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Gastric perforation is a serious and potentially fatal complication that can result prolonged or inappropriate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Los NSAIDs are medications commonly prescribed for pain relief and inflammation in various medical conditions, including arthritis and musculoskeletal injuries. Aunque son effective, its use is associated with a series of gastrointestinal, gastric perforation being one of the most severe. This event occurs due to ability of NSAIDs to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, which play a role crucial in the protection of the gastric mucosa. Lack of prostaglandins leads to a reduction of the mucosal barrier, increasing the susceptibility of the stomach to action corrosive gastric acid, which can eventually result in ulceration and perforation. Patients with gastric perforation due to NSAIDs may experience acute abdominal pain y of sudden onset, and requires urgent medical intervention to avoid complications such as peritonitis and septic shock.

La alteración gástrica es una complicación grave y ambientalmente mortal que puede resultar del uso prolongado o inadecuado de antiinflamatorios sin esteroides (AINE). Filho de Los AINEs medicamentos comumente prescritos para o alívio da dor e da inflamação em diversas condições médicas, incluindo artrite e lesões musculoesqueléticas. Aún así, su uso está asociado a una serie de efectos secundarios gastrointestinales, se a perfuração gástrica para mais grave. Este evento ocurre debido a la capacidade dos AINEs de inibir a síntese de prostaglandinas, que desempeñan un papel crucial en la protección de la mucosa gástrica. La falta de prostaglandinas conduce a una reducción de la barrera mucosa, aumentando la suscetibilidad del estômago à ação corrosivo del ácido gástrico, que eventualmente puede resultar en ulceración y perforación. Los pacientes con respiración gástrica por AINE tienden a presentar dolor abdominal agudo y de inicio súbito, y requieren intervención médica urgente para evitar complicaciones como peritonitis y choque séptico.

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Introduction. Perforated peptic ulcer remains one of the critical abdominal conditions that requires early surgical intervention. Leakage after omental patch repair represents one of the devastating complications that increase morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed to assess risk factors and early predictors for incidence of leakage. Methods. Retrospective analysis of data of the patients who underwent omental patch repair for perforated peptic ulcer in the period between January 2019 and January 2022 in Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. Pre, intra and postoperative variables were collected and statistically analyzed. Incriminated risk factors for leakage incidence were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results. This study included 123 patients who met inclusion criteria. Leakage was detected in seven (5.7%) patients. Although associated comorbidities (p=0.01), postoperative intensive care unit admission (p=0.03), and postoperative hypotension (p=0.02) were significant risk factors in univariate analysis, septic shock (p=0.001), delayed intervention (p=0.04), preoperative hypoalbuminemia (p=0.017), and perforation size >5mm (p= 0.04) were found as independent risk factors for leakage upon multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Delayed presentation in septic shock, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, prolonged perforation, operation interval, and large perforation size > 5mm were detected as independent risk factors for leakage. Postoperative tachypnea and tachycardia with increased levels of C-reactive protein and total leucocytic count are alarming signs for incidence of leakage

Introducción. La úlcera péptica perforada es una de las afecciones abdominales críticas que requiere una intervención quirúrgica temprana. La fuga después de la reparación con parche de epiplón representa una de las complicaciones más devastadoras, que aumentan la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los factores de riesgo y los predictores tempranos de fugas. Métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de los datos de los pacientes sometidos a reparación con parche de epiplón por úlcera péptica perforada, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2019 y enero de 2022, en el Hospital Universitario de Mansoura, Egipto. Se recogieron y analizaron estadísticamente variables pre, intra y postoperatorias. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la incidencia de fugas se analizaron mediante análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados. Este estudio incluyó 123 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se detectó fuga en siete (5,7 %) pacientes. Aunque las comorbilidades asociadas (p=0,01), el ingreso postoperatorio a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (p=0,03) y la hipotensión postoperatoria (p=0,02) fueron factores de riesgo en el análisis univariado, el shock séptico (p=0,001), el retraso en la intervención (p=0,04), la hipoalbuminemia preoperatoria (p=0,017) y el tamaño de la perforación mayor de 5 mm (p=0,04) se encontraron como factores de riesgo de fuga independientes en el análisis multivariado. Conclusión. Se detectaron como factores de riesgo independientes de fuga la presentación tardía en shock séptico, la hipoalbuminemia preoperatoria, la perforación prolongada, el intervalo operatorio y el tamaño de la perforación mayor de 5 mm. La taquipnea posoperatoria y la taquicardia con niveles elevados de proteína C reactiva y recuento leucocitario total son signos de alarma sobre la presencia de fuga.

