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BACKGROUND: Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used for treating hypertension and heart failure. Angioedema has been reported as a controversial adverse effect of ARBs and the evidence on individual ARB risks is limited. This study aimed to assess signals of angioedema with different ARBs using the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Reports of angioedema from 2004 to 2024 in AERS with an ARB as the primary suspect were extracted using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities queries. Disproportionality analyses including reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker were conducted to identify safety signals for individual ARBs. RESULTS: A total of 3,683 unique reports met the selection criteria. Irbesartan and losartan generated signals in all statistical measures, followed by telmisartan and candesartan in some measures. Valsartan had the highest report count. Most reports reported hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization or life-threatening outcomes consequent to angioedema. CONCLUSION: This pharmacovigilance study using AERS highlights potential higher risks of angioedema with losartan and irbesartan compared to other ARBs, warranting validation through prospective epidemiological studies to characterize individual ARB safety profiles.

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OBJECTIVE: The healthcare sector is a paramount and rapidly expanding industry in India. The pharmaceutical field in India has experienced substantial growth and transformation in recent times, making significant contributions to the global healthcare market. This comprehensive review delves into the most recent innovations in pharmaceutical technology transfer (TT), particularly in the context of tablet formulations from an Indian standpoint. SIGNIFICANCE: The pharmaceutical sector has grappled with various challenging issues, including the escalating costs of medications and the demand for patient-friendly products. METHODS: In this technological progress era, various cutting-edge pharmaceutical technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), and 3D and 4D printing, play pivotal roles in drug development. Tablets, the most promising and widely utilized dosage form worldwide, require a sophisticated approach to TT. Achieving a successful TT necessitates a dedicated team with well-defined objectives, improved documentation, and effective communication. RESULTS: The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry (IPI) possesses the potential to make significant contributions to the global healthcare sector. Moreover, we delve into the various phases of TT, highlighting the pivotal role of formulation development and process optimization in ensuring product quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness along with different models of TT. Additionally, we examine the challenges associated with TT and potential solutions, as well as the initiatives of the Indian government to bolster the Indian pharmaceutical sector's position as the "Pharmacy of the World". CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there is a need to contextualize and institutionalize the tech transfer policies for successful implementation for the benefit of the global population.

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BACKGROUND: The US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) communicates new drug safety concerns through drug safety communications (DSCs) and medication guides (MGs), which often challenge patients with average reading abilities due to their complexity. This study assesses whether large language models (LLMs) can enhance the readability of these materials. METHODS: We analyzed the latest DSCs and MGs, using ChatGPT 4.0© and Gemini© to simplify them to a sixth-grade reading level. Outputs were evaluated for readability, technical accuracy, and content inclusiveness. RESULTS: Original materials were difficult to read (DSCs grade level 13, MGs 22). LLMs significantly improved readability, reducing the grade levels to more accessible readings (Single prompt - DSCs: ChatGPT 4.0© 10.1, Gemini© 8; MGs: ChatGPT 4.0© 7.1, Gemini© 6.5. Multiple prompts - DSCs: ChatGPT 4.0© 10.3, Gemini© 7.5; MGs: ChatGPT 4.0© 8, Gemini© 6.8). LLM outputs retained technical accuracy and key messages. CONCLUSION: LLMs can significantly simplify complex health-related information, making it more accessible to patients. Future research should extend these findings to other languages and patient groups in real-world settings.

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Currently, millions of drugs and their licence have been expired or will be expiring in near future. Therefore, existing USFDA approved drug can be used for treating another disease. The above-mentioned approach falls under the category of drug repurposing. Drug repurposing is an alternative strategy for finding new applications of existing USFDA approved drugs. Identification of a novel drug target is one of the go to way for drug repurposing so that new therapeutic applications of USFDA approved drugs could be determined. Recent advances in computational biology and bioinformatics can help to accelerate the same. Drug repurposing can save time and resource as compared to discovery of an entirely new drug molecule. In this chapter, we explore different strategies for discovery of a novel drug target and its uses for drug repurposing to treat disease.

