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Due to COVID-19, many universities have started offering real time video or recorded courses. This situation raises concerns about a decline in students' learning outcomes and issues of unfairness regarding students' exams and grade evaluations. Korean universities have introduced online open book testing in courses and a flexible pass grading system that allows students to select their final grades to improve fairness. This research investigates students' thoughts and reasons for the test and the system through a questionnaire with 109 respondents and statistical methods such as nonparametric tests, multinomial regression and text-mining. Many students supported both the testing and the grading system, presenting balanced viewpoints by comparing their cons and pros. This finding suggests that these policies could be helpful in enhancing fairness in grade evaluation, relieving students of the learning burden and increasing their satisfaction. This study offers the implications that universities must develop standardized exam formats as well as various learning options in a rapidly changing situation with educational innovation (e.g., hyperscale and generative artificial intelligence).

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Preparing for a job can be difficult for undergraduates as this would be one of their first experiences of responsibility; obtaining a job will make them economically independent beings taking responsibility for their lives. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, this task has become even more challenging for Generation Z students, born in the mid-1990s, as they navigate a turbulent job market. This study aims to analyze undergraduates' priority decisions regarding the criteria and activities of their career preparation. The study conducted a questionnaire analysis using the methodology of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with 93 university students in the Republic of Korea. This research finds that students rank personal feelings of achievement as the most important criterion in their career preparation. They perceive extracurricular activities and internships as the most beneficial experiences for job readiness. On the contrary, networking activities within the university and with alumni received the least importance. These results highlight a need for universities to innovate their educational approach. Addressing the gap between current curricula and student needs and enhancing self-efficacy among students are critical. Innovative educational strategies could be a key to meeting societal expectations, such as the integration of business and technology, and catering to the unique learning needs of Generation Z. This becomes particularly relevant considering the rise of new career paths, such as youth startups, leveraging advanced technologies.

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Medical humanities (MH) courses are a critical element of the medical curriculum influencing the establishment of a physician in the medical profession. However, the opinion about MH among medical students remains unknown. Interviews from seven focus groups were analysed. The students attended one of three Polish medical schools in Gdansk, Krakow, and Warsaw and were recruited to the discussion focused on the impact of drug manufacturers' presence at medical universities on socialization in the medical profession. Thematic analysis was conducted using the theoretical framework of social constructivism. The students' opinions about the MH classes arose during the analysis. In six groups, students thought that MH courses would be helpful in their future medical practice. However, in four groups, different opinion was expressed that MH courses were unnecessary or even "a waste of time". Factors discouraging students from the MH classes included poorly taught courses (monotonous, uninteresting, unrelated to medical practice, taught by unsuitable lecturers). Secondly, students thought that the time investment in the MH was too extensive. Furthermore, curriculum problems were identified, reflecting the incompatibility between the content of MH courses and teaching semesters. Lastly, some students stated that participation in MH courses should be elective and based on individual interests. Addressing problems recognized in this work could improve the training of future Polish physicians.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La constante preparación de los profesionales del sector de la salud es de vital importancia, por lo que siempre ha constituido una prioridad del máximo organismo de la salud en Cuba. De tal hecho, cada vez más existe un esfuerzo por elevar la calidad del proceso docente-educativo en los cursos de pregrado y posgrado con énfasis en la obtención de un grado científico. Objetivo: Elaborar un sistema de acciones concebido para el incremento del proceso de formación de doctores en ciencias en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Desarrollo: Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, con énfasis en la Matriz FODA. A partir de ello, se obtuvieron criterios favorables por las acciones ejecutadas hasta el momento; y a la vez se mostraron dificultades presentes que se enmarcan en la orientación de la actividad científica que se desarrolla y el tratamiento ofrecido a las prioridades del plan de ciencia y técnica, para que este se oriente en las problemáticas vitales del desarrollo en el ámbito de las ciencias médicas. Se diseñó un sistema de acciones que incluye medidas que involucran al potencial humano de la ciencia, así como a los directivos; que permitirá, en diversos plazos, que se incremente el número de docentes con este grado científico. Conclusiones: Se considera que las acciones propuestas, al tener en cuenta las directrices estratégicas, la población objeto de atención y los diferentes ámbitos temporales y espaciales identificados, permitirá el fortalecimiento del desarrollo de la formación doctoral en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The constant preparation of professionals in the health sector is of vital importance; therefore, it has always been a priority of the highest health organization in Cuba. As a result, there is increasingly an effort to raise the quality of the teaching-educational process in undergraduate and graduate courses with an emphasis on obtaining a scientific degree. Objective: To elaborate a system of actions conceived to increase the process of training doctors of science at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Development: Theoretical and empirical methods were used, with emphasis on the SWOT Matrix. From this, favorable criteria were obtained for the actions carried out; and at the same time, present difficulties that are framed in the orientation of the scientific activity that is developed, and the treatment offered to the priorities of the science and technique plan so that it is oriented on the vital problems of development in the field of science medical; among others. A system of actions was designed that includes measures that involve the human potential of science, as well as managers; which will allow, in various terms, to increase the number of teachers with this scientific degree. Conclusions: It is considered that the proposed actions, taking into account the strategic guidelines, the target population and the different temporal and spatial areas identified, will allow the strengthening of the development of doctoral training at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey.