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RESUMEN La úlcera péptica es menos frecuente en las embarazadas que en las mujeres no gestantes. Aunque rara vez se perfora durante el embarazo y aún menos frecuentemente durante el puerperio, está asociada con mayor riesgo de muerte materna. El uso de analgésicos no esteroideos y la infección por Helicobacter pylori están relacionados con su patogénesis. Debido a sus características clínicas durante el embarazo, la sepsis puerperal e íleo paralítico pueden retrasar el diagnóstico. Luego del parto, signos clínicos como taquicardia de reciente aparición, dolor abdominal y el aumento de la distensión deben sugerir el diagnóstico. Dado que las complicaciones pueden provocar morbilidad y mortalidad significativas durante el puerperio, la detección precoz y el tratamiento rápido son imperativos. El tratamiento de la úlcera péptica perforada durante el puerperio es el mismo que el de una situación quirúrgica abdominal urgente. Una reparación satisfactoria con parche omental suele sellar el defecto y evitar nuevas perforaciones. Se presenta un caso de úlcera péptica perforada durante el puerperio.

ABSTRACT Peptic ulcer is less frequent in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. Although it rarely perforates during pregnancy and even less frequently during the puerperium, it is associated with an increased risk of maternal death. The use of nonsteroidal analgesic and Helicobacter pylori infection are related to its pathogenesis. Due to its clinical features during pregnancy, puerperal sepsis and paralytic ileus may delay diagnosis. After delivery, clinical signs such as new-onset tachycardia, abdominal pain, and increased distension should suggest the diagnosis. Since complications can cause significant morbidity and mortality during the puerperium, early detection and prompt treatment are imperative. Treatment of perforated peptic ulcer during the puerperium is the same as for an urgent abdominal surgical situation. Successful repair with omental patching usually seals the defect and prevents additional perforations. A case of perforated peptic ulcer during the puerperium is presented.

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La enfermedad ulcerosa péptica es una patología frecuente; aunque su incidencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, sigue siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad asociada a un elevado gasto sanitario. Los factores de riesgo más importantes son la infección por Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) y el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. La mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad ulcerosa péptica permanecen asintomáticos, siendo la clínica más frecuente la dispepsia, a menudo característica (dispepsia ulcerosa). También puede comenzar con complicaciones como hemorragia digestiva alta, perforación o estenosis. La técnica diagnóstica de elección es la endoscopia digestiva alta. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones, la erradicación de H. pylori y evitar el consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos son la base del tratamiento. Sin embargo, la prevención es la mejor estrategia, incluye una adecuada indicación de inhibidores de la bomba de protones, la investigación y tratamiento de H. pylori, evitar los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos o utilizar aquellos menos gastrolesivos (AU)

Peptic ulcer disease is a frequent pathology; although the incidence has decreased in recent years, it continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with high healthcare costs. The most important risk factors are Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most patients with peptic ulcer disease remain asymptomatic, with dyspepsia being the most frequent and often characteristic symptom. It can also debut with complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or stenosis. The diagnostic technique of choice is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors, eradication of H. pylori and avoiding the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the basis of treatment. However, prevention is the best strategy, it includes an adequate indication of proton pump inhibitors, investigation and treatment of H. pylori, avoiding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or using those that are less gastrolesive (AU)

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Peptic ulcer disease is a frequent pathology; although the incidence has decreased in recent years, it continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with high healthcare costs. The most important risk factors are Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most patients with peptic ulcer disease remain asymptomatic, with dyspepsia being the most frequent and often characteristic symptom. It can also debut with complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation or stenosis. The diagnostic technique of choice is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors, eradication of H. pylori and avoiding the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the basis of treatment. However, prevention is the best strategy, it includes an adequate indication of proton pump inhibitors, investigation and treatment of H. pylori, avoiding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or using those that are less gastrolesive.

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Introducción: La úlcera gástrica perforada es la complicación ulcerativa más frecuente después del sangrado y la más grave de todas. A medida que se desarrolla el proceso inflamatorio la lesión gástrica evoluciona pasando por los siguientes estadíos: gastritis superficial, gastritis atrófica crónica, metaplasia intestinal, displasia y finalmente cáncer. En este proceso de evolución natural de la enfermedad radica la importancia de realizar una biopsia durante el abordaje quirúrgico de la úlcera gástrica perforada. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de neoplasia en úlceras gástrica perforada en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social en el periodo 2015-2020. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con datos retrospectivos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes sometidos a cirugía por úlcera gástrica perforada. El promedio de edad fue 67,1 ±17,1 años, el 60% correspondían al sexo masculino; en el 94% se realizó reavivamiento de bordes y en el 6% antrectomía. Con respecto al diagnóstico anatomopatológico, en el 90% se confirmó proceso infamatorio, la prevalencia de neoplasia fue del 6% y en el total de los pacientes postoperados por úlcera gástrica perforada se constató un 46% de mortalidad. Conclusión: La prevalencia de neoplasia fue mínima en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía por úlcera gástrica perforada. Se identificó un alto porcentaje de mortalidad en los pacientes postoperados por úlcera gástrica perforada. El promedio de edad fue 67,1 años y predominó el sexo masculino. El procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente fue el reavivamiento de bordes y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico más prevalente fue proceso inflamatorio.

