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OBJECTIVE: Renal calculi are solid crystals that form in the kidneys and cause severe pain and discomfort. This study aims to investigate risk factors for postoperative recurrence of renal calculi in elderly patients and provide background knowledge on the prevalence and management of renal calculi in this demographic. METHODS: The clinical data of 123 elderly patients with renal calculi were included from 1 June 2021 to 1 June 2023 for their 6-month follow-up study. The patients were divided into recurrence group and non-recurrence group according to whether they had recurrence after surgery. The general sociological characteristics and disease-related characteristics of the two groups were counted. Logistic regression equation was used to calculate differences, and the influencing factors of postoperative recurrence in elderly patients with kidney stones were obtained. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyse the value of the factors in predicting postoperative recurrence in patients with kidney stones. RESULTS: A total of 123 elderly patients with renal calculi were enrolled. The patients were divided according to the presence or absence of stone recurrence into the recurrence group (25 cases, 20.33%) and the non-recurrence group (98 cases, 79.67%). Postoperative water intake, excessive intake of animal protein, exercise and postoperative complications significantly differed between the recurrence group and the non-recurrence group (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the above-mentioned indicators were the influencing factors of postoperative recurrence. The area under the curve (AUC) values of postoperative water intake (AUC = 0.767), animal protein intake (AUC = 0.752), exercise (AUC = 0.707) and postoperative complications (AUC = 0.727) were statistically significant, and they were identified as the most important factors with high sensitivity and specificity and were of high value in predicting postoperative recurrence of renal calculi. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with kidney stones are prone to recurrence after surgery. Influencing factors should be given attention, and corresponding measures should be formulated for intervention as soon as possible.

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Despite the diagnostic capacity of ultrasonography (US) in cases of bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH), it has been underused in the medical clinic for ruminants. Studies comparing ultrasound findings in healthy animals (HA) with subclinical (SCH) and clinical (CH) BEH are scarce in the literature. As a result, the present work aims to describe the US findings of cattle at different stages of BEH evolution, evaluating the diagnostic capacity and precocity of the technique. The study was carried out on five rural properties in the municipalities of Rio Preto and Bom Jardim de Minas - MG, Brazil, using 46 dairy cattle, females over 18 months of age, evaluated and classified as G1/CH, G2/SCH and G3/HA, according to history, clinical examination and urinalysis, with subsequent ultrasound analysis of the bladder. The mean bladder wall thickness was 36.50 mm in G1/CH, 33.53 mm in G2/SCH and 37.93 mm in G3/HA. Irregular walls were observed in 53.33 % (8/15) of G1/CH, 27 0.78 % (5/18) of G2/SCH and 38.46 % (5/13) of G3/HA. Loss of the architecture of the urothelium layers was observed in 53.33 % (8/15) of G1/CH, 33.33 % (6/18) of G2/SCH and 38.46 % (5/13) of G3/HA. Multifocal and Grade I lesion were the most common. Ultrasonography allowed the identification of lesions in 38.46 % of animals that did not present hematuria and in 33.33 % of animals that presented occult blood and proved to be an efficient technique for detecting pre-clinical cases of BEH, allowing easy identification. and early onset of BEH cases.

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The three most common kinds of urologic malignancies are prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer, which typically cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Early detection and effective treatment are essential due to their high fatality rates. As a result, there is an urgent need for innovative research to improve the clinical management of patients with urologic cancers. A type of small noncoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides, microRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known for their important roles in a variety of developmental processes. Among these, microRNA-21 (miR-21) stands out as a commonly studied miRNA with implications in tumorigenesis and cancer development, particularly in urological tumors. Recent research has shed light on the dysregulation of miR-21 in urological tumors, offering insights into its potential as a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic tool. This review delves into the pathogenesis of miR-21 in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, its utility as a cancer biomarker, and the therapeutic possibilities of targeting miR-21.

