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Background: Urbanisation is a rapidly growing global phenomenon leading to habitat destruction, fragmentation and degradation. However, urban areas can offer opportunities for conservation, particularly through the presence of green spaces which can even provide important habitats for imperilled species. Spiders, which play crucial roles in ecosystem functioning, include many species that can successfully exploit urban environments. Placed in the middle of the Mediterranean global biodiversity hotspot, Italy possesses an exceptionally rich spider fauna, yet comprehensive data on urban spider communities are still limited. More information on urban spiders in Italy would be extremely beneficial to support conservation efforts, especially in central and southern Italy, where knowledge on the spider fauna is largely incomplete. New information: The current study focused on the spider diversity of a large protected area (Appia Antica Regional Park) in urban Rome, Italy. A total of 120 spider species belonging to 83 genera and 28 families were identified, with 70 species being new records to the Province of Rome, 39 to the Latium Region and two (Pelecopsisdigitulus Bosmans & Abrous, 1992 and Palliduphantesarenicola (Denis, 1964)) to Italy.Forty-one species were recorded during autumn/winter sampling and 107 in spring/summer. The spider fauna recorded from the study area included about 37% of the total spider fauna known from the Province of Rome, 28% of that of the Latium Region and 7% of the entire Italian territory. The most represented families in terms of species richness were Gnaphosidae and Linyphiidae, which accounted for more than 40% of the sampled fauna. Lycosidae were the most abundant family (29% of captured individuals), followed by Zodariidae (16% of captured individuals), Linyphiidae (13% of captured individuals) and Gnaphosidae (7.5% of captured individuals). From a biogeographical point of view, most of the collected species belonged to chorotypes that extend for large areas across Europe and the Mediterranean. The research highlights the role of urban green spaces as refuges for spiders and the importance of arachnological research in urban areas as sources of information on spider biodiversity at larger scales.

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The transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among wild animal species may hold significant epidemiological implications. However, this issue is seldom explored due to the perceived complexity of these systems, which discourages experimental investigation. To address this knowledge gap, we chose a configuration of birds and mammals coexisting in an urban green area as a research model: the rook Corvus frugilegus and the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius. The indirect transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria between these species is possible because rodents inhabiting rook colonies frequently come into contact with the birds' faeces and pellets. The study was conducted in two cities in eastern Poland (Central Europe) - Lublin and Chelm. Among 71 Escherichia (E.) coli isolates studied, 19.7% showed resistance to from one to six of the antibiotics tested, with much higher prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the birds (32%) than in the rodents (7%). Whole genome sequencing was performed on 10 selected E. coli isolates representing similar resistance phenotypes. The following antimicrobial resistance genes were detected: blaTEM-1b, tet(A), tet(B), aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, catA1, floR, cmlA, sul2, sul3, dfrA14, and dfrA2. Birds from the same city and also from both neighbouring cities shared E. coli bacteria with the same sequence types, whereas isolates detected in birds were not found to have been transferred to the mammalian population, despite close contact. This demonstrates that even intensive exposure to sources of these pathogens does not necessarily lead to effective transmission of antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains between birds and mammals. Further efforts should be dedicated to investigating actual transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various ecological systems, including those that are crucial for public health, such as urban environments. This will facilitate the development of more accurate models for epidemiological threats and the formulation of well-balanced decisions regarding the coexistence of humans and urban wildlife.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1050339.].

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Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species.

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Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species.

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Brazil is an important wintering area for Falco peregrinus, specifically for the subspecies F. p. tundrius and F. p anatum. Using data from WikiAves, we analyzed and discussed aspects of the species natural history, including migratory behavior, geographical distribution, diet, and ecological interactions. Peregrine Falcons were recorded in the country from October until April. Our data suggest that adults can arrive up to a month earlier than juveniles. Individuals have been recorded in all 26 states and there was no significant difference in their geographical distribution in relation to subspecies or age, but there is an apparent lack of records in the Center of the country. Our results showed that in Brazil peregrines prey mainly on Columbiformes and Charadriiformes. Some individuals share the same perch and engage on agonistic interactions with other bird species, usually mobbing or kleptoparasitism.

O Brasil é uma importante área de invernada para Falco peregrinus, especificamente para as subespécies F. p. tundrius e F. p. anatum. Utilizando dados provenientes do WikiAves, nós analisamos e discutimos aspectos da história natural da espécie, incluindo o comportamento migratório, distribuição geográfica, dieta e interações ecológicas. Os falcões-peregrinos podem ser avistados no país entre outubro e abril. Nossos dados sugerem que adultos chegam até um mês antes dos juvenis. Indivíduos foram registrados em todos os 26 estados e não existe nenhuma diferença significativa na distribuição geográfica devido à subespécie ou faixa etária, mas existe uma aparente escassez na região Centro Oeste. Nossos dados apontam ainda que no Brasil os falcões-peregrinos se alimentam majoritariamente de Columbiformes e Charadriiformes. Alguns indivíduos dividem o mesmo poleiro, registramos também a ocorrência de interações agonísticas com outras espécies, geralmente tumulto ou cleptoparasitismo.