Introduction: Perforated gastric ulcer is the most frequent ulcerative complication after bleeding and the most serious of all; as inflammation progresses, gastric lesion evolves, beginning with superficial gastritis, then chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally cancer; hence the importance of performing a biopsy in the surgical approach of perforated gastric ulcer. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of neoplasia in perforated gastric ulcers in the General Surgery service of the Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social in the period 2015-2020. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective data was carried out. Results: 50 patients who underwent surgery for perforated gastric ulcer were included. The average age was 67.1 ± 17.1 years, 60% were male; 94% underwent edge revival and 6% antrectomy. Regarding the anatomopathological diagnosis, 90% confirmed the inflammatory process, the prevalence of neoplasia was 6%, and in the total number of postoperative patients for perforated gastric ulcer, 46% mortality was confirmed. Conclusion: The average age was 67.1 years and the male sex predominated. The most frequent surgical procedure was edge revival and the most prevalent pathological diagnosis was inflammatory process. The prevalence of neoplasia was minimal in patients undergoing surgery for perforated gastric ulcer. A high percentage of mortality was identified in postoperative patients for perforated gastric ulcer.

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Introducción: el clip OTSC® (over-the-scope-clip) se ha postulado como tratamiento de rescate de la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica, aunque su efectividad no ha sido evaluada en nuestro medio. Métodos: en este estudio retrospectivo y unicéntrico (enero 2018-diciembre 2021) se evaluaron el éxito técnico, el éxito clínico y la seguridad del dispositivo a 30 días. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica en los que se utilizó el clip OTSC® como tratamiento de rescate. Resultados: se incluyeron once pacientes (nueve por resangrado y dos por sangrado persistente). El éxito técnico fue del 81,9 % (9/11, intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 52-95 %). El éxito clínico por protocolo y por intención de tratar fue del 88,9 % (8/9, IC 95 %: 57-98 %) y del 72,7 % (8/11, IC 95 %: 43-90 %) (8/11), respectivamente. No se registraron efectos adversos relacionados con el dispositivo. Conclusiones: el clip OTSC® fue un tratamiento de rescate efectivo y seguro de la hemorragia digestiva por úlcera péptica (AU)

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Objetivos: avaliar a relação entre doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e/ou úlcera péptica, e lesão de cárie e/ou doença periodontal. Métodos: O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA (Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises) e foi registrado (CRD42023386741) na Plataforma Prospero (Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas, Universidade de York, York, Reino Unido). Para isso a pesquisa foi conduzida em quatro bases de dados (PubMed, WebOfScience, Embase e Scopus), além da literatura cinzenta, sem restrições sobre idioma ou data de publicação. Dos 1719 estudos selecionados, 165 foram submetidos à análise de texto. Dezesseis estudos foram elegíveis (15 transversais e um estudo caso-controle), e 7 estudos foram inseridos na meta-análise. Resultados: Pode-se verificar diferença nas médias entre doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e índice PMA (OR 1,00, 95% IC 0,60; 1,40), nessa meta-análise I2 = 53%. Também se observou diferença nas médias entre doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e índice OHI ­ S (OR 1,22, 95% IC 0,50; 1,93), na metaanálise I2 = 84%. Não há associação entre DRGE e CPOD (DM = 0.53; 95% IC = - 1.39; 2.45), na meta-análise I2 = 84% e entre DRGE e % CPOD (DM = -0.87; 95% IC = -19.31; 17.56), na meta-análise I2 = 90%. Também não houve associação entre DRGE e IPV (DM = 0.23; 95% IC = -0.04; 0.51), na meta-análise I2 = 0%. Por último, não houve associação entre úlcera péptica e perda óssea (RC = 1.22; 95% IC = 0.43; 3.40), na meta-análise I2 = 90%. Conclusão: encontrou-se evidências sugestivas que indivíduos com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e úlcera péptica apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter doença periodontal e lesão de cárie, em relação aos indivíduos sem esses comprometimentos sistêmicos.

Objectives: to evaluate the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and/or peptic ulcer disease, and caries lesions and/or periodontal disease. Methods: The present study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA (Key Items for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and was registered (CRD42023386741) on the Prospero Platform (International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews, University of York, York, United Kingdom United). For this purpose, the research was conducted in four databases (PubMed, WebOfScience, Embase and Scopus), in addition to gray literature, without restrictions on language or publication date. Of the 1719 studies selected, 165 were subjected to text analysis. Sixteen studies were eligible (15 cross-sectional and one case-control study), and 7 studies were entered into the meta-analysis. Results: It was possible to verify a difference in the means between gastroesophageal reflux disease and PMA Index (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.60; 1.40), in this meta-analysis I2 = 53%. There was also a difference in the means between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and OHI Index ­ S (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.50; 1.93), in this meta-analysis I2 = 84%. There is no association between GERD and DMFT (DM = 0.53; 95% CI = -1.39; 2.45), in this meta-analysis I2 = 84% and between GERD and % DMFT (DM = -0.87; 95% CI = -19.31; 17.56), in this metaanalysis I2 = 90%. There was also no association between GERD and IPV (MD = 0.23; 95% CI = -0.04; 0.51), in this meta-analysis I2 = 0%. Finally, there was no association between peptic ulcer disease and bone loss (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.43; 3.40), in this meta-analysis I2 = 90%. Conclusion: according to the systematic review, individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcers were more likely to have periodontal disease and caries lesions, compared to individuals without these systemic impairments.