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OBJECTIVE: Urinary system injuries may occur iatrogenically during some surgical procedures especially gynecological and obstetrical surgeries. Unfortunately, these injuries can lead to serious complications in patients. In this multicentric study, we aimed to review and report our experiences and results of urinary tract injuries identified during gynecological and obstetrical surgery. METHODS: We included women with urinary tract injuries during gynecological and obstetrical surgeries between January 2018 and October 2023 at four centers. Detailed data collected include patient demographics, surgical details, injury characteristics, diagnostic and treatment methods, timing of injury diagnosis and management reports of the patients. The incidence of bladder and ureter injuries was evaluated and the rate of intraoperative urological consultations was recorded. RESULTS: In a total of 328 patients with a median age of 47 years (24-90), urinary tract injuries were diagnosed, including 227 (69.2%) iatrogenic bladder injuries (IBI) and 101 (30.8%) iatrogenic ureteral injuries (IUI). These injuries were diagnosed in 299 patients (91.2%) during surgery and in 29 patients (8.8%) after the surgical procedure. We observed intraoperative detection rates of 71.9% for IBI and 28.1% for IUI. IBI (71.9%) was diagnosed significantly more frequently than IUI (28.1%) (p=0.001). Cesarean section resulted in significantly more frequent IBI, whereas tumor debulking surgeries resulted in more IUI (n=52, 56.5%) than the other types of procedures (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study provides a comprehensive overview of iatrogenic urological injuries during gynecological and obstetrical surgeries. Although the bladder is the most frequently injured organ during gynecological and obstetric surgeries, early diagnosis and urological intervention are mandatory to prevent delayed complications. Surgeons must have a thorough understanding of the pelvic anatomy and appropriate surgical techniques to prevent iatrogenic injuries during surgery and ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract injuries.

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Cancers of the urinary system account for 13.1% of new cancer cases and 7.9% of cancer-related deaths. Of them, renal cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer are most prevalent and pose a substantial threat to human health and the quality of life. Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the male urinary system. It is the second most common type of malignant tumor in men, with lung cancer surpassing its incidence and mortality. Bladder cancer has one of the highest incidences and is sex-related, with men reporting a significantly higher incidence than women. Tumor development in the urinary system is associated with factors, such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diet, occupational exposure, and genetics. The treatment strategies primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Cholesterol metabolism is a crucial physiological process associated with developing and progressing urinary system tumors. High cholesterol levels are closely associated with tumor occurrence, invasion, and metastasis. This warrants thoroughly investigating the role of cholesterol metabolism in urinary system tumors and identifying novel treatment methods for the prevention, early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and drug resistance of urinary system tumors.

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Background: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare acute severe necrotising infection of the kidneys in clinical practice. It is characterized by the presence of gas in the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perirenal tissue. The prognosis is poor, with a high nephrectomy rate and a mortality rate of up to 20-40%. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 3 cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis with two different outcomes. Results: Three patients who we described were all female with diabetes mellitus, and their blood sugar was poorly controlled. One patient with the advanced age and poor general health died due to the patient's family choosing to terminate therapy. Two patients underwent surgical procedures achieved an excellent clinical recovery. Both of them underwent percutaneous nephrostomy and perinephric abscess puncture drainage before nephrectomy. Escherichia coli were the microorganisms implicated. Conclusion: EPN is a rare and severe urinary system infection. Computed tomography (CT) and microbiological culture confirmed the diagnosis. Control of diabetes, sensitive antibiotic therapy, fluid resuscitation and prompt surgical intervention are crucial.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the additional contribution of the Mitrofanoff channel to health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: Between 2005 and 2009, we conducted a retrospective study on 10 pediatric patients who underwent Mitrofanoff surgery for neurogenic bladder and 11 control patients using urethral catheterization. We evaluated HRQoL using questionnaires tailored for various age groups, with higher scores indicating better QoL. RESULTS: The mean age in the patient group was 12.8 years and 10.7 years in the control group (p = 0.103). Shunt use and wheelchair dependency were similar between groups (p = 0.217 and p = 0.505, respectively). Diaper use showed no significant difference (p = 0.256). Notably, 50% of the patient group performed self-catheterization compared to 9.1% in the control group, a significant difference (p = 0.038). Prophylaxis application was significantly higher in the control group (p = 0.049). HRQoL scores were not significantly different between surgery and control groups in children (p = 0.251) and adolescents (p = 0.831), with Cronbach's α values indicating high reliability of the HRQoL scale. CONCLUSIONS: Although the procedure shows potential in enhancing independence, particularly in self-catheterization, the impact on overall HRQoL is not significantly different from the control group.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la contribución adicional del canal de Mitrofanoff a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). MÉTODO: Evaluamos la CVRS utilizando cuestionarios adaptados para varios grupos de edad, con puntuaciones más altas indicando una mejor calidad. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 12.8 años y la del grupo control fue de 10.7 años (p = 0.103). El uso de derivaciones y la dependencia de silla de ruedas fueron similares entre los grupos (p = 0.217 y p = 0.505, respectivamente). Es notable que el 50% del grupo de pacientes realizaron autocateterización, en comparación con el 9.1% del grupo control (diferencia significativa, p = 0.038). La aplicación de profilaxis fue significativamente mayor en el grupo control (p = 0.049). Las puntuaciones de CVRS no fueron significativamente diferentes entre los grupos de cirugía y control en niños (p = 0.251) y adolescentes (p = 0.831), con valores alfa de Cronbach indicando una alta fiabilidad de la escala de CVRS. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el procedimiento muestra potencial en mejorar la independencia, en particular en la autocateterización, el impacto en la CVRS general no es significativamente diferente del grupo de control.

