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OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris. It also developed a method of microencapsulation and evaluated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction before and after microcapsule release. METHODS: Antiglycation activity was determined by relative electrophoretic mobility (REM), free amino groups and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tests. Microcapsules were prepared using maltodextrin as wall material and freeze-drying as encapsulation technique. Morphological characterization of microcapsules was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and encapsulation efficiency and microcapsule release were determined by total saponins released. Antiglycation and antioxidant assays were performed using crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris before and after release. RESULTS: Saponin fraction showed an increase of 32.8% total saponins. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of saponins in the obtained fraction. Antiglycation evaluation by REM demonstrated that samples before and after release presented antiglycation activity similar to bovine serum albumin treated with aminoguanidine. Additionally, samples inhibited AGE formation, highlighting treatment with saponin fraction after release (89.89%). Antioxidant tests demonstrated antioxidant activity of the samples. Crude dry extract before encapsulation presented the highest activities in DPPH (92.00%) and TBARS (32.49%) assays. Saponin fraction before encapsulation in FRAP test (499 µmol Trolox equivalent per gram of dry sample) and NO test (15.13 µmol nitrite formed per gram of extract) presented the highest activities. CONCLUSION: This study presented antiglycation activity of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris, besides it demonstrated promising antioxidant properties. It also showed that the encapsulation method was efficient and maintained biological activity of bioactive compounds after microcapsule release. These results provide information for further studies on antidiabetic and antiaging potential, and data for new herbal medicine and food supplement formulations containing microcapsules with crude extract and/or saponin fraction of T. terrestris.

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OBJECTIVE: Investigation of the antiglycation and antitumoral potential of standardized and saponins-enriched extracts of Tribulus terrestris herbal medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedures for the evaluation of the antiglycation activity of the standardized (TtSE) and saponins-enriched (TtEE) extracts of T. terrestris were: determination of relative mobility in electrophoresis (RME), free amino groups using OPA method and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) fluorescence. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging test. In vitro antitumor activity of TtSE and TtEE was evaluated in human tumor cell lines. RESULTS: The results were obtained by antiglycation tests (RME, OPA method and AGEs fluorescence determination), using BSA as protein and ribose as glycation agent, and antioxidant assay (DPPH test); it was verified that both extracts of T. terrestris have antiglycation and antioxidant activity. In addition, the extracts were able to induce death of more than 50% of human tumor cell lines. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that standardized and saponins-enriched extracts of T. terrestris herbal medicine present antiglycation and antioxidant and antiproliferative action in human tumor cells lines. The saponins-enriched extract proved a greater antiglycation and antioxidant activity in comparison to the standardized type.

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SUMMARY: Over dose or long-term clinical use of therapeutic doses of acetaminophen (APAP) causes hepatotoxicity. Various strategies attempted to ameliorate APAP-hepatotoxicity have been found to be unsuitable for clinical practice. This study was aimed to illustrate the histopathological changes induced by therapeutic dose of APAP and investigate the hepatoprotective role of oral co-administration of selenium/ Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract concurrently against hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in rats. Fifty-four healthy male albino Wistar rats were randomized into nine groups (G1-G9) of six rats each, and administered with APAP and TT orally for 30 days as follows: Control (2ml normal saline), APAP (470 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + selenium (2 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + TT (98 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + selenium (2mg/kg) + TT (98 mg/kg), APAP (470 mg/kg) + silymarin (200 mg/kg), selenium (2 mg/ kg), TT (98 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) groups. The results demonstrated that exposure of rats to therapeutic dose of APAP for 30 days caused significant histopathological changes parallel to elevated blood chemistry parameters. Co-administration of selenium/TT extract showed significantly reduced histopathological lesions and, restored or decreased levels of the examined blood chemistry parameters. Liver histology in selenium/TT extract showed normal hepatic architecture with mild changes and silymarin treated rats showed no histopathological changes. Histochemically PAS staining, showed that APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was characterized by hepatocytes glycogen depletion. Selenium/TT co-supplementation plays a potential role in preventing APAP-induced glycogen depletion by increasing detoxification and scavenging the reactive metabolites. Selenium/TT extract oral co-administration possesses a significant hepatoprotective property and mitigates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by enhancing its antioxidant role and improving tissue integrity. Selenium/TT supplementation could represent an effective treatment against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism underlying the protective role of TT extract.