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El objetivo de este artículo de actualización tiene como objetivo hacer referencia acerca de la Ulcera péptica, una de las patologías muy frecuente en el sistema digestivo que afecta la mucosa gástrica o intestinal, cuya patogenia es multifactorial y cuyas complicaciones pueden ser graves, requiriendo un adecuado manejo y tratamiento hospitalario. Esta revisión hace referencia a los factores patogénicos más frecuentes, la fisiopatología, el abordaje clínico y su tratamiento, haciendo énfasis en la terapia farmacológica, en la que se hace una revisión sucinta y completa de todas sus propiedades farmacológicas.

The objective of this update article aims to refer to peptic ulcer, one of the very common pathologies in the digestive system affecting the gastric or intestinal mucosa, whose pathogenesis is multifactorial and whose complications can be serious, requiring adequate management and hospital treatment. This review refers to the most frequent pathogenic factors, pathophysiology, clinical approach and their treatment, emphasizing pharmacological therapy, in which a succinct and complete review of all its pharmacological properties is made.

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Objetivo: El consenso de Baveno VI para el cribado endoscópico de varices esofagogástricas recomienda evitar la endoscopia en algunos pacientes. Bajo esta estrategia, podrían pasar desapercibidas lesiones no relacionadas con hipertensión portal, algunas de ellas potencialmente graves. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de dichas lesiones e identificar los factores clínicos asociados a las mismas. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal unicéntrico sobre una cohorte consecutiva de pacientes cirróticos sometidos a endoscopia digestiva alta en el contexto de un programa de cribado de varices esofagogástricas entre noviembre del 2013 y noviembre del 2018. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo para la presencia de lesiones no relacionadas con hipertensión portal mediante regresión logística uni y multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyó a 379 pacientes. La etiología mayoritaria de la cirrosis fue etílica (n=229; 60,4%). La prevalencia de lesiones endoscópicas no relacionadas con hipertensión portal fue del 39,6% (n=150). Entre los 96 pacientes con enfermedad péptica (25,3%) se tomó test de ureasa en 54 (56,2%), siendo positiva en 24 (44,4%). La presencia de lesiones endoscópicas no relacionadas con hipertensión portal no estuvo influida por la edad (p=1), el género (p=0,28), la función hepática (MELD p=0,20, Child-Pugh p=0,77) o la presencia de datos ecográficos de hipertensión portal (p=0,14). Los pacientes fumadores presentaron tendencia a mayor prevalencia de lesiones endoscópicas no relacionadas con la hipertensión portal (43,2% vs. 34,6%; p=0,09), particularmente úlcera péptica (6,4% vs. 0,6%; p=0,05) y duodenitis péptica (17,3% vs. 6,3%; p=0,002). El tabaquismo activo fue el único factor predictivo independiente de ulcus o duodenitis péptica (odds ratio=2,56; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,18-5,56; p=0,017).(AU)

Aim: To determine the prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated with portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study including a consecutive cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis enrolled in a screening program of oesophageal varices who underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy from November, 2013, to November, 2018. Clinical predictors of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 379 patients were included. The most frequent aetiology of liver disease was alcohol consumption (60.4%). The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated with portal hypertension was 39.6% (n=150). Among 96 patients with peptic lesions, urease was obtained in 56.2% of patients (positive in 44.4% of them). The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension was not associated with age, gender, liver function or ultrasound findings of portal hypertension. The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension was not associated with age, gender, liver function or ultrasound findings of portal hypertension. Smokers had a trend to increased prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension (43.2% vs. 34.6%; p=0.09), particularly peptic ulcer (6.4% vs. 0.6%; p=0.05) and peptic duodenitis (17.3% vs. 6.3%; p=0.002). Active smoking was the only independent predictor of peptic ulcer or duodenitis (OR=2.56; p=0.017). Conclusion: Active smoking is a risk factor for endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension. This finding should be further investigated to reassess endoscopic screening programs in cirrhotic smokers.(AU)

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Resumen La infección por Helicobacter pylori se asocia con enfermedades gastroduodenales como gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica y adenocarcinoma gástrico. Actualmente se dispone de diferentes esquemas terapéuticos, sin embargo, el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos generó resistencia en este agente, razón para estudiar alternativas y reevaluar los criterios que determinan la selección de un esquema en específico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los principios generales de tratamiento de acuerdo a guías de referencia y recomendaciones de autores independientes, y exponer el uso de la rifabutina como alternativa terapéutica. En la búsqueda bibliográfica se usaron los términos "Helicobacter pylori" AND "rifabutin", en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar®. La evidencia actual sugiere que el uso de rifabutina como terapia de rescate es apropiado y seguro, y sería la alternativa ideal en casos de multirresistencia o difícil acceso a pruebas de susceptibilidad antibiótica. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 31-42.