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AIM: To assess the impact of endoscopic stone surgeries on renal perfusion and blood flow in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), ureterorenoscopy (URS), endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) were included to the study. Renal Doppler ultrasonography (RDUS) was performed one day before the operation, and on the postoperative 1st day and 1st month. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) were measured, and resistive index (RI) was calculated with the (PSV-EDV)/PSV formula. RDUS parameters were compared before and after surgery and between ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys. RESULTS: A total of 45 children with a median age was 8 (2-17) years were included (15 (33.3%) girls, 30 (66.7%) boys). PCNL was performed in 13 children (28.9%), RIRS 11 (24.4%), URS 12 (26.7%), and ECIRS 9 (20%). There was no significant difference in renal and segmental PSV, EDV and RI values of operated kidney in the preoperative, postoperative periods. There was no significant difference between RDUS parameters of the ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys in preoperative or postoperative periods. PSV and EDV values were significantly higher in the 1st postoperative month in the group without preoperative DJ stent than in the group with DJ stent (p = 0,031, p = 0,041, respectively). However, RI values were similar. The mean RI were below the threshold value of 0.7 in each period. CONCLUSION: RDUS parameters didn't show a significant difference in children. Endoscopic surgeries can be safely performed in pediatric stone disease.

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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an advanced ultrasound (US) technique utilizing ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) to provide detailed visualization of anatomic and vascular architecture, including the depiction of microcirculation. CEUS has been well-established in echocardiography and imaging of focal hepatic lesions and recent studies have also shown the utility of CEUS in non-hepatic applications like the urinary system. The updated guidelines by the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) from 2018 describe the use of CEUS for non-hepatic applications. CEUS' excellent safety profile and spatial resolution make it a superior modality to conventional US and is often comparable and even superior to CECT in some instances. In comparison to other cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CECT or MRI, CEUS offers a safe (by virtue of non-nephrotoxic US contrast agents), accurate, cost-efficient, readily available, and a quick means of evaluation of multiple pathologies of the urinary system. CEUS also has the potential to reduce the overall economic burden on patients requiring long-term follow-up due to its low cost as compared to CT or MRI techniques. This comprehensive review focuses on the applications of CEUS in evaluating the urinary system from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. CEUS can be utilized in the kidney to evaluate complex cystic lesions, indeterminate lesions, pseudotumors (vs solid renal tumors), renal infections, and renal ischemic disorders. Additionally, CEUS has also been utilized in evaluating renal transplants. In the urinary bladder, CEUS is extremely useful in differentiating a bladder hematoma and bladder cancer when conventional US techniques show equivocal results. Quantitative parameters of time-intensity curves (TICs) of CEUS examinations have also been studied to stage and grade bladder cancers. Although promising, further research is needed to definitively stage bladder cancers and classify them as muscle-invasive or non-muscle invasive using quantitative CEUS to guide appropriate intervention. CEUS has been very effective in the classification of cystic renal lesions, however, further research is needed in differentiating benign from malignant renal masses.