RESUMEN: La dosis excesiva o el uso clínico a largo plazo de dosis terapéuticas de acetaminofeno (APAP) causa hepatotoxicidad. Se ha descubierto que varias estrategias que intentaron mejorar la hepatotoxicidad por APAP no son adecuadas para la práctica clínica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo ilustrar los cambios histopatológicos inducidos por la dosis terapéutica de APAP e investigar el papel hepatoprotector de la administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / Tribulus terrestris (TT) simultá- neamente contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP en ratas. Cincuenta y cuatro ratas Wistar albino machos sanas se aleatorizaron en nueve grupos (G1 - G9) de seis ratas cada una, y se administraron con APAP y TT por vía oral durante 30 días de la siguiente manera: Control (2 ml de solución salina normal), APAP (470 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + selenio (2 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + TT (98 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + selenio (2 mg / kg) + TT (98 mg / kg), APAP (470 mg / kg) + silimarina (200 mg / kg), selenio (2 mg / kg), TT (98 mg / kg) y silimarina (200 mg / kg). Los resultados demostraron que la exposición de las ratas a la dosis terapéutica de APAP durante 30 días causó cambios histopatológicos significativos paralelos a parámetros elevados de química sanguínea. La administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / TT mostró lesiones histopatológicas significativamente reducidas y niveles restaurados o disminuidos de los parámetros de química sanguínea. La histología hepática en el extracto de selenio / TT mostró una arquitectura hepática normal con cambios leves y las ratas tratadas con silimarina no mostraron cambios histopatológicos. La tinción histoquímica de PAS mostró que la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP se caracterizó por la pérdida de glucógeno de los hepatocitos. La suplementación con selenio / TT juega un papel potencial en la prevención de la pérdida de glucógeno inducido por APAP al aumentar la desintoxicación y eliminar los metabolitos reactivos. La administración conjunta de extracto de selenio / TT posee una propiedad hepatoprotectora significativa y mitiga la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP al mejorar su papel antioxidante y la integridad del tejido. La suplementación con selenio / TT podría representar un tratamiento efectivo contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por APAP. Se necesitan más estudios para dilucidar el mecanismo exacto que subyace a la función protectora del extracto TT.

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Introdução: a incapacidade de gerar filhos é chamada de infertilidade, e acomete grande parte da população, principalmente mulheres entrando no período da menopausa. Tal condição afeta a qualidade de vida, pois aumenta o desgaste ósseo, fazendo com que a busca por tratamentos de reposição hormonal aumente exponencialmente. Entretanto, tais tratamentos possuem efeitos colaterais, o que apresenta plantas medicinais como tratamentos alternativos. Objetivo: avaliar a histologia do fêmur de camundongos suíços fêmeas ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas tratadas ou não com Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididos em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e o fêmur coletado para análise histológica. Resultados: o TT não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o diâmetro do osso. A castração, como esperado, mostrou possível osteopenia. A planta pode ter efeito protetor aos ossos devido a efeito antiartrítico. Conclusão: na análise histológica descritiva do fêmur, foram evidenciadas alterações que se associam à osteopenia nos animais castrados e efeito ósseo-protetor nos animais suplementados com o extrato dos frutos do Tribulus terrestris L.

Introduction: inability to generate children is called infertility and affects a large part of the population, especially women entering the menopausal period. Such a condition affects the quality of life, including the use of the bone system, causing the search for hormone replacement services exponentially. However, such treatments shave light collectors, such as medicinal plants as alternative treatments. Objective: to evaluate the histology of the treatment of pairs of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized women treated with or without Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Methods: twenty-eight Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation, and two with bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by way of gavage. After the evaluation, the animals were eutanasiated and their femur was collected for histological analysis. Results: the TT was not able to change the diameter of the bone. Castration, as expected, allowed for osteopenia. The plant may have a protective effect on bones because of an anti-arthritic effect. Conclusion: in the descriptive histological analysis of phosphorus, there were evidences alterations that associate the osteopenia in the animals and the bony-protective effects in the animals supplemented with the extract of the fruits of Tribulus terrestris L.

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Introdução: a infertilidade ou incapacidade de gerar filhos é um problema que acomete parte da população. Seu tratamento geralmente é feito pela reposição hormonal, no entanto, terapias alternativas com o uso de plantas medicinais vêm sendo adotadas. Objetivo: diante do exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do extrato do Tribulus terrestris L. na ocorrência do ciclo estral em camundongos fêmea ovariectomizadas e não ovariectomizadas. Métodos: foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas e adultas, divididas em quatro grupos de 7 animais: grupo sem ovariectomia e sem suplementação ou controle, grupo com ovariectomia e sem suplementação, simulando a infertilidade, grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris (10mg/kg) com ovariectomia e grupo tratado com Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg/kg) sem ovariectomia. Os extratos foram administrados por gavagem durante 21 dias. O ciclo estral foi analisado ao longo deste mesmo período. Resultados: notou-se aumento significativo na fase proestro do ciclo estral no grupo ovariectomizado e suplementado quando comparado ao grupo ovariectomizado e sem suplementação. Conclusão: o aumento significativo na ocorrência do proestro corresponde a um período do ciclo estral relacionado à ocorrência da ovulação.

Introduction: infertility or inability to generate children is a problem that affects part of the population. Its treatment is usually done by hormone replacement, however, alternative therapies with the use of medicinal plants have been adopted. Objective: in view of the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris L. extract on the occurrence of the estrous cycle in ovariectomized and non ovariectomized mice. Methods: twentyeight female and adult Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 7 animals: group without ovariectomy and without supplementation or control, group with ovariectomy and no supplementation simulating infertility, group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) with ovariectomy and group treated with Tribulus terrestris L. (10mg / kg) without ovariectomy. The extracts were administered by way of gavage for 21 days. The estrous cycle was analyzed over this same time. Results: there was a significant increase in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in the ovariectomized group and supplemented when compared to the ovariectomized group and without supplementation. Conclusion: the significant increase in the occurrence of proestrus corresponds to a period of the estrous cycle related to the occurrence of ovulation.