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastroduodenal diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Nowadays, there are different therapeutic regimens, however, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics generated resistance in this agent, reason to study alternatives and reevaluate the criteria that determines the selection of a specific regimen. The aim of this review was to describe the general principles of treatment according to reference guidelines and recommendations of independent authors, and to present the use of rifabutin as a therapeutic alternative. The bibliographic search was performed using the terms "Helicobacter pylori" AND "rifabutin" in the databases PubMed, SciELO and the search engine Google Scholar®. Current evidence suggests that the use of rifabutin as rescue therapy is appropriate and safe, and would be an ideal alternative in cases of multidrug resistance or difficult access to antibiotic susceptibility tests. MÉD.UIS.2022;35(1): 31-42.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El tratamiento de la úlcera péptica duodenal (UPD) ha cambiado radicalmente en el transcurso de los últimos 50 años debido a la efectividad del tratamiento médico. Sin embargo, la cirugía todavía tiene un importante papel en el tratamiento de la úlcera duodenal; y dentro de éste la vagotomía. Objetivo: Describir el origen y evolución de la vagotomía altamente selectiva (VAS), y su papel en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la UPD. Material y métodos: Se revisó la bibliografía publicada durante los últimos 50 años relacionada con la VAS en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la UPD. La fuente de los datos utilizados fue obtenida de Clinical Key, Pubmed, Google, Scopus y Scielo, desde 1970 hasta 2020. Desarrollo: La VAS se aplicó por primera vez en el humano en 1967 por Holle y Hart. Posteriormente, Johnston y Wilkinson y Amdrup y Jensen en 1970, informan sus resultados, conservando el píloro. La única debilidad que se le atribuye a la VAS es una alta tasa de recurrencia de la úlcera; sin embargo, su mortalidad y morbilidad son mínimas, por lo que es la intervención de elección para la úlcera duodenal intratable o complicada. Conclusiones: Debido a la disminución en la necesidad del tratamiento quirúrgico, pocos cirujanos están entrenados y experimentados en esta operación técnicamente difícil; lo que ha sido el principal factor para las altas tasas de recurrencia. Sin embargo, consideramos que la VAS tiene vigencia actual en manos de cirujanos entrenados y experimentados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer (DPU) has radically changed over the last 50 years due to success of medical treatment. However, surgery still has an important role in the treatment of duodenal ulcer; and with this, vagotomy. Objective: To describe the origin and evolution of highly selective vagotomy (HSV), as well as its role in the surgical treatment of DPU. Material and Methods: We reviewed the bibliography published during the last 50 years in relation to highly selective vagotomy (HSV). The data used were obtained from the search carried out in Clincal Key, Pumed, Google, Scopus and Scielo databases during the period 1970-2020. Development: Highly Selective Vagotomy was first performed in humans by Holle and Hart in 1967. Later, their results were informed by Johnston and Wilkinson and Amdrup and Jensen in 1970, preserving the pylorus. The only weakness attributed to HSV is a higher ulcer recurrence rate; however, mortality and morbidity are minimal, so it is the intervention of choice for intractable or complicated duodenal ulcers. Conclusions: Because of the decline in the need for surgical management, fewer surgeons are trained and and have enough experince to perform this technically challenging surgery, which has been the main factor associated with higher recurrence rates. However, we consider that HSV has a current relevance when it is performed by trained and experienced surgeons.

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Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) son uno de los grupos de fármacos más frecuentemente utilizados en la actualidad. Su uso implica riesgo de toxicidad gastrointestinal, que puede afectar tanto al tracto superior (úlcera péptica) como al inferior (gastroenteropatía por AINE).La toma de AINE se ha relacionado con un empeoramiento clínico en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En este artículo realizamos una revisión acerca de la toxicidad gastrointestinal alta y baja de los AINE, centrada especialmente en los riesgos y datos característicos de estos fármacos en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y establecemos recomendaciones para su uso en la práctica clínica. Aunque la evidencia es limitada, pautas cortas a dosis bajas de AINE parecen seguras y los datos indican que los inhibidores selectivos de la COX-2 son la opción más segura. Se debe evitar su uso a largo plazo o a dosis altas, sobre todo en pacientes con inflamación activa.(AU)

Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are currently one of the most widely used drugs. The use of NSAIDs is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, affecting both upper gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcer disease) and lower gastrointestinal tract (NSAID-induced enteropathy).NSAIDs use has been associated with an increased risk of clinical relapse in inflammatory bowel disease patients. In this article, we review the upper and lower gastrointestinal toxicity of NSAIDs, with a focus on the risks and specific data of these drugs in inflammatory bowel disease patients, giving recommendations for its appropriate use in the clinical practice. Although evidence is scarce, short-term use of NSAIDs appears to be safe, and the data available suggest that selective COX-2 inhibitors are the safer option. NSAIDs should be avoided as long-term treatment or with high doses, especially in patients with active inflammation.(AU)