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Since the end of 2019, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has engendered widespread fear and anxiety across China. Nearly half a million international students pursuing their studies in Chinese universities have also been exposed to the psychological distress triggered by the unfolding crisis. In addition to government and medical institutions' efforts, universities have also endeavored to mitigate concerns among these students under quarantine on campus by providing reliable information as well as medical, monetary, and emotional support. In this study, international students' trust in university management teams and its role in remediating their anxieties were evaluated using an online survey conducted after 10 days of the lockdown of Wuhan, China. The empirical analysis incorporates quantitative data from 180 international students. Ordinary least squares regression and probit regression were used in the analysis with the non-robust and robust models. The study found students' perception of trust in university management to be negatively associated with their anxiety levels. Additionally, having trust in university management was found to positively influence students' commitment to the self-quarantine guidelines. These results reinforce the important role of universities and their relationship with international students during public health emergencies.

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The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak already in the first months of 2020 has dramatically affected the situation in higher education in various aspects, including the transition from face-to-face teaching to online technologies, the cancellation of activities and the development of activities aimed at «next normal¼ in a university management. The revision of management decisions in the sphere of academic mobility means an opportunity for various university management stakeholders to rethink and even modernize project activities according to effective plans of risk management in order to make international cooperation more sustainable and effective in the future. The purpose of this work is to examine the international landscape of the transformation of international student mobility, which has changed significantly during the 2020-2021 academic year shift as a result of the spread of the coronavirus infection.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the essential features of a Management Information System (MIS), designed and implemented at the Universidad de Otavalo to support strategic planning, institutional evaluation, and decision making. A five-phase and fifteen-stage process was applied, along with their corresponding techniques and expected results. Based on the literature review and their experience with the implementation, the authors devised a novel MIS implementation approach, comprising the following phases: planning, information analysis, MIS design, implementation and evaluation. The MIS consisted of four main modules: teaching, research, linkages with society, and management, and was based on the client-server model. The literature review did not yield any publications that discussed truly integrated management information systems applied to university management covering the four main modules, thus confirming the originality of the work described in this paper. The MIS implementation results contributed to the improvement of the management of the university through the automation of most of the processes and activities related to institutional planning and evaluation, and considerably accelerated the processing and analysis of useful information for decision making.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características esenciales de un Sistema de Información Gerencial (SIG), diseñado e implementado en la Universidad de Otavalo para apoyar la planificación estratégica, la evaluación institucional y la toma de decisiones. Se aplicó un procedimiento integrado por cinco fases y quince etapas, con sus correspondientes técnicas y resultados esperados. En base a la revisión bibliográfica y las experiencias devenidas de la implementación, los autores elaboraron un procedimiento original, cuyas fases son: Planificación, Análisis de la información, Diseño del SIG, Implementación y Evaluación. El SIG estuvo formado por cuatro módulos principales: academia, investigación vinculación y administración, y se basó en el modelo cliente-servidor. En la búsqueda realizada no se encontraron evidencias de publicaciones referidas a sistemas integrados aplicados a la gestión universitaria, considerando el contenido de los cuatro módulos señalados, lo cual fundamenta la originalidad del trabajo. Los resultados de la implementación del SIG contribuyeron al perfeccionamiento de la gestión universitaria, mediante la automatización de la mayoría de los procesos y actividades vinculados con la planificación y la evaluación institucional y agilizaron considerablemente el procesamiento y análisis de la información útil para la toma de decisiones.