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Introdução: A infertilidade é definida como incapacidade de gerar filhos e acomete significativa parte da população. Por afetar a qualidade de vida da paciente, a mesma geralmente busca tratamentos que, em suma, são a base de reposição hormonal, que possui diversos efeitos colaterais, abrindo assim uma porta para o estudo de tratamentos alternativos, como o caso das plantas medicinais. Objetivo: Dosar testosterona, progesterona e estradiol em camundongos, assim como sua variação ponderal mediante a suplementação com Tribulus terrestris L. Métodos: Foram utilizados 28 camundongos suíços fêmeas divididas em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles com e sem suplementação e dois que sofreram o processo de ovariectomia bilateral, com e sem suplementação. O extrato da planta foi administrado por 21 dias por gavagem. Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e após os 21 dias foram eutanasiados, e tiveram o sague coletado para as dosagens hormonais. Resultados: Ocorreu queda significativa de testosterona nos grupos suplementados com a planta e nos grupos ovariectomizados em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao estradiol, não houve alterações significativas entre os grupos, enquanto a progesterona reduziu significativamente nos grupos castrados com e sem suplementação. Quanto à variação ponderal, ao comparar os grupos ovariectomizados e não ovariectomizados, notou-se aumento significativo do peso. Conclusão: A castração promoveu o aumento de peso nos animais. A mesma medida associada à suplementação reduziu a testosterona e a progesterona sérica, e não alterou os níveis de estradiol nos animais.

Introduction: Infertility is defined as the inability to generate children, and affects a significant part of the population. Because it affects the quality of life of the patient, they usually seeks treatments that, in short, are based on hormonal replacement, which has several side effects, opening, thus, a door for the study of alternative treatments, such as the case of medicinal plants. Objective: To measure testosterone, progesterone and estradiol in mice, as well as their weight variation by means of supplementation with Tribulus terrestris L. Methods: Twenty-eight female Swiss mice were divided into four groups, two controls with and without supplementation and two that underwent the process of bilateral ovariectomy, with and without supplementation. The plant extract was administered for 21 days by gavage. The animals were weighed weekly and, after 21 days, were euthanized and the sage was collected for the hormonal dosages. Results: There was a significant fall in testosterone in the groups supplemented with the plant and in the ovariectomized groups in relation to the control group. There were no significant changes in estradiol between groups, whereas progesterone significantly decreased in the castrated groups with and without supplementation. Regarding the weight variation when comparing the ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized groups, a significant increase in weight was observed. Conclusion: Castration promoted weight gain in animals. The same associated with supplementation reduced testosterone and serum progesterone and did not alter estradiol levels in the animals.

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SUMMARY: Toxic effects of anti-cancer and other drugs on the normal tissues could be reduced by the herbal plants and their fractions. This study investigated the protective effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on Cisplatin- induced cytotoxicity germ cell apoptosis in male mice. In this experimental study, thirty male Balb/c mice were divided randomly into 5 groups (n=6). A single dose of Cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and differ-ent concentrations of Tribulus terrestris were administrated for 14 consecutive days. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of apoptosis-re-lated genes was performed with RNA extracted from testes of the mice. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA. In the Cisplatin group, there was a significant increase in mRNA expression of p53 (P=0.008), bax (P=0.004) and the ratio of bax/Bcl-2 (P=0.000), whereas there was an decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 (P=0.003), as compared to control group. In Cis+TT groups, the data showed that different concentrations of TT could improve the harmful effects caused by the Cisplatin. The best protective effects were achieved in Cis+TT (300 mg/kg). Tribulus terrestris protects testicular germ cell against Cisplatin induced apoptosis by affecting related genes regulation.

RESUMEN: Los efectos tóxicos en los tejidos normales, de los medicamentos contra el cáncer al igual que otras medicamentos podrían mejorar con el uso de plantas medicinales y hierbas. Este estudio investigó el efecto protector de Tribulus terrestris (TT) sobre la apoptosis de células germinales por citotoxicidad inducida por cisplatino en ratones machos. En este estudio se dividieron treinta ratones Balb/c macho aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (n = 6). Se administró una sola dosis de cisplatino (5,5 mg / kg) y diferentes concentraciones de Tribulus terrestris durante 14 días consecutivos. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción reversa de los genes relacionados con la apoptosis, se realizó con ARN extraído de los testículos de los ratones. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando ANOVA de una vía. En el grupo cisplatino, hubo un aumento significativo en la expresión de mRNA de p53 (P = 0,008), bax (P = 0,004) y la relación de bax / Bcl-2 (P = 0.000), mientras que hubo una disminución en la expresión de Bcl-2 (P = 0,003), en comparación con el grupo control. En los grupos Cis + TT, los datos mostraron que las diferentes concentraciones de TT podrían mejorar los efectos nocivos causados por el cisplatino. Los mejores efectos protectores se lograron en Cis + TT (300 mg / kg). Tribulus terrestris protege las células germinales testiculares contra la apoptosis inducida por cisplatino al afectar la regulación de los genes relacionados.