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Identification and implementation of novel drug are not only time consuming and expensive but also it poses huge challenge to reach into the market. Currently, thousands of USFDA approved drugs licence are being expired that can be repurposed for treating other diseases. Drug repurposing is an alternative solution to reduce time, cost and steps for development of drugs and their applications for treating disease. The current chapter emphases to brief the steps involved in drug discovery and drug repurposing. The chapter also includes repurposed drugs for treating bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Unlocking the potential of already existed drug and repurposing them for other diseases that could accelerate drug discovery and aid in managing outbreaks.

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A drug called Xylazine has gained notoriety in recent times, earning the nickname "zombie drug" due to reported alarming effects on its users. Although Xylazine is primarily intended for veterinary use as a sedative and muscle relaxant for animals, there have been growing concerns about its misuse among humans, particularly in the context of illicit drug use. However, it is essential to rely on accurate and evidence-based information when discussing the health risks associated with any substance, rather than resorting to sensationalized terms like "zombie drug." The situation involving Xylazine misuse is a matter of concern, and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration has highlighted it as a significant threat to public health.

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BACKGROUND: Microbial infections are mostly caused by Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria affecting millions of people worldwide. There is an urgent need to explore existing molecules or discover new chemical entities (NCEs) against bacterial infection. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the current investigation is to explore recently US-FDA- approved drugs (2019-2023) against various targets of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using high-performance computational studies. AIM: The current study aims to find out the potential drugs of recently US-FDA-approved drugs as repurposing candidates against bacterial infections. METHODS: The targets of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were identified using literature studies whereas ligands were selected from the FDA-approved drug lists of the last 5 years. Further, the drugs and targets were prepared through the LigPrep and Protein Preparation Wizard modules of Schrödinger (release 2023-1) respectively. The GlideDock and Desmond modules of Schrödinger were used for the molecular docking study and molecular dynamics simulation respectively. RESULTS: A total of 202 drugs were found in the FDA lists which were approved in the last five years. Out of them, 77 drugs were selected for docking study based on their properties. A total of 21 drugs have shown energetically favored binding conformation of drugs in the active site of bacterial targets. The interaction of these drugs was studied in detail using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The MD simulation results have shown stable dynamic conformation of triclabendazole (anti-helminthic) with topoisomerase II of gram-negative bacteria whereas solriamfetol (for obstructive sleep apnea) has shown stable dynamic conformation in the active site of restriction endonuclease of gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: The identified drugs can be repurposed against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacterial infections. However, further experimental studies are required to confirm their antibacterial potential.

