1 (63.9%), and d1 (70.9%). Strains with both iceA alleles were also detected (69.6%) and 52.2% were babA2 positive. In addition, it was observed that the cagA+/vacAs1m1 (PR: 2.42, 1.14 to 5.13, p < 0.05) and cagA+/vacAs1am1 (PR: 1.67, 1.13 to 2.45, p < 0.01) genotypes were associated with IM. Our findings revealed the cagA and vacA risk genotypes predominance, and we provided clinically relevant associations between Peruvian patients with H. pylori infection and IM clinical stage.

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is responsible for causing chronic gastritis, which can cause peptic ulcer and premalignant lesions such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, with the risk of developing gastric cancer. Recent data describe that H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the world's population; however, this bacterium has been described as infecting the human population since its prehistory. This review focuses on the populations and subpopulations of H. pylori, differentiated by the polymorphisms present in their constitutive and virulence genes. These genes have spread and associated with different human populations, showing variability depending on their geographical distribution, and have evolved together with the human being. The predominant genotypes worldwide, Latin America and Chile, are described to understand the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of H. pylori in different populations and geographic regions. The high similarity in the sequence of virulence genes between H. pylori strains present in Peruvian and Spanish natives in Latin America suggests a European influence. The presence of cagA-positive strains and vacA s1 m1 allelic variants is observed with greater prevalence in Chilean patients with more severe gastrointestinal diseases and is associated with its geographical distribution. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the genetic diversity of H. pylori in different regions of the world for a more accurate assessment of the risk of associated diseases and their potential impact on health.

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Cancer research has extensively explored various factors contributing to cancer development, including chemicals, drugs, smoking, and obesity. However, the role of bacterial infections in cancer induction remains underexplored. In particular, the mechanisms underlying H. pylori-induced B-cell lymphoma, a potential consequence of bacterial infection, have received little attention. In recent years, there has been speculation about contagious agents causing persistent inflammation and encouraging B-lymphocyte transition along with lymphomagenesis. MALT lymphoma associated with chronic H. pylori infection, apart from two other central associated lymphomas - Burkitt's Lymphoma and DLBCL, is well studied. Owing to the increasing colonization of H. pylori in the host gut and its possible action in the development of B-cell lymphoma, this review aims to summarize the existing reports on different B-cell lymphomas' probable association with H. pylori infections; also emphasizing the function of the organism in lymphomagenesis; including its interaction with the host, pathogen and host-specific factors, and tumor microenvironment.

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BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a fastidious pathogen that is required a complicated medium for growth. Invading epithelial cells of the stomach. H. pylori virulence factors are classified by function, acidic resistivity, adhesion, chemotaxis and motility, molecular mimicry, immunological invasion and modulation, and toxins formation such as cytotoxin-associated genes A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA). This study aims to determine a simple and innovative technique to isolate H. pylori from gastric biopsies and assess pathogenicity by virulence factor gene detection. METHODS: A total of 200 patients who were suspected of having H. pylori infection had two antral gastric biopsies undertaken. A rapid urease test (RUT) was used for one, and Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) was used to cultivate the other. The molecular study included diagnostics utilizing the 16sRNA housekeeping gene along with the identification of the virulence factors genes (cagA, cagT, and vacA) and sequencing, RESULT: Of the 200 antral gastric biopsies collected, 135 were positive rapid urease tests, and 17 H. pylori isolates were successfully obtained from 135 biopsies. The 16SrRNA as a housekeeping gene is confirmed, and about 53%, 70.5%, and 82.3% of the 17 isolates show carrying cagA, cagT, and vacA genes, respectively. All peptic ulcer isolates have the cagA gene, while Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and non-peptic ulcer disease (NPUD) isolates show the lack of the cagA gene. All bacteria, which were isolated from peptic ulcer, nodular gastritis, and gastritis patients, have a vacA gene. CONCLUSION: The effective method for isolating H. pylori is centrifuging the transport broth after 24 h of incubation. The cagA toxin causes peptic ulcer while vacA toxin induces several histopathological changes in the stomach. Three virulence genes were present in all peptic ulcer-causing bacteria, while only one or none were present in the GERD and NPUD biopsy isolates.