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La diversificación de fuentes de financiamiento, instalación de la cultura de accountability y medidas para maximizar la eficacia de diferentes procesos académicos son expresiones de una educación superior en transformación, que precisa de la estratégica reorganización de su fuerza laboral académica. La gestión universitaria ha concretado estos cambios en nuevas formas de concebir, medir e incentivar el trabajo académico. La nueva gestión dispone al cuerpo académico a la construcción y apropiación de nuevasidentidades laborales; no obstante, éstas no son asumidas por los/as trabajadores/as sin conflicto. A partir del análisis de 40 entrevistas a académicos/as, se reportan los hallazgos en 3 categorías, a saber: narrativas identitarias del académico/a crítico/a, narrativas identitarias del académico/a solitario/a y narrativas identitarias del académico/a prestigioso/a. Como discusión se expone como estas narrativas converen y exacerban, dadas las transformaciones de la educación superior.(AU)

The diversification of funding sources, the installation of the accountability culture and measures to maximize the effectiveness of different academic processes are expressions of higher education in transformation, which requires the strategic reorganization of its academic workforce. University management has materialized these changes in new ways of conceiving, measuring and encouraging academic work. University management has materialized these changes in new ways of conceiving, measuring and encouraging academic work. Based on the analysis of 40 interviews with academics, the present paper reports the findings in 3 categories, namely: identity narratives of the critical academic, identity narratives of the solitary academic and identity narratives of the prestigious academic.(AU)

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Resumen La innovación por proyectos es considerada una de las principales fuentes de impactos de la ciencia y la tecnología, sin embargo, la valoración de estos constituye un problema, aún no resuelto en su totalidad, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por diferentes investigadores y organizaciones; a esta realidad no escapan las organizaciones deportivas. El objetivo del presente artículo es valorar el impacto de la innovación por proyectos, gestionados por la Facultad de Cultura Física de Granma, desde un modelo constructivista. La investigación exigió métodos empíricos como revisión de documentos oficiales, la observación y la entrevista, así como el método gráfico multivariado y procedimientos aritméticos; estos últimos permitieron valorar el impacto de las innovaciones como favorable, relevante, sostenible y con rendimiento en fase de saturación, cinco años después de concluir la ejecución financiera de los proyectos usados como muestra.

Resumo A inovação por projetos é considerada uma das principais fontes de impacto da ciência e da tecnologia, porém, a valorização destes é um problema, ainda não totalmente resolvido, apesar dos esforços feitos por diferentes pesquisadores e organizações, esta realidade não escapa às organizações esportivas. O objectivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto da inovação por projetos, geridos pela Faculdade de Cultura Física de Granma, a partir de um modelo construtivista. A investigação exigiu métodos empíricos como a revisão de documentos oficiais, observação e entrevista, bem como o método gráfico multivariado e procedimentos aritméticos; estes últimos permitiram avaliar o impacto das inovações como favoráveis, relevantes, sustentáveis e com desempenho na fase de saturação, cinco anos após a conclusão da execução financeira dos projetos utilizados como amostra.

Abstract Innovation by projects is considered one of the main sources of impact of science and technology, however, the valuation of these is a problem, not yet fully resolved, despite the efforts made by different researchers and organizations, this reality does not escape the sports organizations. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of innovation by projects, managed by the Faculty of Physical Culture of Granma, from a constructivist model. The research required empirical methods such as the review of official documents, observation and interview, as well as the multivariate graphic method and arithmetic procedures; the latter allowed the impact of the innovations to be evaluated as favourable, relevant, sustainable and with performance in the saturation phase, five years after the financial execution of the projects used as a sample was concluded.

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Introducción: La incorporación de las normas ISO a la gestión universitaria representa un uso más eficiente de los recursos humanos, financieros y la satisfacción de la sociedad, al recibir servicios que cumplen con sus expectativas. El éxito de todo proceso de acreditación institucional depende del trabajo de control, por lo que la auditoría académica se convierte en una herramienta para la gestión de sus componentes. Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca del papel de la auditoría académica como herramienta para la evaluación de la calidad en los procesos de acreditación institucional. Métodos: Se utilizó el método científico, sustentado en el análisis documental de los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas por diferentes autores acerca de auditoría académica, calidad en los procesos de formación y acreditación institucional. Se combinaron la sistematización y la triangulación de fuentes para definir operacionalmente la auditoría académica en la gestión de la calidad en los procesos de acreditación institucional. Resultados: Se propuso incluir las auditorías académicas como una herramienta eficaz en el control de los procesos, ya que proporciona información a la universidad para mejorar su desempeño. Conclusiones: La acreditación institucional, como proceso, se inicia a partir del desarrollo de la autoevaluación y la evaluación externa; de ahí que la auditoría académica puede contribuir a la evaluación de dichos requisitos desde una perspectiva sistémica(AU)