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Through cell-to-cell communication, activation of efflux pumps, formation of biofilms, and other mechanisms, pseudomonas aeruginosa's quorum sensing systems (QSS), notably the lasl/las-r system, contribute a vital role in the development of anti-microbial resistance (AMR). Identifying potential drugs against these targets could have significant implications for combating pseudomonal infections. The current study aims to identify promising recently FDA-approved drugs against lasl/las-r proteins. The ligands were selected from the FDA-approved drug lists of the last 5 years. Out of 202, 78 drugs were checked for interaction with lasl/las-r protein and 4 drugs revealed top binding conformations characterized by favorable energetic profiles within the active site of the las-r protein which were further assigned for 250-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The MD analysis confirmed the dynamical stability of brexanolone and oteseconazole with las-r protein. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg) and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) analysis have indicated less deviation, more compactness of protein and less exposure of protein ligand complex to its surroundings as compared to the reference ligand-protein complex. The hydroxyl group in the oteseconazole whereas hydroxyl and ketone group in the brexanolone were responsible for hydrogen bonds with the active site residue of las r ptotein as indicated by ligand-protein contacts diagram. The binding energies per residue analysis revealed TYR-47 as the most contributing amino acid residue for interaction with oteseconazole and brexanolone. The identified drugs may be potential repurposing candidates against pseudomonal infections through inhibition of las-r protein.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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BACKGROUND: Prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic and the need to ensure timely and safe access to medicines during a pandemic, the aim of this study was to compare and contrast the EU and US regulations, processes, and outcomes pertaining to the granting of accelerated Marketing Authorizations (MAs) for COVID-19 vaccines and treatments with a view to determining how effective these regulations were in delivering safe medicines in a timely manner. METHODS: MAs for medicines approved for Covid-related indications in the first two pandemic years (March 2020-February 2022) were identified using the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) websites. Authorization reports and utilized regulations were reviewed to determine and compare approval timelines, facilitated pathways, accepted clinical evidence, and effectiveness of the regulations by assessing them against time and safety standards. RESULTS: By the end of February 2022, the EMA and FDA had granted 12 and 14 MAs, respectively. Two EU and two US approvals were issued in relation to new indications for already-approved treatments; the remaining ones were first-time approvals of novel vaccines and treatments. The median time to approval was 24 days for the EMA's conditional MAs and 36 days for the USFDA's Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for all Covid-19 medicines. This is compared with 23 and 28 days, respectively, specifically for first-time novel vaccines and treatments authorized by both USFDA and EMA. The USFDA and EMA differed markedly in terms of the time taken to approve new indications of already-approved treatment; the USFDA took 65 days for such approval, compared with 133 days for the EMA. Where MAs were issued by both authorities, USFDA approvals were issued before EMA approvals; applications for approval were submitted to the FDA before submission to the EMA. Three EU and two US MAs were based on data from two or more phase 3 clinical trials; the remaining ones were based on single trial data. Only six EU and four US trials had been completed by the time of authorization. This was in line with regulations. While the applicable regulations shared many similarities, there were marked differences. For instance, the EU's conditional MA regulation pertains only to first approvals of new treatments. It does not cover new indications of already-approved treatments. This contrasts with the US, where the EUA regulation applies to both types of applications, something that may have impacted approval timelines. Overall, both EU and US utilized regulations were considered to be effective. For most cases, utilizing such regulations for Covid-19 MAs resulted in faster approval timelines compared to standard MAs. They were flexible enough to manage the process of granting emergency approvals while maintaining strict requirements and allowing comprehensive reviews of the supporting evidence. CONCLUSION: US and EU regulations were effective in ensuring timely accelerated market access to Covid-19 medicines during the pandemic without compromising the approval standards related to safety or efficacy. The population in both regions will receive comparable access to medicines during a pandemic if sponsors submit their applications to both authorities in parallel.

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BACKGROUND: Drugs are related with various adverse drug reactions (ADRs), however, many unexpected ADRs of drugs are reported through post-marketing surveillance. AIM: The current study's goal is to uncover potential signals connected with FDA-approved medications in the United States (2013). METHODOLOGY: Open Vigil 2.1-MedDRA-v24 (data 20004Q1-2021Q3) was used as a tool to query the FAERS data. To find possible signals, disproportionality measures such as Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR 2) with associated Chi-square value, Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR 2) with 95% confidence interval, and case count (3) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of eight potential signals were identified with five drugs. Positive signals were found with pomalidomide, canagliflozin, dolutegravir sodium, macitentan and ibrutinib. CONCLUSION: However, further causality assessment is required to confirm the association of these drugs with identified potential signals.

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To market a generic product in the United States, it must be registered in Common Technical Document (CTD) format with the US Food and Drug Administration. The Generic Drug User Fee Act went into force in 2012, to expedite the timely review of Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) by communicating potential defects in the application to the applicant through deficiency letters at different time intervals during the review cycle. This often delays product approval since these deficiencies must be resolved before the product can be approved. In the present study, a study was performed to analyze the recurrent queries for ANDA applications in the CTD quality module from 2013 to 2020, and the probable corrective and preventive action to be taken was drafted. The most frequently occurring queries were observed in the sections titled "Description of manufacturing process and process controls", "Controls of critical steps and intermediates", "Specifications (Control of drug product)", and "Stability data".