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Although hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is the most common sexual complaint, there is no consensus for the ideal treatment. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of treating premenopausal women with HSDD with Tribulus terrestris and its effect on the serum levels of testosterone. We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with 40 premenopausal women reporting diminished libido, receiving T. terrestris or placebo. The questionnaires FSFI and the QS-F were used to evaluate sexual dysfunction before and after treatment. Patients treated with T. terrestris experienced improvement in total score of FSFI (p < .001) and domains "desire" (p < .001), "sexual arousal" (p = .005), "lubrication" (p = .001), "orgasm" (p <.001), "pain" (p = .030) and "satisfaction" (p = .001). Treatment with placebo did not improve the scores for the "lubrication" and "pain". QS-F scores showed that patients using T. terrestris had improvements in "desire" (p = .012), "sexual arousal/lubrication" (p = .002), "pain" (p = .031), "orgasm" (p = .004) and "satisfaction" (p = .001). Women treated with placebo did not score improvements. Women receiving T. terrestris had increased levels of free (p = .046) and bioavailable (p < .048) testosterone. T. terrestris might be a safe alternative for the treatment of premenopausal women with HSDD as it was effective in reducing the symptoms, probably due to an increase in the serum levels of free and bioavailable testosterone.

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Introdução: o declínio sérico de testosterona decorrente da idade afeta a qualidade de vida do homem, que busca meios para tratamento que não possuam tantos efeitos adversos como a testosterona sintética, como o extrato da planta Tribulus terrestris L. (TT). Objetivo: estudar a histologia dos testículos de camundongos suíços suplementados com propionato de testosterona e extrato de TT. Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, onde o grupo controle recebeu veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco e o grupo TT recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta. Resultados e Discussão: a região ependidimária foi visualizada com características de normalidade, mostrando epitélio pseudo-estratificado ciliado, intercalado por tecido muscular liso. Nos grupos controle e testosterona foi evidenciado a presença de espermatozoides no centro dos ductos. O alto incremento de testosterona sérica causado pela suplementação com o TT possivelmente leva a um mecanismo de feedback negativo no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise, fazendo com que o mesmo não secrete os hormônios necessários para a síntese de testosterona endógena e sequente produção espermática. Conclusão: o uso de TT pode causar azoospermia.

Introduction: age-related serum testosterone decline affects man's quality of life, which seeks treatment means that do not have as many adverse effects as synthetic testosterone, such as Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) extract. Objective: to study the histology of the testes of Swiss mice supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT extract. Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug and the TT group received 10 mg / kg of the plant extract. Results and Discussion: the ependidimary region was visualized with characteristics of normality, showing ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, interspersed by smooth muscle tissue. In the control and testosterone groups the presence of spermatozoa was evidenced in the center of the ducts. The high increase of serum testosterone caused by supplementation with TT possibly leads to a negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, causing it not to secrete the hormones necessary for the synthesis of endogenous testosterone and subsequent sperm production. Conclusion: the use of TT may cause azoospermia.

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Introdução: a redução dos hormônios sexuais está associada à condição como a depressão e, nesse cenário, busca-se cada vez mais por tratamentos de suplementação com testosterona sintética, que possui muitos efeitos colaterais. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui compostos químicos similares ou análogos a testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia dos rins de camundongos suíços machos suplementados com TT e propionato de testosterona (PT) Métodos: o procedimento utilizou 30 camundongos suíços machos divididos em 3 grupos, em que o grupo controle recebeu um veículo aquoso durante o experimento. O grupo testosterona recebeu 20mg/kg do fármaco PT e o grupo Tribulus recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato das flores da planta TT. Após eutanásia, os rins foram retirados e emblocados em parafina para confecção das lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: em comparação ao grupo controle não foram evidenciadas diferenças histológicas. Conclusão: este estudo corrobora com o de Ghanbari (2016), que apresenta um suposto efeito antioxidante nos rins, não causando dano ao mesmo, e sim redução de disfunções renais, danos tubulares, apoptose e estresse oxidativo devido á flavonoides (substâncias encontradas na composição química da planta).

Introduction: the reduction of sex hormones is associated with condition such as depression and, in this scenario, it is increasingly sought for treatments of synthetic testosterone supplementation, which has many side effects. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has chemical compounds similar to or analogous to testosterone. Objective: to analyze the histology of the kidneys of male Swiss mice supplemented with TT and testosterone propionate (PT) Methods: the procedure used 30 male Swiss mice divided into 3 groups, where the control group received an aqueous vehicle during the experiment. The testosterone group received 20 mg / kg of the drug PT and the Tribulus group received 10 mg / kg of the extract of the flowers of the TT plant. After euthanasia the kidneys were removed and placed in paraffin for the preparation of the slides. Results and Discussion: in comparison to the control group, no histological differences were found. Conclusion: this study corroborates that of Ghanbari (2016) which presents a supposed antioxidant effect in the kidneys, not causing damage to it, but reduction of renal dysfunctions, tubular damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress due to flavonoids (substances found in the composition chemistry of the plant).