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Esse estudo seccional, realizado no período 2014-2015, com aplicação de questionários, teve por objetivo conhecer a percepção sobre vertebrados em condição de sinantropia e a opinião sobre controle populacional para a população do município de Niterói, RJ. Dentre os 474 entrevistados, 76,8% aceitavam o controle populacional para ratos, 63,3% para pombos, 40,5% para cães, 33,8% para gatos, 25,5% para morcegos, 16,5% para serpentes e 14,1% para gambás. As serpentes foram os animais mais associados ao medo (59,1%) e risco de agressão (47,7%), pombos (89,2%) e morcegos ao risco de doenças (57,4%), ratos à nojo/repulsa (56,6%), gambás à natureza (73,8%), cães à companhia (79,8%), e gatos à amizade (57,4%). O estudo demonstrou que as relações dos humanos com os animais podem ser complexas, ambíguas e paradoxais, e fornece dados que poderão ser utilizados para políticas públicas de manejo dessas espécies.(AU)

This study (sectional investigation), in the 2014-2015, using questionnaires, aimed to understand the perception of vertebrates in synanthropic conditions and the opinion about their population control for the population of the municipality the Niterói, RJ. Among the 474 people interviewed, 76.8% accepted population control for rats, 63.3% for pigeons, 40.5% for dogs, 33.8% for cats, 25.5 % for bats, 16.5% for snakes and 14.1% for possums. Snakes were the animals most associated with the representation of fear (59.1%) and risk of aggression (47.7%), pigeons (89.2%) and bats with risk of disease (57.4%), rats with disgust and repulsion (56.6%), possums with nature (73.8%), dogs with company (79.8%), and cats with friendship (57.4%). In addition to demonstrating how complex human relations with animals can be ambiguous and paradoxical, this study provides data that can be used for public policies for the management of these species.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la percepción de los vertebrados en condiciones de sinantropía y la opinión sobre el control poblacional de la población del municipio de Niterói, RJ. Entre los 474 entrevistados, el 76,8% aceptó el control de la población de ratas, el 63,3% de palomas, el 40,5% de perros, el 33,8% de gatos, el 25,5% de murciélagos, el 16,5% de serpientes y el 14,1% de zarigüeyas. Las serpientes fueron los animales más asociados al miedo (59,1%) y al riesgo de agresión (47,7%), las palomas (89,2%) y los murciélagos al riesgo de enfermedad (57,4%), las ratas al asco/repulsión (56,6%), las zarigüeyas a la naturaleza (73,8%), los perros a la compañía (79,8%) y los gatos a la amistad (57,4%). El estudio demostró que las relaciones de los humanos con los animales pueden ser complejas, ambiguas y paradójicas, y aporta datos que podrían utilizarse para las políticas públicas de gestión de estas especies.(AU)

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The brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus, is a common species endemic to South and Central America. Nonetheless, maintaining these animals in captivity can be challenging, and very few institutions manage to do so. The São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation is in a remnant of the Atlantic rainforest in the middle of São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. This forest fragment has a population of B. variegatus that is geographically isolated and yet to be studied. Assessing the health status of individuals remains difficult due to the lack of reference intervals (RIs) for hematologic and biochemical variables for this species. We aimed to establish hematologic and biochemical RIs in a population of wild B. variegatus living in the largest remnant of Atlantic rainforest in São Paulo city, Brazil. Blood samples from 25 individuals of wild B. variegatus were collected and analyzed for 20 hematologic and 21 biochemical variables, using standard laboratory techniques. Each variable was statistically analyzed according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. The results obtained for each variable were statically analyzed, making it possible to obtain descriptive statistics for all hematologic and biochemical variables. RIs were determined for 16 hematologic variables. During the microscopic analysis, we observed anisocytosis, polychromatophils, Howell-Jolly bodies, macroplatelets, and reactive lymphocytes. The RIs and descriptive statistics described here establish important baseline numbers that could be essential for the management and treatment of both captive and wild B. variegatus sloths.