Introduction: Incorporation of ISO standards into university management represents a more efficient use of human and financial resources and the satisfaction of society, since services are received that meet expectations. The success of any institutional accreditation process depends on control work, so academic auditing becomes a tool for managing such components. Objective: To reflect on the role of academic auditing as a tool for evaluating quality in institutional accreditation processes. Methods: The scientific method was used, supported by document analysis of the results from research carried out by different authors about academic auditing, and quality in the processes of training and institutional accreditation. Systematization and triangulation of sources were combined to operationalize a definition for academic auditing in quality management towards institutional accreditation processes. Results: Academic auditing was proposed to be included as an effective tool in the control of processes, since it provides information for the university to improve performance. Conclusions: Institutional accreditation, as a process, starts from the development of self-assessment and external assessment; therefore, academic auditing can contribute to the evaluation of these requirements from a systemic perspective(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: en la organización de las universidades, el saber y el poder se han administrado a través de cadenas lineales ascendentes, desde las cátedras y jefes de departamentos hasta el consejo Universitario y el rector. La actual universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas ha pasado por diferentes etapas o períodos y durante este proceso sus directivos han recibido diferentes nomenclaturas en función de la estructura asumida. A pesar del importante rol que tienen los gerentes o directivos del sistema, no se ha encontrado ningún documento en el que se recojan nombres y funciones desempeñadas, lo cual se considera importante para la historia de la Universidad. Objetivo: proponer dejar asentado los principales directivos del proceso docente educativo en la universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas en cada una de sus etapas. Materiales y métodos: se han utilizado métodos cualitativos del nivel teórico y del empírico, de este último las entrevistas y la revisión de documentos. Resultados: la investigación muestra definidos seis períodos o etapas en el desarrollo de la docencia médica en la provincia, su estructura organizativa y sus directivos especificando especialidad y períodos en que ejercieron su labor de dirección. Conclusiones: en todo el tiempo transcurrido desde los inicios de la docencia médica hasta la actualidad, se ha contado con equipos de dirección que han variado según los momentos históricos, pero que entre todos han logrado el objetivo de hacer perdurar la docencia médica en el territorio y que la misma haya alcanzado altos niveles de calidad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the organization of the universities, knowledge and management have been administered through lineally ascendant chains, from the chairs and professorships to the University Council and headmaster. The current University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas has gone through different stages and periods, and during this process its managing staff has received different denominations in dependence on the structure assumed by educational center. In spite of the important role played by the managing staff and headmasters, no document has been found recording their full names and performed functions, what is very important for the history of the University. Objective: to propose recording names and data of the main managers of the teaching-educative process in the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas. Material and methods: Qualitative methods of the theoretical and empiric levels have been used, interviews and documental reviews among the last ones. Results: the research showed six well defined periods or stages in the development of medical teaching in the province of Matanzas, its organizational structure and members of the managing staff specifying medical specialty and periods of time they occupied that function. Conclusions: in the period of time passed from the beginning of the medical teaching and nowadays, the managing staff has varied according to the historical times, but the common effort has allowed the continuation of medical teaching in the province and the high quality levels it has reached (AU).

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RESUMEN Introducción: en la organización de las universidades, el saber y el poder se han administrado a través de cadenas lineales ascendentes, desde las cátedras y jefes de departamentos hasta el consejo Universitario y el rector. La actual universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas ha pasado por diferentes etapas o períodos y durante este proceso sus directivos han recibido diferentes nomenclaturas en función de la estructura asumida. A pesar del importante rol que tienen los gerentes o directivos del sistema, no se ha encontrado ningún documento en el que se recojan nombres y funciones desempeñadas, lo cual se considera importante para la historia de la Universidad. Objetivo: proponer dejar asentado los principales directivos del proceso docente educativo en la universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas en cada una de sus etapas. Materiales y métodos: se han utilizado métodos cualitativos del nivel teórico y del empírico, de este último las entrevistas y la revisión de documentos. Resultados: la investigación muestra definidos seis períodos o etapas en el desarrollo de la docencia médica en la provincia, su estructura organizativa y sus directivos especificando especialidad y períodos en que ejercieron su labor de dirección. Conclusiones: en todo el tiempo transcurrido desde los inicios de la docencia médica hasta la actualidad, se ha contado con equipos de dirección que han variado según los momentos históricos, pero que entre todos han logrado el objetivo de hacer perdurar la docencia médica en el territorio y que la misma haya alcanzado altos niveles de calidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the organization of the universities, knowledge and management have been administered through lineally ascendant chains, from the chairs and professorships to the University Council and headmaster. The current University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas has gone through different stages and periods, and during this process its managing staff has received different denominations in dependence on the structure assumed by educational center. In spite of the important role played by the managing staff and headmasters, no document has been found recording their full names and performed functions, what is very important for the history of the University. Objective: to propose recording names and data of the main managers of the teaching-educative process in the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas. Material and methods: Qualitative methods of the theoretical and empiric levels have been used, interviews and documental reviews among the last ones. Results: the research showed six well defined periods or stages in the development of medical teaching in the province of Matanzas, its organizational structure and members of the managing staff specifying medical specialty and periods of time they occupied that function. Conclusions: in the period of time passed from the beginning of the medical teaching and nowadays, the managing staff has varied according to the historical times, but the common effort has allowed the continuation of medical teaching in the province and the high quality levels it has reached.