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Introdução: o declínio hormonal associa-se à depressão. O uso de testosterona sintética aumentou significativamente, buscando minimizar os sintomas desse quadro. O Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) é uma planta que supostamente possui componentes análogos à testosterona. Objetivo: analisar a histologia do fígado de animais normais e com declínio reprodutivo, suplementados com propionato de testosterona e TT. Métodos: foram utilizados 40 camundongos suíços machos divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um castrado. Os grupos controle e castrado receberam o veículo aquoso, no qual as drogas dos demais grupos foram diluídas. O grupo TT recebeu extrato das flores da planta na dosagem de 10 mg/kg e o grupo testosterona recebeu propionato de testosterona na dosagem de 20 mg/kg. Todas as administrações foram via gavagem durante 30 dias. Os animais foram eutanasiados e o fígado coletado para confecção de lâminas. Resultados e Discussão: não foram encontrados parâmetros discrepantes do grupo controle em nenhuma lâmina de estudo, entretanto, o exercício físico adotado no teste concomitante de comportamento pode ter relação com os resultados. Conclusão: o exercício físico aeróbio tem a capacidade de restaurar e modular enzimas hepáticas, aumentando a glicogenólise e a gliconeogênese, diminuindo esteatose hepática e estresse oxidativo, causando efeito hepatoprotetor, aumentando mitoses e capilares sinusóides, que melhoram a irrigação e favorecem a regeneração hepática.

Introduction: hormonal decline is associated with depression. The use of synthetic testosterone increased significantly to minimize the symptoms of this condition. Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is a plant that supposedly has components analogous to testosterone. Objective: analyze liver histology of normal and reproductive decline animals supplemented with testosterone propionate and TT. Methods: forty male Swiss mice were divided into four groups, one castrated. The control and castrated groups received the aqueous vehicle in which the drugs from the other groups were diluted. The TT group received extract of the flowers of the plant at a dose of 10 mg / kg and the testosterone group received testosterone propionate at the dosage of 20 mg / kg. All administrations were by gavage for 30 days. The animals were euthanized and the liver was collected for the preparation of slides. Results and Discussion: there were no discrepant parameters of the control group found in any study slide, however, the physical exercise adopted in the concomitant behavior test may be related to the results. Conclusion: aerobic physical exercise has the capacity to restore and modulate liver enzymes, increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, decreasing hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, causing hepatoprotective effect, increasing mitoses and sinusoid capillaries, which improve irrigation and favor liver regeneration.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver induces many complications to the liver tissue and also serum related parameters. Medicinal plants are the safe therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases. In this regards, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. In this experimental study, thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6). Animals in experimental groups were received high fructose diet (70 %) (HDF) daily alone or in combined with daily intraperitoneal injection of 500, 700 and 1000 mg/kg extract of T. terrestris. Control group of rats was feed with standard chow. The serum levels of biomarkers of liver and serum lipid profiles were assessed, also histopathological examination of liver tissue done. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA method followed by Tukey's post-hoc multiple comparison test and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There were significant improvements for biomarkers of liver tissue (P<0.05) and serum lipid profiles (P<0.01) in the HFD-fed rats that were treated with T. terrestris extract compare to HFD-fed group. In addition, accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes was significantly reduced in the HFD-fed + extract administrated groups in comparison to HFD-fed rats (P<0.01). T. terrestris extract has protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver by changing biomarkers of liver tissue, serum lipid profiles and histopathological anomalies of liver tissue, to normal range.

El hígado graso no alcohólico induce muchas complicaciones al tejido hepático y también en ciertos parámetros relacionados con el suero. Las plantas medicinales son la estrategia terapéutica segura para el tratamiento de enfermedades. En este sentido, el presente estudio se realizó para evaluar el efecto del extracto de Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) sobre el hígado graso no alcohólico en ratas. En este estudio experimental se dividieron 30 ratas macho Wistar en cinco grupos (n = 6). Los animales de los grupos experimentales recibieron dietas altas en fructosa (70 %) (HDF) al día o en combinación con inyección intraperitoneal diaria de 500, 700 y 1000 mg / kg de extracto de T. terrestris. El grupo control de ratas fue alimentado con alimento estándar. Se evaluaron los niveles séricos de biomarcadores hepáticos y perfiles de lípidos séricos, así como un examen histopatológico del tejido hepático. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el método ANOVA de una vía seguido de la prueba de comparación múltiple post-hoc de Tukey y el P<0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Hubo mejoras significativas en los biomarcadores del tejido hepático (P <0,05) y en los perfiles de lípidos séricos (P <0,01) en las ratas alimentadas con HFD que se trataron con extrato de T. terrestris comparado con el grupo alimentado con HFD. Además, la acumulación de lípidos en los hepatocitos se redujo significativamente en los grupos alimentados con HFD + extracto, en comparación con las ratas alimentadas con HFD (P <0,01). El extracto de T. terrestris tiene efectos protectores sobre el hígado graso no alcohólico, provocando modificaciones en los marcadores biológicos del tejido hepático, los perfiles lipídicos del suero y las anomalías histopatológicas del tejido hepático, hasta un rango normal.

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Male fertility can be evaluated through complete semen analysis. Plants belonging to the Tribulus genus are known for their role in enhancing sex hormone levels and semen quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of T. terrestris on semen quality and physiological parameters. Sixty-five men with abnormal semen evaluation were included in this study, in which they were prescribed with oral administration of Androsten® (250 mg of Tribulus terrestris dried extract per capsule). Body fat percentage, lean muscle mass gain, fluctuation in steroid hormone levels and all semen parameters were analysed during the period of treatment. The results demonstrated that decrease in the percentage of body fat and increase in lean mass were significant, as well as increase in dihydrotestosterone levels. Complete semen analysis evaluated at the end of treatment showed significant enhancement in sperm concentration, motility and liquefaction time. Protodioscin, the main phytochemical agent of the Tribulus genus, acts on sertoli cells, germ cell proliferation and growth of seminiferous tubules. This component is known to convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, which plays important roles in male attributes. Our results indicate the therapeutic use of Tribulus terrestris by men presenting altered semen parameters, and/or undergoing infertility treatment.