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Shortly after the first publication on the new disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), studies on the causal consequences of this disease began to emerge, initially focusing only on transmission methods, and later on its consequences analyzed in terms of gender, age, and the presence of comorbidities. The aim of our research is to determine which comorbidities have the greatest negative impact on the worsening of the disease, namely which comorbidities indicate a predisposition to severe Covid-19, and to understand the gender and age representation of participants and comorbidities. The results of our study show that the dominant gender is male at 54.4% and the age of 65 and older. The most common comorbidities are arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. The dominant group is recovered participants aged 65 and older, with comorbidities most frequently present in this group. The highest correlation between patients with different severity of the disease was found with cardiovascular diseases, while the coefficient is slightly lower for the relationship between patients with different disease severity and urinary system diseases and hypertension. According to the regression analysis results, we showed that urinary system diseases have the greatest negative impact on the worsening of Covid-19, with the tested coefficient b being statistically significant as it is 0.030 < 0.05. An increase in cardiovascular diseases affects the worsening of Covid-19, with the tested coefficient b being statistically significant as it is 0.030 < 0.05. When it comes to arterial hypertension, it has a small impact on the worsening of Covid-19, but its tested coefficient b is not statistically significant as it is 0.169 > 0.05. The same applies to diabetes mellitus, which also has a small impact on the worsening of Covid-19, but its tested coefficient b is not statistically significant as it is 0.336 > 0.05. Our study has shown that comorbidities such as urinary system diseases and cardiovascular diseases tend to have a negative impact on Covid-19, leading to a poor outcome resulting in death, while diabetes mellitus and hypertension have an impact but without statistical significance.

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OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of demographic characteristics and postnatal outcomes of patients with suspected fetal pelvic kidney diagnosis followed in a tertiary center. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in Ankara Bilkent City Hospital perinatology clinic between 2020-2023. Demographic features, prenatal ultrasound findings, and postnatal outcomes were reported. RESULTS: Pelvic kidney localization was on the left in 11(55 %) patients, on the right in 7(35 %), and bilateral in 2(10 %) patients in prenatal ultrasonography. The gender of the 12(60 %) fetuses were male and 8(40 %) of them were female. The pelvic kidney was an isolated finding in 8(40 %) fetuses, additional findings were present in the remaining 12(60 %) fetuses. Pelvic kidney was confirmed postnatally by ultrasound in all 18 fetuses. However two cases with prenatal ultrasound findings resulted in intrauterine fetal demise and the final diagnosis could not be confirmed as the parents refused autopsia. Cases were divided into 3 groups according to postnatal follow-up duration as 0-12 months (n = 7), 12-24 months (n = 7) and 24-44 months (n = 4). Atrial septal defect was the most common accompanying abnormality in the postnatal period (n = 4). Smaller kidney size (n = 7), vesicoureteral reflux (n = 3), and impaired renal function (n = 3) were the most common postnatal complications. CONCLUSION: Pelvic kidney can be diagnosed in fetal abnormality screening ultrasound and postnatal follow-up should be performed closely for the assessment of renal functions.

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BACKGROUND: Urinary system anomalies, both congenital and acquired, constitute a relatively common clinical problem in children. The main role of diagnostic imaging is to determine early diagnosis and support therapeutic decisions to prevent the development of chronic renal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance urography (MRU) in assessment of urinary system in children, by comparing differential renal function calculated using MRU with dynamic renal scintigraphy (DRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 46 patients aged 1 week to 17 years (median 7 (0.5; 13) years, 17 (37%) girls, 29 (63%) boys), who underwent dynamic renal scintigraphy due to various clinical reasons. All participants underwent MRU, which was used to measure differential renal function. Functional analysis was performed using dedicated external software (CHOP-fMRU and pMRI without prior knowledge of DRS results. MRU results acquired using pMRI were assessed for inter and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the results showed excellent agreement between MRU and DRS in measuring differential renal function with Pearson correlation coefficient 0.987 for CHOP-fMRU and 0.971 for pMRI, p < 0.001. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for these programs was 0.987 (95% CI 0.976-0.993) and 0.969 (95% CI 0.945-0.983) respectively, p < 0.001. The Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement for CHOP-fMRU results vs. DRS was - 6.29-5.50 p.p. and for pMRI results vs. DRS - 9.15-9.63 p.p. The differential renal function measurements calculated in pMRI showed excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement with ICC 0.996 (95% CI 0.994-0.998) and 0.992 (95% CI 0.986-0.996) respectively, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed no significant differences between magnetic resonance urography and dynamic renal scintigraphy in calculating differential renal function. It indicates high utility of MRU in the evaluation of urinary system in children.