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La hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior (HTDS) es el sangrado originado por encima del ángulo de Treitz. A pesar del aumento en las estrategias de prevención, del incremento en los tratamientos con Inhibidor de bomba de protones (IBP) y de la intervención endoscópica temprana, esta patología sigue siendo una causa frecuente de consulta a urgencias, con una morbimortalidad no despreciable y alta carga para el sistema de salud. Esta revisión se enfoca en la HTDS de causa diferente a las varices. La principal causante de esta entidad es la enfermedad ácido-péptica, que es consecuencia del gran consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) y de la infección por Helicobacter Pylori. Otras causas son el síndrome de Mallory Weiss, la esofagitis erosiva, las malformaciones arteriovenosas y la malignidad.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to any bleeding originating above the angle of Treitz. Despite an increase in prevention strategies, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and early endoscopic intervention, this pathology continues to be an important cause of admission to the emergency department for gastrointestinal causes, having a pretty high morbidity and mortality in addition to a high burden on the health system. This review focuses on non-variceal UGIB. The main cause of this entity being peptic acid disease, due to great consumption of NSAIDs and Helicobacter Pylori infection. Other causes are Mallory Weiss syndrome, erosive esophagitis, arteriovenous malformations, and malignancy.

A hemorragia do trato digestivo superior (HTDS) é o sangrado originado acima do ângulo de Treitz. Apesar do aumento nas estratégias de prevenção, do incremento nos tratamentos com Inibidor da bomba de prótons (IBP) e da intervenção endoscópica precoce, esta patologia segue sendo uma causa frequente de consulta a urgências, com uma morbimortalidade não depreciável e alta carga para o sistema de saúde. Esta revisão se enfoca na HTDS de causa diferente às varizes. A principal causante desta entidade é a doença ácido-péptica, que é consequência do grande consumo de anti-inflamatórios não esteróideos (AINES) e da infecção por HelicobacterPylori. Outras causas são a síndrome de Mallory Weiss, a esofagites erosiva, as malformações arteriovenosas e a malignidade. Palavras-chave: hemorragia gastrointestinal; úlcera péptica; endoscopia gastrointestinal; inibidores da bomba de prótons; medicina geral.

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Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are currently one of the most widely used drugs. The use of NSAIDs is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, affecting both upper gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcer disease) and lower gastrointestinal tract (NSAID-induced enteropathy). NSAIDs use has been associated with an increased risk of clinical relapse in inflammatory bowel disease patients. In this article, we review the upper and lower gastrointestinal toxicity of NSAIDs, with a focus on the risks and specific data of these drugs in inflammatory bowel disease patients, giving recommendations for its appropriate use in the clinical practice. Although evidence is scarce, short-term use of NSAIDs appears to be safe, and the data available suggest that selective COX-2 inhibitors are the safer option. NSAIDs should be avoided as long-term treatment or with high doses, especially in patients with active inflammation.

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AIM: To determine the prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated with portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a consecutive cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis enrolled in a screening program of oesophageal varices who underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy from November, 2013, to November, 2018. Clinical predictors of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 379 patients were included. The most frequent aetiology of liver disease was alcohol consumption (60.4%). The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated with portal hypertension was 39.6% (n=150). Among 96 patients with peptic lesions, urease was obtained in 56.2% of patients (positive in 44.4% of them). The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension was not associated with age, gender, liver function or ultrasound findings of portal hypertension. The prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension was not associated with age, gender, liver function or ultrasound findings of portal hypertension. Smokers had a trend to increased prevalence of endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension (43.2% vs. 34.6%; p=0.09), particularly peptic ulcer (6.4% vs. 0.6%; p=0.05) and peptic duodenitis (17.3% vs. 6.3%; p=0.002). Active smoking was the only independent predictor of peptic ulcer or duodenitis (OR=2.56; p=0.017). CONCLUSION: Active smoking is a risk factor for endoscopic lesions unrelated to portal hypertension. This finding should be further investigated to reassess endoscopic screening programs in cirrhotic smokers.

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Introdução: A crença de que o uso de Inibidores de Bomba de Prótons (IBPs) apresenta baixo risco de toxicidade, resultou em um aumento significativo na sua prescrição em nível mundial, esse fator juntamente com a baixa divulgação de orientações, têm contribuído para o aumento das indicações desnecessárias de inibidores de bomba de prótons em nível hospitalar, principalmente para profilaxia. Objetivo: Analisar a utilização dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em pacientes internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica de um Hospital Universitário, visando avaliar suas indicações, tempo de uso, efeitos adversos e impacto financeiro gerado pelo uso inadequado. Métodos: Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes que estiveram internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica do Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté (HMUT) durante os meses de maio a julho de 2020. As indicações adequadas do uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais do American Journal of Gastroenterology e do American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Resultados: Identificamos que 297 pacientes (79,6%) usaram inibidores de bomba de prótons em algum momento da internação. O uso desse medicamento foi adequadamente prescrito em 49,8% dos casos. Foi encontrado maior prevalência de pneumonia e diarreia nos pacientes que fizeram uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons a longo prazo. O custo anual associado as prescrições indevidas foram de R$24.736,40. Conclusão: Observamos alta prevalência de indicações incorretas dos inibidores de bomba de prótons em ambiente hospitalar, ocasionando gasto desnecessário e possíveis complicações. Faz-se necessário, portanto, elaboração de novos protocolos e maior rigidez nas indicações desses medicamentos no Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté.