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Background: Diagnostic tests in occupational allergic diseases are highly dependent on the quality of available allergen extracts and specific IgE tests. To enhance diagnostic testing in cattle-related occupational rhinitis, asthma, and urticaria, we produced an in- house cow dander extract, assessed its allergen profile and performance in clinical tests, and compared it with commercial bovine dander extracts. Methods: One hundred patients with a suspected cattle-related occupational disease underwent skin prick tests (SPTs) with in-house and 1 or 2 commercial bovine dander extracts. Nasal allergen provocation tests were performed on 31 patients with suspected occupational rhinitis. We used Western blot to study the specific IgE-protein reactions from the sera of the patients with positive provocation test results and identified allergens from immunoblot bands using tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The odorant-binding protein Bos d OBP, bovine serum albumin (Bos d 6), and the lipocalin (Bos d 2) were identified as the major allergens. We found a total of 24 bovine dander allergens, of which several were formerly unknown. The sensitivity and specificity of the in-house extract in SPTs were 100% and 94%, respectively, in 87 patients. The SPT results were negative in 20 healthy controls. Nasal allergen provocation tests with in-house extract detected occupational rhinitis with 100% sensitivity in 21 patients. The provocation results remained negative in 5 healthy controls. Conclusions: Three major and several minor allergens in bovine dander caused occupational rhinitis. Diagnosis of bovine allergen–related occupational diseases requires a sufficient concentration and variety of tested allergens (AU)

Antecedentes : las pruebas de diagnóstico en enfermedades alérgicas profesionales dependen en gran medida de la calidad de los extractos de alérgenos disponibles y de las pruebas de IgE específicas. Para mejorar las pruebas de diagnóstico en rinitis, asma y urticaria ocupacional relacionadas con el ganado, produjimos un extracto de caspa de vaca internamente, evaluamos su perfil de alérgenos y su desempeño en pruebas clínicas, y lo comparamos con extractos de caspa bovina comerciales. Métodos : Cien pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad profesional relacionada con el ganado se sometieron a pruebas cutáneas (SPT) con extractos de caspa bovina internos y 1 o 2 comerciales. Se realizaron pruebas de provocación con alérgenos nasales a 31 pacientes con sospecha de rinitis ocupacional. Utilizamos Western blot para estudiar las reacciones específicas de la proteína IgE de los sueros de los pacientes con resultados positivos en la prueba de provocación e identificamos alérgenos a partir de bandas de inmunotransferencia mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem.Resultados : La proteína fijadora de olores Bos d OBP, la albúmina sérica bovina (Bos d 6) y la lipocalina (Bos d 2) se identificaron como los principales alérgenos. Encontramos un total de 24 alérgenos de la caspa bovina, de los cuales varios eran desconocidos hasta el momento. La sensibilidad y especificidad del extracto interno en los SPT fueron del 100% y 94%, respectivamente, en 87 pacientes. Los resultados del SPT fueron negativos en 20 controles sanos. Las pruebas de provocación de alérgenos nasales con extracto interno detectaron rinitis ocupacional con una sensibilidad del 100% en 21 pacientes. Los resultados de la provocación siguieron siendo negativos en 5 controles sanos(AU)

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La alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca aparece en los primeros meses de vida y es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en el lactante y el niño pequeño. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el hospital infantil Hermanos Cordové del municipio Manzanillo en Granma, Cuba. La población estuvo constituida por los 10 infantes egresados de la institución durante el período 2017-2021. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, estadía, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, lactancia, factores de riesgo, evaluación nutricional. Entre los principales resultados se obtuvieron que predominó el sexo femenino y las edades de uno a seis meses (60 %). El 50 % de niños estaban desnutridos. El 70 % de los pacientes presentaron diarreas como principal síntoma, seguido por las lesiones de piel (60 %). Solo el 20 % recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad. El parto por cesárea fue el factor de riesgo más predominante (50 %). Se concluye que el sexo femenino y las edades de uno a seis meses fueron las más sobresalientes. La diarrea y las lesiones de piel fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes de los pacientes con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca. Los lactantes desnutridos, con lactancia artificial y antecedentes de parto por cesárea tienen mayores probabilidades de padecer esta enfermedad.