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Introdução: a redução dos esteroides sexuais ocasionada pelo hipogonadismo se associa a depressão. Tratamentos alternativos com plantas medicinais como o extrato do Tribulus terrestris (TT) tem sido frequentemente usado por pessoas nesta condição. Objetivo: este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a influência do declínio de testosterona, da suplementação com TT e propionato de testosterona no comportamento de animais. Método: foram utilizados 40 camundongos da linhagem Swiss, machos, divididos em quatro grupos. Os grupos controle e castrado receberam veículo aquoso; o grupo TT recebeu 10 mg/kg do extrato da planta e o grupo propionato de testosterona foi tratado com 20 mg/kg deste fármaco. A avaliação comportamental foi feita pelo teste do nado forçado. Após trinta dias de tratamento, foi coletado sangue para dosagem de testosterona livre. Resultado e Discussão: os resultados evidenciaram efeito antidepressivo significativo nos animais castrados e suplementados com propionato de testosterona. Houve também significância no efeito depressivo nos animais tratados com TT; redução significativa na concentração de testosterona nos animais castrados e aumento significativo nos animais do grupo TT e propionato de testosterona. Conclusão: conclui-se que a castração, suplementação com TT e propionato de testosterona apresentaram suposta capacidade de alterar o comportamento e modificar as concentrações sérias de testosterona.

Introcution: the reduction of sexual steroids caused by hypogonadism is associated with depression. Alternative treatments with medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract have often been used by people in this condition. Objective: this study aimed to investigate the influence of testosterone decline, supplementation with TT and testosterone propionate on animal behavior. Method: fourty Swiss male mice were divided into four groups. The control and castrated groups received aqueous vehicle; the TT group received 10 mg / kg of the plant extract and the testosterone propionate group was treated with 20 mg / kg of this drug. Behavioral assessment was performed by the forced swim test. After 30 days of treatment, blood was collected for free testosterone dosing. Results and Discussion: the results showed a significant antidepressant effect in castrated animals supplemented with testosterone propionate. There was also significance in the depressive effect in animals treated with TT; significant reduction in the concentration of testosterone in castrated animals and a significant increase in the animals of the TT group and testosterone propionate. Conclusion: it was concluded that castration, supplementation with TT and testosterone propionate presented a supposed capacity to alter the behavior and modify serum concentrations of testosterone.

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Cisplatin (EBEWE Pharma, Unterach, Austria) is an anti-cancer drug used in chemotherapy. One of the limiting major side effects of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity. Tribulus terrestris (TT) has been used as an synthetic or herbal protective agents for kidney disorders. The present study amid to investigate the Tribulus terrestris Hydroalcoholic extract effect on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in mice kidney. Male adult mice (n= 30) were divided into control group and 4 experimental groups (n= 6). Control group received saline, the first experimental group received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and other three experimental groups received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and different doses of hydroalcoholic extact of TT (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg i.p) respectively. The kidneys were removed after 4 days of injections, and TUNEL assay on mice's kidneys were performed. Weights of body and kidneys and apoptotic index were assessed. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. The results showed that cisplatin lead to a reduction in the weight of body and kidney (P <0.01), and increased apoptotic index significantly compared to the control group (P <0.001), while in treated groups with TT, the weights of body and kidney were significantly higher compared with cisplatin group, but apoptotic index did not show significant differences. These parameters reached normal range after administration of fruit extracts of TT for 4 days. The study demonstrates that extract of TT could have protective effect on cisplatin- induced apoptosis of kidney. This may be related to the presence of antioxidant components acting via a multitude of central and peripheral mechanisms.

El cisplatino (EBEWE Pharma, Unterach, Austria) es un medicamento contra el cáncer utilizado en quimioterapia. Uno de los principales efectos secundarios limitantes del cisplatino es la nefrotoxicidad. Tribulus terrestris (TT) ha sido utilizado como agente protector sintético o herbal para los trastornos renales. El objetivo fue investigar el efecto del extracto hidroalcohólico de TT sobre la apoptosis inducida por cisplatino en el riñón de ratones. Se utilizaron ratones adultos machos (n= 30), que fueron divididos en 4 grupos, un control y tres grupos experimentales (n= 6). El grupo control recibió solución salina; el primer grupo experimental recibió cisplatino (5,5 mg/kg) y los otros tres grupos experimentales recibieron cisplatino (5,5 mg/kg) con diferentes dosis de extracto hidroalcohólico de TT (100, 300 y 500 mg/kg vía ip) respectivamente. Los riñones fueron retirados después de 4 días de aplicadas las inyecciones, y se realizó el ensayo TUNEL en los riñones. Se evaluó el peso corporal de los ratones, el peso de los riñones y el índice de apoptosis. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante ANOVA de un factor seguido por la prueba post hoc de Tukey. Los resultados mostraron que el cisplatino con plomo provocó una reducción en el peso corporal y el riñón (P <0,01) y un aumento significativo del índice de apoptosis en comparación con el grupo control (P <0,001), mientras que en los grupos tratados con TT, los pesos corporales y de los riñones fueron significativamente mayores en comparación con el grupo de cisplatino, pero el índice de apoptosis no mostró diferencias significativas. Estos parámetros alcanzaron niveles normales después de la administración de extracto de TT durante 4 días. El estudio demuestra que el extracto de TT podría tener un efecto protector sobre la apoptosis inducida por cisplatino en el riñón, que podría estar relacionado con la presencia de componentes antioxidantes que actúan a través de múltiples mecanismos centrales y periféricos.