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The primary function of the kidneys is to maintain systemic homeostasis (disruption of renal structure and function results in multilevel impairment of body function). Kidney diseases are characterized by a chronic, progressive course and may result in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Evaluation of the composition of the proteome of urinary small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a so-called liquid biopsy is a promising new research direction. Knowing the composition of sEV could allow localization of cellular changes in specific sections of the nephron or the interstitial tissue before fixed changes, detectable only at an advanced stage of the disease, occur. Research is currently underway on the role of sEVs in the diagnosis and monitoring of many disease entities. Reports in the literature on the subject include: diabetic nephropathy, focal glomerulosclerosis in the course of glomerulopathies, renal fibrosis of various etiologies. Studies on pediatric patients are still few, involving piloting if small groups of patients without validation studies. Here, we review the literature addressing the use of sEV for diagnosis of the most common urinary disorders in children. We evaluate the clinical utility and define limitations of markers present in sEV as potential liquid biopsy.

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BACKGROUND: Urinary tract cancers including bladder, kidney, ureter, and pelvis are a common malignancy worldwide with high mortality ratio. Aimed to investigate the prevalence of these cancers, we conducted this study. METHODS: In this study, all the information related to ICD10 codes, gender, age and province of residence of individuals were obtained from the data of Iran's cancer registry by the Ministry of Health, Medicine and Medical Education and demographic evidence for each sub-country from the reports of Statistics Center of Iran (SCI). Also, the data of two Iranian national survey studies CASPIAN-III, IV, and V (information related to the care and prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCD) in childhood and adolescence) and STEPs (including information on NCD in adults over 18 years old) were used. The data was analyzed using Poisson regression with mixed effects to estimate the incidence of cancers. RESULTS: Bladder and kidney neoplasm are the most common cancers of the urinary system in Iran. The prevalence of bladder cancer has increased from 5.82 to 11.50 per 100,000 individuals. The increasing trend is growing faster in men compared with women. The incidence of kidney neoplasm has increased over the years (2.03 in 2005 vs. 7.02 in 2020 per 100,000). Having a higher incidence ratio compared with bladder cancer, kidney cancer is responsible for 35.06% of all urinary cancers in 2020 compared with 23.71% in 2005. Both neoplasms of the ureter and renal pelvis were recorded rarely and with lower incidence in both sexes during this period. CONCLUSION: Considering the increasing trend in the incidence of urinary neoplasms in Iran during these years, the advantage of focusing on the risk of urinary cancers is highlighted. Therefore, investigating the prevalence and incidence of urinary cancers to plan and manage these cancers will result in prevention and reduction of the disease burden on the Iranian society. Future studies in this field can help in the prevention and well-timed diagnosis of these cancers.

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BACKGROUND: The incidence of common urinary system tumors has been rising rapidly in recent years, and most urinary system-derived tumors lack specific biomarkers. OBJECTIVES: To explore the efficacy of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of blood plasma in screening three common urinary system tumors, including bladder cancer (BC), prostate cancer (PCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: SERS plasma spectra from 125 plasma samples, including 25 PCa, 38 RCC, 24 BC patients, and 38 normal volunteers, were collected. All candidates had no other comorbidities. The Diagnosis was based on the combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and the effectiveness of the diagnostic algorithms was verified using the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). RESULTS: There are significant differences in SERS signals between PCa, BC, RCC, and normal plasma, especially at 639, 889, 1010, 1136, and 1205 cm-1. The PCA-LDA results show that high sensitivity (100 %), specificity (100 %), and accuracy (100 %) could be achieved for screening the PCa, RCC, BC group vs. the normal group, the PCa group vs. the BC and RCC group, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the BC group vs. the RCC group are 79.2 %, 71.1 %, and 75.15 %, respectively. The integrated area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0 for the PCa, RCC, and BC group vs. the normal group, respectively. The AUC of the PCa group vs. the BC group and RCC group and the BC group vs. the RCC group are 1.0, 1.0, and 0.842, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Label-free plasma-SERS technology with PCA-LDA analysis could be a useful screening method for detecting urinary system tumors (PCa, RCC, and BC) in this exploratory study.