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This study compares the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes of three intraocular implants (IOL): Tecnis Synergy IOL, AcrySof IQ PanOptix Trifocal, and Tecnis Symfony EDOF IOL. Participants achieving 20/20 or better uncorrected binocular visual acuity were as follows: Synergy-67% distance, 64% intermediate, and 47% near; PanOptix-73% distance, 73% intermediate, and 50% near; and Symfony-63% distance, 75% intermediate, and 22% near. Symfony demonstrated superior intermediate visual acuity compared to Synergy (p = 0.0182) for those achieving 20/25 or better. Both Synergy and PanOptix showed superiority over Symfony for near visual acuity (p < 0.0001). Halos were statistically more common in Synergy participants compared to PanOptix (p = 0.0013) and Symfony (p < 0.0001). Each trial lens outperformed its monofocal IOL in terms of independence from glasses or contacts, with Synergy and PanOptix showing statistical significance over Symfony. Comparing contrast sensitivities and defocus curves was challenging due to data variance and as such, standardization of United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) data reporting is key for better comparison of outcomes among different IOL platforms.

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BACKGROUND: For any drug molecule, it is mandatory to pass the drug approval process of the concerned regulatory authority, before being marketed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), throughout the year, approves several new drugs for safety and efficacy. In addition to new drug approvals, FDA also works on improving access to generic drugs, aimed to lower the cost of drugs for patients and improve access to treatments. In the year 2022 twelve new drug therapies were approved for managing varying cancers. METHOD: This manuscript is focused to describe the pharmacological aspects including therapeutic uses, mechanisms of actions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, doses, indication for special cases, contraindications, etc., of novel FDA-approved anticancer drug therapies in the year 2022. RESULT: FDA has approved about 29% (11 out of 37) novel drug therapies for varying types of cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, leukemia, etc. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research CDER has reported that 90% of these anticancer drugs (e.g. Adagrasib, Futibatinib, Mirvetuximabsoravtansine-gynx, Mosunetuzumab-axb, Nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw, Olutasidenib, Pacritinib, Tebentafusp-tebn, Teclistamab-cqyv, and Tremelimumab-actl) as orphan drugs and recommended to treat rare or uncommon cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic intrahepatic cholangio-carcinoma, epithelial ovarian cancer, follicular lymphoma, metastatic melanoma, metastatic uveal melanoma, etc. CDER has identified six anticancer drugs (e.g. Lutetium (177Lu)vipivotidetetraxetan, Mirvetuximabsoravtansine-gynx, Mosunetuzumab-axb, Nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw, Tebentafusp-tebn, Teclistamab-cqyv) as first-in-class drugs i.e. drugs having different mechanisms of action from the already existing ones. The newly approved anticancer drugs shall provide more efficient treatment options for cancer patients. Three FDA-approved anticancer drugs in the year 2023 are also briefly described in the manuscript. CONCLUSION: This manuscript, describing the pharmacological aspects of eleven anticancer novel drug therapies approved by the FDA, shall serve as a helpful document for cancer patients, concerned academicians, researchers, and clinicians, especially oncologists.

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Repurposing is considered an attractive approach for developing new drug products. However, it consists of challenges relating to intellectual property (IP) protection, and regulatory approvals. This study aimed to analyze the recent trends in repurposed drugs approved by USFDA from 2010 to 2020 and to assess the challenges connected with bridging study requirements, patent protection, and exclusivities. Out of 1001 NDAs, 570 were approved via 505(b)(2) pathway. Of 570 NDAs, the highest number of approvals are allied to type 5-new formulations (42.4%), followed by type 3-new dosage forms (26.4%) and type 4-new combinations (13.1%). Of 570 NDAs, 470 are considered to examine the patent and exclusivity protection of which 341 have patent and/or exclusivity. A total of 97 type-3 and type-5 and 14 type-4 drugs have been approved based on human bioavailability/bioequivalence (BA/BE) data. For 131 type-3 and type-5 and 34 type-4 drugs, the applicants conducted new clinical (efficacy and/or safety) studies along with BA/BE (100 drugs) or without BA/BE (65 drugs) studies. In this review, mechanistic reasons for conducting new clinical investigations, IP and regulatory considerations along with broader perspective on new pharmaceutical approaches employed in 505(b)(2) drugs are illustrated that provide guidance for development of reformulations and combinations.