Allergy to cow's milk proteins, appears in the first months of life and is the most common food allergy in infants and young children. This research aims to characterize clinically and epidemiologically patients with allergy to cow's milk proteins. A longitudinal, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted at the Hermanos Cordové Children's Hospital in the municipality of Manzanillo in Granma, Cuba. The population consisted of the 10 children who graduated from the institution during the period 2017-2021. The following variables were studied: age, sex, length of stay, duration of disease progression, breastfeeding, risk factors, nutritional assessment. Among the main results, it was found that the female sex and the ages of one to six months predominated (60 %). The 50 % of children were malnourished. 70 % of patients had diarrhea as the main symptom, followed by skin lesions (60 %). Only 20 % were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age. Caesarean section was the most prevalent risk factor (50 %). It is concluded that the female sex and the ages of one to six months were the most outstanding. Diarrhea and skin lesions were the most common clinical manifestations in patients with cow's milk protein allergy. Malnourished infants, breastfed infants and a history of cesarean delivery are more likely to have this disease.

A alergia à proteína do leite de vaca aparece nos primeiros meses de vida e é a alergia alimentar mais comum em lactentes e crianças pequenas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar clínica e epidemiologicamente pacientes com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal, descritivo e retrospectivo no Hospital Infantil Hermanos Cordové, no município de Manzanillo, em Granma, Cuba. A população foi composta por 10 crianças que se formaram na instituição no período de 2017 a 2021. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: idade, sexo, tempo de internação, tempo de evolução da doença, aleitamento materno, fatores de risco, avaliação nutricional. Dentre os principais resultados, predominaram o sexo feminino e a faixa etária de um a seis meses (60%). 50% das crianças estavam desnutridas. A diarreia foi o principal sintoma de 70% dos pacientes, seguida pelas lesões cutâneas (60%). Apenas 20% foram amamentados exclusivamente até os 6 meses de idade. O parto cesáreo foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (50%). Conclui-se que o sexo feminino e a idade de um a seis meses foram os que mais se destacaram. Diarreia e lesões cutâneas foram as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes dos pacientes com alergia à proteína do leite de vaca. Lactentes desnutridos, lactentes com alimentação com fórmula e história de parto cesáreo são mais propensos a sofrer dessa doença.

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Se ha efectuado una revisión de la alimentación especial del lactante y niños de corta edad mediante fórmulas. La leche materna es siempre la referencia nutricional, el estándar de oro, de la alimentación del lactante, pero a veces es necesaria la alimentación con fórmulas. Así existen fórmulas de rutina destinadas al lactante sano o con trastornos digestivos menores como regurgitaciones, cólicos o estreñimiento y fórmulas para usos médicos especiales, diseñadas para lactantes prematuros o para utilizar en caso de lactantes que presentan reacciones adversas de los alimentos como la intolerancia a la lactosa, o alergias como la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca (APLV) o que padecen patologías severas como insuficiencia renal crónica o deficiencias metabólicas.(AU)

A review of the special feeding of infants and young children using formulas has been carried out. Breast milk is always the nutritional reference, the gold standard, for infant feeding, but sometimes formula feeding is necessary. Thus, there are routine formulas intended for healthy infants or those with minor digestive disorders such as regurgitation, colic or constipation, and formulas for special medical uses, designed for premature or low weight infants or to use with infants who have adverse reactions to food, as lactose intolerance, or allergies as the cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) or who suffer from severe pathologies such as chronic kidney failure or metabolic deficiencies.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that is responsible for causing chronic inflammation and increasing the risk of gastric cancer development. It is capable of persisting for decades in the harsh gastric environment because of the inability of the host to eradicate the infection. Several treatment strategies have been developed against this bacterium using different antibiotics. But the effectiveness of treating H. pylori has significantly decreased due to widespread antibiotic resistance, including an increased risk of gastric cancer. The small interfering RNAs (siRNA), which is capable of sequence-specific gene-silencing can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of such malignancies. In the current study, we rationally designed two siRNA molecules to silence the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) genes of H. pylori for their significant involvement in developing cancer. METHODS: We selected a common region of all the available transcripts from different countries of CagA and VacA to design the siRNA molecules. The final siRNA candidate was selected based on the results from machine learning algorithms, off-target similarity, and various thermodynamic properties. RESULT: Further, we utilized molecular docking and all atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the binding interactions of the designed siRNAs with the major components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and results revealed the ability of the designed siRNAs to interact with the proteins of RISC complex in comparable to those of the experimentally reported siRNAs. CONCLUSION: These designed siRNAs should effectively silence the CagA and VacA genes of H. pylori during siRNA mediated treatment in gastric cancer.