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Introducción: Acreditación es la certificación pública que entrega un organismo externo sobre la calidad de la educación que imparte la Universidad, puede tener la modalidad institucional (Universidad acreditada) y de pregrado (carreras acreditadas). Objetivos: Proponer mejoras en los procesos de la carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí a partir de los resultados obtenidos en la acreditación desarrollada. Métodos: Basado en los informes preliminares y de rectificación emitidos por el Consejo de Evaluación, Acreditación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior, se procedió a elaborar una propuesta de mejoras, tomando como base la información bibliográfica, informes y legislaciones vigentes para las Instituciones de Educación Superior. Resultados: En los 23 indicadores cualitativos que conforman el modelo de evaluación del entorno de aprendizaje de la carrera de enfermería, 10 resultaron satisfactorios, 7 cuasi satisfactorios, 3 poco satisfactorios y 2 deficientes. En el caso de los indicadores cuantitativos el que mayor dificultad presentó fue la producción científica. Conclusiones: Se proponen acciones concretas direccionadas a la pertinencia de la carrera, y de ella la corrección del micro currículo, la restructuración de los proyectos de vinculación con la sociedad, y la investigación, teniendo como punto de partida las asignaturas y su articulación con el modelo educativo de la universidad y los componentes de docencia-vinculación-investigación sustentado en las prácticas, y su articulación con el perfil de salida de la carrera(AU)

Introduction: Accreditation is the public certification given by an external body based on the quality of education provided by a university. It can have the institutional modality (accredited university) and undergraduate (accredited majors). Objective: To propose improvements in the Nursing major processes of the Southern State University of Manabí based on the results obtained in the accreditation developed. Methods: Based on the preliminary and rectification reports issued by CEAACES, we started to elaborate a proposal for improvements, based on the bibliographic information, reports and valid legislation for higher education institutions. Results: Among the 23 qualitative indicators that make up the evaluation model of the learning environment of the Nursing major, 10 were satisfactory, 7 were almost satisfactory, 3 were unsatisfactory, and 2 were deficient. In the case of quantitative indicators, the one that presented the greatest difficulty was scientific production. Conclusions: Specific actions directed to the major's relevance are proposed, and from it the correction of the micro-syllabus, the restructuring of the projects connected with society, and research, taking as a starting point the subjects and their articulation with the educational model of the university and the components of teaching-outreach-research based on the practices, and their articulation with the professional profile of the major(AU)

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Un líder posibilita la transformación de las capacidades individuales, convirtiéndolas en fortalezas organizacionales para ponerlas al servicio de la organización y con ello, permitir su sostenibilidad y perdurabilidad. La universidad en el siglo XXI afronta grandes retos, para continuar aportando al desarrollo de la sociedad, desde del cumplimiento de sus funciones misionales: investigación, docencia y extensión. Para enfrentar esos retos, el Liderazgo Transformacional en la gerencia universitaria, incide en la transformación organizacional que posibilita la resolución de problemas relacionados con la financiación institucional, la calidad en la educación, el incremento de la cobertura, o el relacionamiento con la sociedad, entre otros. Este artículo presenta el resultado de un estudio cuantitativo, racional y positivista, que demuestra teóricamente la importancia del Liderazgo Transformacional para enfrentar los problemas y retos derivados del cambio en la gerencia universitaria. Además, mediante la aplicación de la propuesta teórica a un análisis de caso de una universidad concreta, se caracteriza el Liderazgo Transformacional existente, desde la percepción de los seguidores. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, en términos metodológicos, se utilizaron las teorías del Liderazgo Transformacional y la gerencia de las instituciones de educación superior, el juicio de expertos, y la aplicación del formulario Inventario de Prácticas del Liderazgo de Kouzes y Posner -IPL-. Con estas herramientas, se logró validar las hipótesis guía, comprobando la necesidad de utilizar el Liderazgo Transformacional en el proceso de la gerencia universitaria.