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Usage of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases is a remarkable strategy considered in both clinical and experimental studies. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract administration on the serum level of glucose and reproductive parameters in diabetic male rats. In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats (200­250 g) were divided into 5 groups (n= 6). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. Experimental groups received daily Intraperitoneal injection of the extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) since one week after inducing diabetes for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the serum levels of testosterone and glucose were examined by ELISA and Glucodr devices respectively. Sperm parameters including morphology, count and motility were evaluated from the cauda epididymis. The diameters of seminiferous tubules were assessed based on 5 µm paraffin section of H&E stained section of testes. The data were evaluated by One Way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test using SPSS software. In T. terrestris extract groups, there were significant reductions in the levels of blood glucose while increased sperm motility, sperm count and seminiferous tubules diameter, percentage of sperms with normal morphology, level of testosterone hormone and final body weight compared with diabetic group (p <0.001). In conclusion, T. terrestris hydroalcoholic extract decreases serum level of glucose and diminishes the side effects of diabetes on male reproductive system showing by increasing in the serum level of testosterone, improving sperm parameters and returning the seminiferous tubules to normal diameter by a dose dependent manner.

El uso de plantas medicinales para el tratamiento de enfermedades es una importante estrategia considerada en estudios clínicos y experimentales. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la administración de extracto de Tribulus terrestris hidroalcohólico en el nivel sérico de glucosa y los parámetros reproductivos en ratas macho diabéticas. En este estudio experimental, se dividieron 30 ratas Wistar (200­250 g) macho adultas, en 5 grupos (n= 6). Se indujo diabetes por una sola inyección intraperitoneal (i.p.) de 50 mg/kg de estreptozotocina. Los grupos experimentales recibieron inyección i.p diaria del extracto (100, 250 y 500 mg/kg) una semana después de la inducción de la diabetes durante dos semanas. Al final del experimento, los niveles séricos de testosterona y de glucosa se examinaron por ELISA y el dispositivos Glucodr, respectivamente. Además, fueron evaluados los parámetros de morfología, conteo y motilidad espermática. Los diámetros de los túbulos seminíferos de los testículos se evaluaron sobre la base de secciones de parafina de 5 mm teñidos con H&E. Los datos fueron evaluados por ANOVA de una vía seguido de prueba post-hoc utilizando el programa SPSS (versión 20). En los grupos tratados con extracto de T. terrestris hubo una reducción significativa en los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, mientras que se observó un aumento en el recuento y motilidad espermática, el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos, el porcentaje de espermatozoides con morfología normal, el nivel de testosterona y el peso corporal final de las ratas en comparación con el grupo de ratas diabéticas (p <0,001). En conclusión, el extracto de T. terrestris hidroalcohólico disminuye los niveles séricos de glucosa y los efectos secundarios de la diabetes en el sistema reproductivo mediante el aumento de los niveles séricos de testosterona, mejorando los parámetros de los espermatozoides y la restitución a diámetro normal de los túbulos seminíferos dependiendo de la dosis.

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Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug used in chemotherapy. One of the limiting side effects of cisplatin is decreasing genital gland function, azoospermia and oligospermia. Tribulus terrestris (TT) has been used as an aphrodisiac. The present study amid to investigate protective effect of TT hydroalcoholic extract against cisplatin-induced apoptosis on testis in mice. Male adult mice (n=30) were divided into control and 4 experimental groups (n=6). Control group received saline, first experimental group received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and other three experimental group received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and different doses of hydroalcoholic extact of TT (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg/i.p) respectively. Day after the last injection, histopathology and histomorphic analysis and also TUNEL assay on mice testis were performed. Weights of body and testis, seminiferous tubules diameter and apoptotic index were assessed. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys' test. The results showed that cisplatin lead to a reduction in the weight of body and testes, and significantly increased apoptotic index compared to the control group (P<0.001), while in treated groups with TT, the weights of body and testis and seminiferous tubules diameter were significantly higher compared with cisplatin group (P<0.001), but apoptotic index did not show significant differences. The study demonstrates that extract of TT could protective effect of on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of testis and seminiferous tubules diameter that may be related to the presence of antioxidant components acting via a multitude of central and peripheral mechanisms.