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Bladder cancer （BCa） is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system， and its incidence is increasing year by year. At present， for all patients with resectable non-metastatic muscle-invasive BCa， radical cystectomy + bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is strongly recommended， but they still face the risk of recurrence， metastasis and death. In recent years， the proportion of patients with advanced and metastatic BCa is increasing among patients with newly diagnosed BCa. Although current treatment models are diverse， they often struggle to achieve significant efficacy due to their low effectiveness and adverse effects， resulting in low survival rates for patients with advanced and metastatic BCa. Therefore， the treatment of BCa still faces great challenges， and there is an urgent need to discover an effective new antitumor drug. With the improvement of medical standards， traditional Chinese medicine has shown great advantages in the treatment of BCa. Traditional Chinese medicine is mild and easy to accept， and can inhibit tumor progression through a multi-pathway， multi-way and multi-target manner， so as to exert its anticancer effect. Taraxaci Herba is a medicinal and food homologous plant， which has many biological activities， such as antibacterial， anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， anti-tumor， protecting liver and gallbladder， reducing blood sugar and enhancing immunity， and it has shown a clear anticancer effect in breast cancer， liver cancer， gastric cancer， tongue cancer and lung cancer. By reviewing previous studies worldwide， this article summarizes the mechanism of Taraxaci Herba extract in inducing autophagy and apoptosis， inhibiting cell migration and invasion， regulating cell cycle and proliferation， regulating cell metabolism， inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， combining the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs， and regulating the transduction of related signal pathways. On this basis， this study systematically elaborates on the potential mechanism of Taraxaci Herba against BCa， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and treatment of BCa.

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Tripleurospermum callosum (Boiss. & Heldr.) E. Hossain was recorded in Turkish ethnobotanical data for its use against urinary and respiratory system ailments. Infusion, decoction and 96% ethanol extracts of T. callosum aerial parts were prepared for in vitro antimicrobial activity against urinary system pathogens Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 1348 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The non-toxic concentrations of extracts and in vivo antimicrobial assay were performed using C. elegans. The extracts were analysed by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for phytochemical composition. The water extracts were non-toxic at between 5000 and 312 µg/mL, while 96% ethanol extract at 312 µg/mL for C. elegans. The infusion extract showed in vivo anti-infective effect 5000-312 µg/mL against Gram-negative strains. The results indicate a potential role of plant extracts with relatively non-toxic and anti-infective effects against urinary system pathogens.

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@#Objective To explore the prevention and treatment of vasovagal reflex during and after operation in diseases of urinary system.Methods From February 2020 to April 2023,1436 patients who completed inpatient surgery in Department of Urology,Songshan Hospital,Qingdao University Medical College were selected to analyze the emergency management measures of vasovagal reflex during and after operation and summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience.Results Among 1436 patients,vasovagal reflex occurred in 4 cases during operation and 14 cases after operation,with an incidence of 1.25%.Most patients showed simultaneous decrease in blood pressure and heart rate.After intravenous injection of atropine and dopamine,blood pressure and heart rate returned to normal,and various concomitant symptoms disappeared,and no death cases were reported.Conclusion Urological specialists should pay attention to vasovagal reflex,sum up experience,do early identification,timely treatment to ensure the safety of patients.

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AIM: To perform an experimental evaluation of the effect of Phytofron, used for the treatment of urinary tract infections, on the ability of opportunistic pathogens to inactivate innate immunity factors (lysozyme, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines) and form biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro experiments were carried out on clinical isolates from urine of patients with pyelonephritis and cystitis: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis. The effect of Fitofron NPO FarmVILAR (Russia) on the anticytokine activity of bacteria against regulatory cytokines (IL4, IL6, IL8, TNF and IL17A) was determined by enzyme immunoassay, while anti-lysozyme trait and the ability to form biofilms was evaluated by the photometric method. RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of Fitofron on the ability of opportunistic microorganisms to inactivate innate immunity factors (lysozyme) and form biofilms, as well as the predominant inhibition of the studied cytokines, was experimentally established. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of the persistence factors of opportunistic pathogens by Fitofron, documented in vitro, can be considered as one of the possible mechanisms of its biological activity in vivo.

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