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Over the last two years, global regulatory authorities have raised safety concerns on nitrosamine contamination in several drug classes, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobial agents, and antidiabetic drugs. To avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients relying on these medications, authorities have established specific guidelines in risk assessment scenarios and proposed control limits for nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals. In this review, nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in pharmaceuticals are discussed. The control limits of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals proposed by national regulatory authorities are presented. Additionally, a practical and science-based strategy for implementing the well-established control limits is notably reviewed in terms of an alternative approach for drug product N-nitrosamines without published AI information from animal carcinogenicity testing. Finally, a novel risk evaluation strategy for predicting and investigating the possible nitrosation of amine precursors and amine pharmaceuticals as powerful prevention of nitrosamine contamination is addressed.

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Introducción: El reconocimiento de la enfermedad COVID-19 como pandemia, planteó un reto a las Autoridades Reguladoras Nacionales del Medicamento (ARNs). Éstas tuvieron que desarrollar pautas, procedimientos, crear grupos de trabajo y alianzas para maximizar la eficiencia de la evaluación, revisión y autorización de las vacunas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es la exposición de los procedimientos empleados en Estados Unidos, Unión Europea y América Latina para autorizar el uso de las vacunas frente a la COVID-19; y ello con el fin de determinar si la multiplicidad de procedimientos ha dado origen al registro de un elevado número de vacunas. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la legislación farmacéutica usada para la emisión de autorizaciones de las vacunas para la COVID-19, durante la emergencia sanitaria. La información fue recopilada hasta el 15/10/2022. Las fuentes consultadas fueron sitios web gubernamentales de las ARNs: Estados Unidos, Unión Europea y América Latina. Resultados: Los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea usaron actividades consignadas en sus flujos estándares, tales como el pre-Investigational New Drug, y el asesoramiento científico y rolling review, respectivamente. Por su parte, América Latina, hizo uso extensivo del reliance y la autorización de uso de emergencia, con el fin de acceder al mayor número posible de vacunas. Conclusiones: Los procedimientos usados son diversos, pero todos ellos están orientados a proporcionar de manera rápida un producto de contención a la pandemia. Está diversidad da como resultado la presencia de distintas vacunas en Estados Unidos, Unión Europea y América Latina. (AU)

Introduction: The recognition of the COVID-19 disease as a pandemic posed a challenge to the National Drug Reg-ulatory Authorities (NRAs). They had to develop guidelines, procedures, create working groups and partnerships to maximize the efficiency of vaccine evaluation, review and licensure.The aim of this article is to present the procedures used in the United States, European Union and Latin America to license the use of vaccines against COVID-19; in order to determine whether the multiplicity of procedures has led to the registration of a large number of vaccines. Method: A review of the pharmaceutical legislation used for the issuance of COVID-19 vaccines licenses during the health emergency was carried out. The information was collected up to October 15, 2022. The sources consulted were government websites of the NRAs: United States, European Union, and Latin America. Results: The United States and the European Union used activities included in their standard flows, such as pre-In-vestigational New Drug, scientific advice and rolling review, respectively. Latin America, on the other hand, made extensive use of reliance and emergency use authorization in order to access as many vaccines as possible. Conclusions: The procedures used are diverse, but all of them are oriented to provide a rapid pandemic contain-ment product. This diversity results in the presence of different vaccines in the United States, European Union and Latin America. (AU)