A leader enables the transformation of individual capacities, converting them organizational strengths to put them at the service of the organization and thereby allow its sustainability and durability. The University in the XXI Century faces great challenges to continue contributing to the development of society, based on the fulfillment of its missionary functions: Research, teaching and extension. Transformational Leadership stands out as one of the best tools for university management to allow the organizational transformation that leads to solve problems such as financing quality in education, increased coverage, and relationships with society, among others. This work, through a quantitative, rational positivist study aimed to demonstrate theoretically the importance of Transformational Leadership in university management to face change and university transformation; And on the other hand, through a case analysis, characterize the Transformational Leadership present in the University, from the perception of the followers. For this purpose, theories of transformational leadership and management of higher education institutions, expert judgment, and the application of the Leadership Practices Inventory form of Kouzes and Posner -IPL- were used. Among the main results, the guiding hypotheses were validated, confirming the need to use Transformational Leadership in the process of the university management.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a expansão da influência da China na América Latina nos campos econômico e militar bem como os Estados Unidos reagiu a este. Pois será utilizada a metodologia do estudo de caso-Venezuela, Bolívia e Equador, já que é onde a China tem uma forte presença e, especialmente, porque são países, como a potência asiática, têm um anti-política americano ou soberanista que busca consolidar uma ordem mundial multipolar A principal constatação é que a China não representa uma séria ameaça para os EUA no curto prazo, e de fato, a expansão da sua influência na região tem sido percebida pelo governo dos EUA como uma oportunidade. Isto é devido a várias razões: China tem implementado uma política cautelosa e pragmática que visa consolidar as suas metas nacionais sem desafiar diretamente a hegemonia dos EUA na região, reforçada por restrições internas que levam a liderança chinesa a optar por uma atitude menos ativista na atitude reorganização político-militar do mundo. Por outro lado, graças aos Estados Unidos, que está em uma fase de declínio de sua hegemonia na região, preferem promover os seus interesses em um quadro de cooperação e não de confronto, na esperança de tirar proveito desta nova situação.

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O objetivo do artigo é identificar e analisar como gestores de quatro universidades públicas brasileiras percebem o grau de importância e de adoção de um conjunto de práticas de gestão consideradas inovadoras para a gestão pública. Para tanto, participaram do estudo 435 servidores ocupantes de cargos de gestão tanto na área acadêmica quanto administrativa, respondendo a um questionário contendo dezesseis práticas consideradas inovadoras segundo o prêmio nacional de inovação na gestão pública promovido pela Escola Nacional do Serviço Público (ENAP). As práticas foram classificadas em três dimensões da gestão, ou seja, gestão organizacional, modernização de processos e gestão de pessoas. A coleta dos dados foi realizada online por meio do aplicativo Surveymonkey. Os gestores avaliaram o conjunto das práticas como sendo significativamente importantes para definir uma universidade inovadora em sua gestão. Contudo, percebem que este mesmo conjunto de práticas é muito pouco utilizado no contexto organizacional onde atuam levando a concluir que as universidades pesquisadas não podem ser consideradas inovadoras em sua gestão. Tanto as análises comparativas entre as universidades quanto entre as três dimensões de práticas não apresentaram resultados distintos daquele mais global.

The objective of this article is to identify and analyze how managers of four Brazilian public universities perceive the degree of importance and adoption of a set of management practices considered innovative for public management. For this purpose, 435 employees occupying management positions in both academic and administrative areas participated in the study, responding to a questionnaire containing sixteen practices considered innovative according to the national award for innovation in public management promoted by the National Public Service School (ENAP). The practices were classifed into three dimensions of management, that is, organizational management, process modernization and people management. Data collection was done online through the Surveymonkey application. The managers evaluated all the practices as being signifcantly important to defne an innovative university in its management. However, they perceive that this same set of practices is very little used in the organizational context in which they operate, leading to the conclusion that the researched universities can not be considered innovative in their management. Both the comparative analyzes between the universities and the three dimensions of practices did not present results different from the more global one.

El documento tiene como objetivo identifcar y analizar cómo los gerentes de cuatro universidades públicas brasileñas dan cuenta de la importancia y de el grado de adopción de un conjunto de prácticas de gestión consideradas innovadoras para la gestión pública. Por lo tanto, partiparan em el estúdio 435 gerentes que ocupan puestos de dirección, tanto en el ámbito académico como administrativo, respondendo a um cuestionario con dieciséis prácticas innovadoras extraída del premio nacional a la innovación en la gestión pública patrocinado por la Escuela Nacional de Servicios Públicos (ENAP). Las prácticas se clasifcaron en tres dimensiones de la gestión, es decir, la gestión organizacional, modernización de procesos y gestión de personas. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en línea a través de la aplicación SurveyMonkey. Los gestores evalúan el conjunto de prácticas como signifcativamente importante para defnir una universidad innovadora en su gestión. Sin embargo, se dan cuenta de que el mismo conjunto de prácticas es muy poco utilizado en el contexto organizacional en el que operan, lo que implica deduzir de que las universidades encuestadas no pueden considerarse innovadoras en su forma de gestión. El análisis comparativo entre universidades y entre las tres dimensiones de las prácticas no mostró que los resultados son diferentes de los globales.