Introduction: The belief that the use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) presents a low risk of toxicity, resulted in a significant increase in its prescription worldwide, this factor combined with the low disclosure of guidelines, have contributed to the increase in unnecessary indications of at the hospital level, especially for prophylaxis. Objective: To analyze the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients hospitalized in the medical clinic wards of a University Hospital, in order to evaluate their indications, time of use, adverse effects and financial impact generated by inadequate use. Methods: Medical records of patients who were admitted at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté during the months of May to July 2020 were analyzed. The appropriate indications for the use of proton pump inhibitors were based on the international guidelines of the American Journal of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacy. Results: We identified that 297 patients (79.6%) used proton pump inhibitors at some point in hospitalization. The use of this drug was adequately prescribed in 49.8% of the cases. A higher prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhea was found in patients who used proton pump inhibitors in the long term. The annual cost associated with undue prescriptions was R$24,736.40. Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of incorrect indications of proton pump inhibitors s in the hospital environment, causing unnecessary expenses and possible complications. It is necessary, therefore, the elaboration of new protocols and greater rigidity in the indications of these drugs at the Municipal University Hospital of Taubaté.

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Resumen La hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) es una emergencia médico-quirúrgica común que debe ser tratada precozmente por su alta morbimortalidad. Corresponde a sangrado del esófago, estómago o del duodeno proximal, y se divide en etiología no variceal y variceal. Dentro de las no variceales destaca la úlcera péptica como la más frecuente, siendo esta producida por un desbalance entre factores protectores y agresivos. Por otro lado, en las hemorragias variceales destacan las várices gastroduodenales, las cuales son consecuencia del aumento de la presión portal. La incidencia de la HDA a nivel mundial varía entre 37 a 172 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes por año y la mortalidad entre un 5 y un 14% según diferentes estudios. Lamentablemente, no existen cifras nacionales fidedignas de incidencia y prevalencia. El médico debe conocer bien la presentación clínica y la fisiopatología para ser asertivo en la sospecha, diagnóstico y manejo de esta patología. En cuanto al tratamiento, el enfrentamiento se divide en el manejo de urgencias y luego endoscópico, puesto que la resucitación temprana intensiva puede reducir la morbimortalidad en pacientes con HDA. A continuación se hará una revisión actualizada enfocada en los aspectos más relevantes del manejo de esta patología. Se obtuvieron los datos de Pubmed y Scielo, específicamente la búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisiones sistemáticas con las palabras "hemorragia digestiva alta", "úlcera péptica", "várices esofágicas" y otras relacionadas. Los criterios usados fueron artículos preferentemente menores a 5 años de publicación en revistas científicas de alto índice de impacto.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UHD) is a common medical-surgical emergency that must be treated early due to its high morbidity and mortality. It corresponds to bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or proximal duodenum, and is divided into non-variceal and variceal etiology. Among the non-variceal, the peptic ulcer stands out as the most frequent, being this produced by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. On the other hand, in variceal hemorrhages gastroduodenal varices stand out, are a consequence of increased portal pressure. The incidence of HDA worldwide varies between 37 to 172 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and mortality between 5 to 14% according to different studies. Unfortunately, there are no reliable national statistics of incidence and prevalence. The physician must have a good understanding of the clinical presentation and pathophysiology to be assertive in the suspicion, diagnosis, and management of this pathology. Regarding treatment, the confrontation is divided into emergency management and then endoscopic, because early intensive resuscitation can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with UHD. This is an updated review which will be focused on the most relevant aspects of the management of this pathology. Data were obtained from Pubmed and Scielo, specifically searching for original articles and systematic reviews with the words "upper gastrointestinal bleeding", "peptic ulcer", "esophageal varices" and other related words. The criteria used were articles preferably less than 5 years old in scientific journals with a high impact index.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: non-adherence to properly prescribed medications compromises the effectiveness of available treatments, interfers patient´s recovery and represents a considerable expense for the national health system. Objective: to determine the factors that influence adherence to treatment in patients diagnosed with peptic ulcer. Methods: a prospective observational analytical study was carried out in the health area of ​​Bayamo municipality between July 2018 and April 2019. The data were obtained in a collection form, which was completed by individual medical interview with each patient. The Chi-square test was used to establish the relationship between therapeutic adherence and independent variables. Results: only 51 out of 177 patients included presented therapeutic adherence (28.8%). Male sex, rural residence, school level and occupation influenced the patient's attachment to treatment, while age was not decisive. Moderate knowledge about the disease, inadequate performance of non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures affected non-adherence. The complexity of the prescribed medical plan, frequent adverse reactions, relative availability and the cost of the drugs were the factors that led to poor medication adherence. Doctor´s role was not conclusive, as it was reflected in the variables analyzed on this regard, such as medical guidelines, follow-up and the doctor-patient relationship. Conclusions: there was a low adherence to drugs in the compliance of the therapy prescribed in patients with peptic ulcer.