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The data on reported adverse events of ventilators in the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)Medical Device Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience(MAUDE)database were searched from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which the data on ventilator fatal adverse events were extracted and statistically analyzed with Python.The main causes for ventilator fatal adverse events were pointed out including degradation of noise-reducing foams,improper use and ventilator malfunction,and some suggestions were put forward accordingly from the aspects of material,manufacturer,user,maintainer and supervisor.References were provided for utilization management and adverse events control for other medical devices.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2023,44(10):86-90]

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INTRODUCTION: Throughout the years, the disruption caused by COVID-19 continues to pose an excess of challenges for the pharmaceutical industry. Throughout the entire year, questions were raised that does COVID-19 have a negative impact on new drug approvals. However, the answer to those questions was a 'big no'. METHODS: We propose a compilation and analysis of around 100 medications, including small new molecular entities (NMEs), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the years 2020 and 2021. Novel drug discovery is crucial for pharmaceutical research and development as well as patient care. The only possible way to achieve this crucial goal is to repurpose current medications that may have anticipated effects as possible candidates. The availability of new drugs and biological products often means new treatment options for patients and advances in health care. RESULTS: Around 40% of the drugs were approved for various types of cancers. Other major therapeutic areas that were focused on were neurological products (around 17%), infectious diseases (13-15%), and cardiovascular disorders (7-8%). Various new products were approved for rare diseases (58-60%). This study aimed to discover a pattern in FDA medicine approvals during the last two decades. CONCLUSION: This data shows that anticancer medicines and biologics are receiving increased attention in research. With a bigger number of biologically derived medications being produced, the price could rise much higher. FDA should embrace innovative techniques that will stimulate the industry to enhance research and development of novel compounds or medications that can deliver considerable improvements over existing ones. To put it briefly, FDA had to update our approach to regulation as a whole in order to effectively develop the types of technologies that are becoming available. Modernizing medical product review programmes is a part of this. These initiatives are part of the Medical Innovation Access Plan.

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There has been a constant evolution in the pharmaceutical market concerning the new technologies imbibed in delivering drug substances for various indications. This is either market-driven or technology-driven to improve the overall therapeutic efficacy and patients' quality of life. The pharmaceutical industry has experienced rapid growth in the area of complex injectable products because of their effectiveness in the unmet market. These novel parenteral products, viz, the nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, suspensions, and emulsions, have proven their worth as "Safe and Effective" products. However, the underlying challenges involved in the development, scalability, and characterization of these injectable products are critical. Moreover, the guidelines available do not provide a clear understanding of these complex products, making it difficult to anticipate the regulatory requirements. Thus, it becomes imperative to comprehend the criticalities and develop an understanding of these products. This review discusses various complexities involved in the parenteral products such as complex drug substances, excipients, dosage forms, drug administration devices like pre-filled syringes and injector pens, and its different characterization tools and techniques. The review also provides a brief discussion on the regulatory aspects and associated hurdles with other parenteral products.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel strain of SARS coronavirus. The COVID-19 disease caused by this virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads through droplets sprayed by coughs or sneezes of the infected to a healthy person within the vicinity of 6 feet. It also spreads through asymptomatic carriers and has negative impact on the global economy, security and lives of people since 2019. Numerous lives have been lost to this viral infection; hence there is an emergency to build up a potent measure to combat SARS-CoV-2. In view of the non-availability of any drugs or vaccines at the time of its eruption, the existing antivirals, antibacterials, antimalarials, mucolytic agents and antipyretic paracetamol were used to treat the COVID-19 patients. Still there are no specific small molecule chemotherapeutics available to combat COVID-19 except for a few vaccines approved for emergency use only. Thus, the repurposing of chemotherapeutics with the potential to treat COVID-19 infected people is being used. The antiviral activity for COVID-19 and biochemical mechanisms of the repurposed drugs are being explored by the biological assay screening and structure-based in silico docking simulations. The present study describes the various US-FDA approved chemotherapeutics repositioned to combat COVID-19 along with their screening for biological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.

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