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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania infantum in South American coatis inhabiting two forest fragments in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest region of Brazil, an endemic area of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Material and methods: A total of 110 South American coatis were sampled in the conservation unit "Parque Estadual do Prosa" (PEP) and in the residential area "Vila da Base Aérea" (VBA) from March 2018 to April 2019. As a longitudinal study that include up to six recaptures of the same individual, a total of 190 capture events were obtained. Blood, bone marrow and skin samples were obtained for parasitological (axenic culture), serological (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - ELISA and Dual-path Platform immunoassay - DPP® CVL) and molecular diagnostic assays (targeting kDNA for Leishmania spp. and L. infantum; and HSP70 followed by sequence analysis). Results: Seropositivity for L. infantum was found in 33 individuals, six in PEP and 27 in VBA. Furthermore, L. infantum was detected by molecular analysis in 16 individuals, seven from PEP and nine from VBA. We also isolated L. infantum from bone marrow of one individual and detected a single positive skin sample in molecular assay from other individual, both from VBA. Discussion: An overall infection rate of 36.4% (40/110) was observed, significantly higher in the VBA (49.1%) than in the PEP (21.6%), probably because VBA presents: (i) a large number of resident dogs and chickens that would be attracting sandflies; (ii) a denser population of this wild mammal species; and (iii) physical barriers and a lack of functional connectivity in the surroundings, preventing these animals to disperse out. We conclude that South American coati populations living in urban forest fragments of Campo Grande are affected by the epidemiological scenario of VL, known to involve dogs, vectors and humans. We highlight the importance of investigate the parasitism by L. infantum in this and other potential L. infantum reservoirs that inhabit urbanized regions endemic to VL.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is widely distributed in three biomes: The Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Caatinga. Some subpopulations are isolated in urban areas in Brazil, usually in squares and small woods. Due to the scarcity of reference values, an investigation was carried out on the hematology and blood biochemistry of brown-throated sloths from urban areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected by venipuncture in the femoral vein from 19 brown-throated sloths for hematological and biochemical analyses, living in two municipalities; Teófilo Otoni (TO) (Minas Gerais State) and Rio Tinto (RT) (Paraíba state), in the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil. The samples were analyzed in specialized veterinary laboratories using automatic cell counters and slide fixation staining methods. RESULTS: The two subpopulations of brown-throated sloths had no significant differences in most hematological values, with the exception of a higher leukocyte concentration (p<0.01) in the RT sub-population. The difference in leukocyte concentration suggests an idiosyncratic effect, as the animals were healthy and the stress of the capture was acute, not chronic. The concentrations of urea, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were similar (p<0.05) in brown-throated sloths from TO and RT. Likewise, the liver enzyme concentrations (ALP, alanine transaminase [ALT], and aspartate transaminase [AST]) did not differ between the two subpopulations (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared to another study, brown-throated sloths from TO and RT have higher plasma concentrations of ALT and ALP, suggestive of a hepatic overload. Hematological and blood biochemical findings of TO and RT can be used as clinical reference values for brown-throated sloths living in an urban environment.

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Ptilodactyla exotica Chapin, 1927 is a subcosmopolitan synanthropic species introduced to Europe with tropical ornamental plants. It is here firstly recorded from central Italy (Tuscany region), and its Italian chronogeonemy (1940-2016) is summarized. Most records come from the Genoa province (Northern Italy, Liguria region), where this species was repeatedly collected in the period 1940-1999.

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The present study aims to analyze the community of frugivorous butterflies in an urban forest environment located at the Instituto Butantan. In comparison with other studies in urban fragments the community of frugivores of the Instituto Butantan has greater species richness, with 21 species. Hamadryas epinome is the most abundant species, and the subfamily Biblidinae representes the highest proportion in the community, possibly indicating environmental disturbance. Sampling took place between of September to December of 2018, during springtime.

O presente estudo visa analisar a comunidade de borboletas frugívoras em um ambiente de bosque urbano localizado no Instituto Butantan. Em comparação com outros estudos em fragmentos urbanos, a comunidade de frugívoras do Instituto Butantan apresenta maior riqueza de espécies, sendo encontradas 21 espécies. Hamadryas epinome é a espécie com maior abundância, e a subfamília Biblidinae a que apresenta maior proporção na comunidade, possivelmente indicando perturbação ambiental. O estudo faz uma amostragem dos meses de setembro a dezembro de 2018, durante a primavera.