RESUMEN Introducción: la no adherencia a los medicamentos debidamente prescritos compromete la efectividad de los tratamientos disponibles, interfiere en la recuperación del paciente y representa un gasto considerable para el sistema nacional de salud. Objetivo: determinar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes diagnosticados de úlcera péptica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico observacional prospectivo en el área de salud del municipio de Bayamo entre julio de 2018 y abril de 2019. Los datos se obtuvieron en un formulario de recolección, el cual se completó mediante entrevista médica individual con cada paciente. Se utilizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para establecer la relación entre la adherencia terapéutica y las variables independientes. Resultados: solo 51 de 177 pacientes incluidos presentaron adherencia terapéutica (28,8%). El sexo masculino, la residencia rural, el nivel escolar y la ocupación influyeron en el apego del paciente al tratamiento, mientras que la edad no fue determinante. El conocimiento moderado sobre la enfermedad, la realización inadecuada de medidas no farmacológicas y farmacológicas afectaron la no adherencia. La complejidad del plan médico prescrito, las reacciones adversas frecuentes, la disponibilidad relativa y el costo de los medicamentos fueron los factores que llevaron a una mala adherencia a la medicación. El papel del médico no fue concluyente, como se reflejó en las variables analizadas al respecto, como las pautas médicas, el seguimiento y la relación médico-paciente. Conclusiones: hubo una baja adherencia a los fármacos en el cumplimiento de la terapia prescrita en pacientes con úlcera péptica.

RESUMO Introdução: a não adesão aos medicamentos devidamente prescritos compromete a eficácia dos tratamentos disponíveis, interfere na recuperação do paciente e representa um gasto considerável para o sistema nacional de saúde. Objetivo: determinar os fatores que influenciam a adesão ao tratamento em pacientes com diagnóstico de úlcera péptica. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo prospectivo observacional analítico na área de saúde do município de Bayamo entre jalo de 2018 e abril de 2019. Os dados foram obtidos em formulário de coleta, presencio por entrevista médica individual com cada paciente. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para estabelecer a relaja entre a adesão terapêutica e as variáveis ​​independentes. Resultados: apenas 51 dos 177 pacientes incluídos apresentaram adesão terapêutica (28,8%). Sexo masculino, residência rural, escolaridade e ocupação influenciaram o apego do paciente ao tratamento, enquanto a idade não foi determinante. O conhecimento moderado sobre a doença, o desempenho inadequado das medidas não farmacológicas e farmacológicas afearan a não adesão. A complexidade do plano médico prescrito, as reações adversas frequentes, a disponibilidade relativa e o costó dos medicamentos foram os fatores que levaram à má adesão aos medicamentos. O papel do médico não foi conclusivo, ponis se refletóunas variáveis ​​analisadas a esse respeito, como orientações médicas, acompanhamento e relajó médico-paciente. Conclusões: houve baixa adesão aos medicamentos na adesão à terapia prescrita em pacientes com úlcera péptica.

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Introducción: Como consecuencia del desarrollo del tratamiento médico de la úlcera péptica duodenal, el tratamiento quirúrgico ha disminuido notablemente. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir la progresión del tratamiento de la úlcera péptica duodenal. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico y un análisis deductivo-inductivo de múltiples fuentes bibliográficas. Desarrollo: A pesar de ser la úlcera una entidad clínica reconocida desde la antigüedad, los cirujanos la consideraron causada por el ácido, y todos los esfuerzos fueron concentrados en eliminar el ácido por medio de una operación. A partir de 1881, se comenzaron a conocer las complicaciones. En la década de los años 30 del pasado siglo, se tratan las complicaciones y también la enfermedad. Desde 1940, además, se conserva el funcionamiento digestivo y aparecen las tres formas básicas de vagotomía. En la década de 1970, se desarrollaron novedosas técnicas quirúrgicas, la endoscopía, la radiología intervencionista y la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Sin embargo, el tratamiento médico llegó con los poderosos supresores del ácido y el descubrimiento del Helicobacter pylori. Nuevamente la cirugía ha quedado relegada a tratar las úlceras refractarias y las complicadas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento médico, por medio de la terapia anti-Helicobacter asociada a potentes inhibidores de la secreción gástrica ha conseguido su curación; sin embargo, la cirugía todavía tiene un importante papel en el tratamiento de la úlcera refractaria o complicada(AU)

Introduction: Surgical treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer has notably decreased as a consequence of the development of medical treatment. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the advances in the treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from the end of the 19th century to the present. The historical-logical method and a deductive-inductive analysis of multiple bibliographic sources were used. Development: Despite ulcer has been recognized as a clinical entity since ancient times, surgeons considered that it is caused by acid; therefore, all efforts were concentrated on removing the acid through an operation. From 1881 on, complications began to be treated. In the decade of the 30s of the last century, complications and the disease were treated. Since 1940, the digestive function has also been preserved and the three basic forms of vagotomy appeared. In the 1970s, novel surgical techniques such as endoscopy, interventional radiology, and minimally invasive surgery were developed. However, powerful acid suppressants as well as the discovery of Helicobacter pylori were taken into consideration for medical treatment. Once again, surgery was relegated to the treatment of refractory ulcers and complicated ulcers. Conclusions: Medical treatment with anti-Helicobacter therapy associated with potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion has managed its healing; however, surgery still plays an important role in the treatment of refractory or complicated ulcer(AU)

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