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La leche humana es el estándar de oro para la nutrición del bebé y debe iniciarse en la primera hora de vida. La leche de vaca, de otros mamíferos o las bebidas vegetales no se deben ofrecer antes del año de vida. Sin embargo, algunos niños requieren, al menos en parte, de fórmulas infantiles. Aun con las sucesivas mejoras a lo largo de la historia mediante la incorporación de oliogosacáridos, probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos y postbióticos, las fórmulas infantiles siguen siendo perfectibles para reducir la brecha de salud entre los bebés amamantados y aquellos alimentados con fórmula. En este sentido, se espera que la complejidad de las fórmulas siga aumentando a medida que se conozca mejor cómo modular el desarrollo de la microbiota intestinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática del efecto de los diferentes escenarios lácteos sobre la microbiota intestinal.

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and breastfeeding should be started within the first hour of life. Cow's milk, other mammalian milk, or plant-based beverages should not be offered before 1 year of age. However, some infants require, at least in part, infant formulas. Even with subsequent enhancements throughout history, with the addition of oligosaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, infant formulas still have room for improvement in reducing the health gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this regard, the complexity of infant formulas is expected to continue to increase as the knowledge of how to modulate the development of the gut microbiota is better understood. The objective of this study was to perform a non-systematic review of the effect of different milk scenarios on the gut microbiota.

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Objective: To know the prevalence of CMPA with the scale in patients of the pediatrics external consultation in the Municipal Institute of Pension of Chihuahua in period from march to may 2022, Series of cases. Methods: A search was carried out on CMPA consultations in the period from March to May 2022, permission and informed consent was requested to access the clinical file and retrospectively, an analytical, observational, non- experimental, descriptive study was carried out., the COMISS scale was applied, and formulated a series of cases. Results: The prevalence of CMPA is 0.3%. CMPA positive patients did not have statistically significant differences with the suspects in terms of age, gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, atopy or tobacco. Presenting a series of cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of CMA with the use of COMISS was 0.3%, lower than the prevalence worldwide. The wider use of this scale is suggested to be considered in order to achieve a more accurate diagnosis.

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de la APLV con la escala CoMISS en pacientes de la consulta externa de pediatria en el instituto municipal de pensiones de chi- huahua. en el periodo de marzo a mayo 2022, serie de casos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sobre las consultas de APLV en el periodo de marzo a mayo 2022, se solicitó el permiso y consentimiento informado para acceder al expediente clínico y de manera retrospectiva, se realizó estudio analítico, observacional, no experimental, descriptivo, se aplicó la escala COMISS, y formulando serie de casos. Resultados: La prevalencia de APLV es de 0.3%, Los pacientes positivos APLV no tuvieron diferencias estadisticamente significativas con los sospechosos en cuanto a edad, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, edad de la madre, atopia o tabaco. Presentando una serie de casos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de APLV con el uso de COMISS fue del 0.3%, menor a la prevalencia a nivel mundial. Se sugiere el uso más amplio de esta escala para considerar esta patología y lograr un diagnóstico más certero.

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Globally, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a stomach pathogen, is present in around 50 % of the population. This bacterial infection produces persistent inflammation, which significantly raises the risk of duodenal, gastric ulcer, and stomach cancer. The goal of this study is to identify the vacA genotypes in H. pylori and analyze how they relate to medical conditions brought on by the bacteria and clarithromycin resistance. PCR was used to describe 115 endoscopic stomach samples from infected patients and identify vacA gene. Of the 115 research participants, H. pylori was found in 81 (70.4 %) of them. Of the isolated cultures, only 38 (69.1 %) were resistant to clarithromycin. VacA was discovered in 55 (67.9 %) of the samples that had H. pylori in them. Patients with gastritis were more likely to have s2m2 strains of infection (66.7 %), while those with gastric and duodenal ulcers were more likely to have s1m1 strains (64.7 %). VacA-positive H. pylori strains (60 % n = 33) were more resistant to clarithromycin versus (19.2 % n = 5) for vacA-negative bacteria. Clarithromycin resistance was significantly linked to vacA s2m2 in H. pylori isolates (75.9 %). According to the study's results, the vacA variants s1m1 and s2m2 have a strong connection with the emergence of H. pylori infections that cause peptic ulcer disease in the population of Iraq. Genetic testing is essential in predicting both the course of treatment and the outcome of H. pylori disease.