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O artigo apresenta a discussão da compreensão da terceirização do trabalho docente no ensino superior privado, realizado por meio de cooperativas de mão de obra, à luz da responsabilidade social da educação superior. Conceitualiza a responsabilidade social, privilegiando duas abordagens: a normativa, de ordem legal, e a ética, direcionada ao desenvolvimento humano. Examina a coerência ética que deve existir na gestão universitária no equacionamento das exigências de maximização de recursos visando a ganhos de competitividade, com os princípios e valores que deveriam nortear os empreendimentos educacionais dentro de um cenário marcado pelas exigências e demandas do Estado e da sociedade por uma maior responsabilidade social da educação superior, principalmente do setor privado.

This article focuses on understanding the outsourcing of teaching in private higher education, carried out by means of labor cooperatives, under the light of the social responsibility of higher education. It conceptualizes social responsibility by focusing on two approaches: normative, which is legal in nature, and the ethical, which is directed to human development. The author examines the ethical coherence there must be in the university management process when addressing the requirements of maximizing resources aimed at gains in competitiveness, with the principles and values that should guide the educational endeavors within a scenario marked by the requirements and demands of the State and of society for the increased social responsibility of higher education, especially in the private sector.

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El perfeccionamiento de la gestión universitaria constituye un aspecto prioritario y actual para la educación superior cubana. Este reto impacta a la Misión Universitaria, refuerza la importancia de producir transformaciones frente a su entorno complejo en lo económico, sociopolítico, cultural y ambiental. Es en este contexto donde resalta el papel de la Extensión Universitaria como una importante función social y un proceso formativo integrador de los vínculos universidad-sociedad. El objetivo del estudio se centra en perfeccionar el proceso de planeación universitaria para la actividad de extensión universitaria en la Universidad Médica Cubana. El enfoque predominante es el cualitativo. Se presenta, sobre la base del diagnóstico realizado, una propuesta de Plan Estratégico, al considerar a la extensión universitaria como una estrategia maestra, la cual impacta a todas las áreas universitarias. Los resultados de la investigación han sido incorporados a toda la proyección de las facultades objeto de estudio, contribuyendo al perfeccionamiento de dicho proceso. La experiencia del estudio denotó la necesidad de proseguir las investigaciones científicas y profundizar en la planificación estratégica de la extensión, como importante función y proceso pedagógico universitario de carácter complejo, a la vez que evidenció un salto cualitativo en la gestión universitaria(AU)

El perfeccionamiento de la gestión universitaria constituye un aspecto prioritario y actual para la educación superior cubana. Este reto impacta a la Misión Universitaria, refuerza la importancia de producir transformaciones frente a su entorno complejo en lo económico, sociopolítico, cultural y ambiental. Es en este contexto donde resalta el papel de la Extensión Universitaria como una importante función social y un proceso formativo integrador de los vínculos universidad-sociedad. El objetivo del estudio se centra en perfeccionar el proceso de planeación universitaria para la actividad de extensión universitaria en la Universidad Médica Cubana. El enfoque predominante es el cualitativo. Se presenta, sobre la base del diagnóstico realizado, una propuesta de Plan Estratégico, al considerar a la extensión universitaria como una estrategia maestra, la cual impacta a todas las áreas universitarias. Los resultados de la investigación han sido incorporados a toda la proyección de las facultades objeto de estudio, contribuyendo al perfeccionamiento de dicho proceso. La experiencia del estudio denotó la necesidad de proseguir las investigaciones científicas y profundizar en la planificación estratégica de la extensión, como importante función y proceso pedagógico universitario de carácter complejo, a la vez que evidenció un salto cualitativo en la gestión universitaria(AU)

The perfection of the university management is a present priority task for the Cuban higher education. This challenge influences the university mission by stressing the importance of changes in the face of a complex economic, sociopolitical, cultural and environmental context. This is the context where the role of the university extension stands out as an important social function and as an integrating formative process of the university-society linking. The present study focused on the improvement of the planning process for the university extension in the Cuban medical education. The predominant approach is the qualitative one. On the basis of a diagnosis, a proposal of a Strategic Plan was submitted, since the university extension is considered to be a master strategy affecting all the university areas. The results have been incorporated into the whole projections of the faculties under study, thus contributing to the perfection of such process. The experience gained from the study revealed the need of continuing scientific research and of delving into the strategic planning of extension, as an important function and a complex university pedagogic process; additionally, it showed a qualitative leap in the university management(AU)