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Tendo em vista a presença constante de capivaras em ambientes urbanos brasileiros, esse estudo desenvolveu-se com o objetivo de mapear a ocorrência e distribuição de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris nas áreas verdes públicas da capital do estado do Paraná. No período de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2015 bosques e parques foram inspecionados em busca da presença e dos vestígios da espécie. Mapas de cobertura do solo das áreas de ocorrência foram confeccionados a partir de dados vetoriais e imagens de satélite, nesses foram plotados os registros de presença e vestígios. Realizaram-se também censos anuais nas áreas onde o mamífero foi visualizado. A partir disso, verificou-se que as capivaras utilizam 14 parques de Curitiba e, que em quatro desses a quantidade de animais é superior ao dos demais parques do município.(AU)

Due to the constant presence of capybaras in Brazilian urban environments, this study was developed with the objective of mapping the occurrence of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris in public green areas of the capital city of the state of Paraná. In the period from August 2013 to July 2015, forests and parks were inspected in search of the presence and evidence of the species. Soil cover maps of the areas of incidence were drawn from vector data and satellite images, in which the presence and trace records were plotted. Annual censuses were also carried out in the areas where the mammals were sighted. As a result, it could be verified that capybaras use 14 parks in Curitiba and that in four of them the number of animals is higher than in the other parks of the city.(AU)

En vista la presencia constante de carpinchos en ambientes urbanos brasileños, ese estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de mapear la ocurrencia y distribución de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris en áreas verdes públicas de la capital del estado de Paraná. En el período de agosto de 2013 a julio de 2015, bosques y parques fueron inspeccionados en busca de presencia y de vestigios de la especie. Mapas de cobertura del suelo de las áreas de ocurrencia fueron confeccionados a partir de datos vectoriales e imágenes de satélite, en los cuales fueron trazados los registros de presencia y vestigios. Se realizaron también censos anuales en las áreas donde el mamífero fue visualizado. A partir de eso, se verificó que los carpinchos utilizan 14 parques de Curitiba y que en cuatro de ellos la cantidad de animales es superior al de los demás parques del municipio.(AU)

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Achatina fulica foi introduzida no Brasil na década de 1980 e hoje se encontra distribuída em 24 estados e noDistrito Federal. Suas populações estão concentradas nas áreas urbanas e vêm causando incômodos as populações humanaspor se tornarem pragas de jardins, hortas e pomares, além de atuarem como hospedeira em potencial de zoonoses e parasitosesde interesse veterinário. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a abundância, sazonalidade, reprodução e o crescimentoda concha de uma população de A. fulica em ambiente urbano. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de amostragens mensaisentre maio de 2011 e abril de 2012. Foram observados aspectos tais como abundância e sazonalidade, estação reprodutiva eo crescimento da concha. A população de A. fulica sofreu uma oscilação em sua abundância durante o ano, sendo mais abundanteem junho de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. A reprodução ocorreu principalmente em maio/junho de 2011 e em fevereiro/março de 2012. O ritmo de crescimento da concha demonstrou que na fase juvenil é acelerado e torna-se mais lento após amaturidade sexual.

In Brazil, populations of Achatina fulica are spread over Brazilian states. Dense populations of A. fulica arenuisance to human populations and pest to gardens and small crops. Such populations also act in the transmission of two zoonosisas well as other parasitosis of veterinary importance. The control of the snails populations by moluscicides substanceshave been used as a parasite populations control measure. However, the efficient control of parasites by this mean depends onthe knowledge of the snails biology and behaviour, as well as the elucidation of abiotic factors influence over these aspects.The aim of this work was the description of abundance, seasonality and the investigation of aspects relating to growth andreproduction of this specie in its natural environment. From May 2011 to April 2012, monthly snail samples were collectedand observed the aspects such as breeding and growth of the shell. The population of A. fulica suffered an oscillation inabundance during the year, being more abundant in June/2011 and February/2012. Reproduction occurred mainly in May/June 2011 and February/March 2012. The growth of the shell showed that the juvenile phase is accelerated and becomesslower after sexual maturity.

Achatina fúlica fue introducida en Brasil en la década de 1980 y actualmente se encuentra distribuida en 24estados y en el Distrito Federal. Sus poblaciones se concentran en las áreas urbanas y están causando incómodos a las poblacioneshumanas, convirtiéndose en plagas de jardines, huertos y pomares, además de actuar como hospedera en potencialde zoonosis y parasitosis de interés veterinario. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo estudiar la abundancia, estacionalidad,reproducción y el crecimiento de la concha de una población de A. fúlica en ambiente urbano. Se ha obtenido los datos pormedio de muestras mensuales entre mayo de 2011 y abril de 2012. Se observó aspectos tales como abundancia y estacionalidad,estación reproductiva y el crecimiento de la concha. La población de A. fúlica sufrió oscilación en su abundancia duranteel año, siendo más abundante en junio de 2011 y febrero de 2012. La reproducción ocurrió principalmente en mayo/junio de2011 y en febrero/marzo de 2012. El ritmo de crecimiento de la concha mostró que en la fase juvenil es acelerado y se hacemás lento tras la madurez sexual.

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