The perfection of the university management is a present priority task for the Cuban higher education. This challenge influences the university mission by stressing the importance of changes in the face of a complex economic, sociopolitical, cultural and environmental context. This is the context where the role of the university extension stands out as an important social function and as an integrating formative process of the university-society linking. The present study focused on the improvement of the planning process for the university extension in the Cuban medical education. The predominant approach is the qualitative one. On the basis of a diagnosis, a proposal of a Strategic Plan was submitted, since the university extension is considered to be a master strategy affecting all the university areas. The results have been incorporated into the whole projections of the faculties under study, thus contributing to the perfection of such process. The experience gained from the study revealed the need of continuing scientific research and of delving into the strategic planning of extension, as an important function and a complex university pedagogic process; additionally, it showed a qualitative leap in the university management(AU)

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El perfeccionamiento de la gestión universitaria constituye un aspecto prioritario y actual para la educación superior cubana. Este reto impacta a la Misión Universitaria, refuerza la importancia de producir transformaciones frente a su entorno complejo en lo económico, sociopolítico, cultural y ambiental. Es en este contexto donde resalta el papel de la Extensión Universitaria como una importante función social y un proceso formativo integrador de los vínculos universidad-sociedad. El objetivo del estudio se centra en perfeccionar el proceso de planeación universitaria para la actividad de extensión universitaria en la Universidad Médica Cubana. El enfoque predominante es el cualitativo. Se presenta, sobre la base del diagnóstico realizado, una propuesta de Plan Estratégico, al considerar a la extensión universitaria como una estrategia maestra, la cual impacta a todas las áreas universitarias. Los resultados de la investigación han sido incorporados a toda la proyección de las facultades objeto de estudio, contribuyendo al perfeccionamiento de dicho proceso. La experiencia del estudio denotó la necesidad de proseguir las investigaciones científicas y profundizar en la planificación estratégica de la extensión, como importante función y proceso pedagógico universitario de carácter complejo, a la vez que evidenció un salto cualitativo en la gestión universitaria...

The perfection of the university management is a present priority task for the Cuban higher education. This challenge influences the university mission by stressing the importance of changes in the face of a complex economic, sociopolitical, cultural and environmental context. This is the context where the role of the university extension stands out as an important social function and as an integrating formative process of the university-society linking. The present study focused on the improvement of the planning process for the university extension in the Cuban medical education. The predominant approach is the qualitative one. On the basis of a diagnosis, a proposal of a Strategic Plan was submitted, since the university extension is considered to be a master strategy affecting all the university areas. The results have been incorporated into the whole projections of the faculties under study, thus contributing to the perfection of such process. The experience gained from the study revealed the need of continuing scientific research and of delving into the strategic planning of extension, as an important function and a complex university pedagogic process; additionally, it showed a qualitative leap in the university management...

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La zona de desarrollo próximo es un concepto creado por Vigotsky que se refiere a la distancia que existe entre el desarrollo psíquico actual del sujeto y su desarrollo potencial. Por esta razón es un concepto de suma importancia para la educación en todos los niveles de enseñanza. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir cómo el concepto zona de desarrollo próximo se manifiesta en la educación superior médica cubana. Se explica la importancia de este concepto en los principios didácticos y se especifica cómo se utiliza en la formación de valores y mediante el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. Se exponen las razones por las cuales la gestión del profesor ha de sustentarse en la ampliación de la zona de desarrollo próximo de sus estudiantes.(AU)

The concept near development zone was created by Vigotsky and refers to the distance between the present psychical development of the individual and his potential development. It is a concept of vital importance for education at all levels. The objective of the article is to describe how this concept behaves in the higher medical education in Cuba. The importance of this concept in the didactic principles were explained, as well as how it is used in the formation of values through the information and communication technologies. The reasons why the work of the professor has to be supported on the widening of the near development zone of their students were also stated.(AU)

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Se presenta la propuesta de un sistema para el control automatizado de la gestión de la Maestría Informática en Salud. El sistema permitirá coordinar actividades docentes y gestionar la información de estudiantes, profesores y graduados en aras de agilizar los procesos y obtener, de manera oportuna, la información necesaria a cada uno de ellos y a los directivos, para hacer un uso más eficiente y eficaz de los recursos. La propuesta del sistema se realizó a partir de las entrevistas efectuadas al personal relacionado con la actividad, y de la revisión documental correspondiente a cada una de las ediciones de la maestría, con vista a caracterizar el proceso y resumir los elementos de interés(AU)

We are presenting a system for the automatized management for the Mastership in Health Informatics. This system will permit to coordinate teaching activities and to manage the information about students, professors, and masters already graduated in the program in order to improve the process and get, on time, the necessary information, to make a better use of the resources. The proposition is based on the information obtained from interviews, and documents reviewed about each one of the eleven editions of this Mastership, in order to characterize the process and summarize the information we are interested in(AU)

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