El cisplatino es un medicamento anticancerígeno utilizado en tratamientos de quimioterapia. Uno de los efectos secundarios que limitan el uso del cisplatino es la disminución en la función de la glándula genital, provocando azoospermia y oligospermia. El Tribulus terrestris (TT) se ha utilizado como un afrodisíaco. El objetivo fue investigar el efecto protector del extracto hidroalcohólico de TT contra la apoptosis inducida por el cisplatino en los testículos de ratones. Ratones machos adultos (n=30) fueron divididos en un grupo control y cuatro grupos experimentales (n=6). Al grupo control se le administró una solución salina, mientras que el primer grupo experimental recibió cisplatino (5,5 mg/kg) y los tres restantes recibieron cisplatino (5,5 mg/kg) con diferentes dosis del extracto hidroalcohólico de TT (100, 300 y 500 mg/kg/ip), respectivamente. El día posterior a la última inyección, se realizaron análisis histopatológicos y morfométricos, junto al ensayo TUNEL, de los testículos de los ratones. Se registró el peso corporal y testicular de cada ratón, así como el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos e índice de apoptosis. Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANOVA de una vía, seguida de la prueba de Tukey. El cisplatino provocó una reducción del peso corporal y testicular, y un aumento del índice de apoptosis, que fue significativo en comparación con el grupo control (P<0,001), mientras que en los grupos tratados con TT, el peso corporal y testicular, junto al diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos fueron significativamente mayores en comparación con el grupo tratado con cisplatino (P<0,001), sin embargo, el índice de apoptosis no mostró diferencias significativas. El estudio demuestra que el extracto de TT podría poseer un efecto protector de la apoptosis inducida por cisplatino sobre los testículos, así como en el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos, lo que podría relacionarse con la presencia de componentes antioxidantes que actúan a través de diversos mecanismos, centrales y periféricos.

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Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug used in chemotherapy. One of the limiting side effects of cisplatin is decreasing genital gland function, azoospermia and oligospermia. Tribulus terrestris has been used as an aphrodisiac. The present study amid to investigate protective effect of Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity on sperm parameters in mice. Male adult mice (n=30) were divided into control and 4 experimental groups (n=6). Control group received saline, first experimental group received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and other three experimental groups received cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg) and different doses of hydroalcoholic extact of Tribulus terrestris (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg/i.p) respectively. On the day after the last injection, blood samples were collected for serum Nitric oxide (NO) assay. Also weights of body and testis, sperm parameters and seminiferous tubules diameter were assessed. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys' test. The results showed that cisplatin lead to a reduction in the weight of body and testes, sperm parameters and increased level serum of NO significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05), while in treated groups with Tribulus terrestris, the weights of body and testes, sperm parameters, seminiferous tubules diameter were significantly higher compared with cisplatin group (P<0.05), but serum level of NO did not show significant differences. The study demonstrates that extract of Tribulus terrestris could protective effect against cisplatin- induced cytotoxicity on sperm parameters that may be related to the presence of antioxidant components acting via a multitude of central and peripheral mechanisms.

El cisplatino es un medicamento contra el cáncer utilizado en la quimioterapia. Uno de los efectos secundarios limitantes de cisplatino es la decreciente función glándular genital, azoospermia y oligospermia. Tribulus terrestris ha sido utilizado como un afrodisíaco. En el presente estudio se investiga el efecto protector del extracto hidroalcohólico de Tribulus terrestris (TT) contra la citotoxicidad inducida por cisplatino en los parámetros espermáticos en ratones. Ratones adultos machos (n = 30) fueron divididos en 4 grupos control y experimentales (n = 6). En el grupo control se administró solución salina, el primer grupo experimental recibió cisplatino (5,5 mg/kg) mientras que otros tres grupos experimentales recibieron cisplatino (5.5 mg/kg) además de diferentes dosis de extracto hidroalcohólico de TT (100, 300 y 500 mg/kg/IP) respectivamente. El día siguiente de la última inyección, se analizaron muestras de sangre para expresión de óxido nítrito (ON). Además, fueron evaluados el peso del cuerpo y testículos, los parámetros espermáticos y el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey. El uso de cisplatino causó reducción del peso corporal y testicular, parámetros espermáticos y aumento significativo de los valores de ON en comparación con el grupo control (P<0,05), mientras que los grupos tratados con TT, fue significativamente mayor el peso corporal y testicular, parámetros espermáticos y diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos en comparación al grupo tratado con cisplatino (P<0,05). No se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores ON. El extracto de TT puede tener un efecto protector frente a la citotoxicidad inducida por el cisplatino sobre los parámetros espermáticos, al estar relacionado a la presencia de componentes antioxidantes que actúan mediante mecanismos centrales y periféricos.

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Introdução: O Tribulus terrestris é uma planta utilizada há séculos e com propriedades medicinais variadas e amplamente conhecidas.Objetivo: Verificar evidências do uso do Tribulus terrestris na saúde.Métodos: Busca sistematizada da literatura por meio de busca eletrônica nas bases Medline, Lilacs e Biblioteca Cochrane, incluindo estudos com boa qualidade metodológica que avaliem os efeitos do Tribulus terrestris em qualquer situação clínica.Resultados: Oito estudos em animais mostraram ações diversas do Tribulus terrestris, sobressaindo dois estudos que mostram ação anti-hipertensiva. Entre os estudos em humanos, destacam-se aqueles que demonstraram a ausência de efeito do Tribulus terrestris na produção dos hormônios masculinos.Conclusão: Estudos em animais mostraram possíveis efeitos do Tribulus terrestris como anti-hipertensivo, antianginoso e na disfunção erétil. No entanto, não há evidências suficientes de sua eficácia e segurança no tratamento ou na prevenção de doenças, incluindo hipertensão arterial sistêmica, angina e disfunção erétil. Ensaios clínicos randomizados com boa qualidade metodológica ainda são necessários para avaliar os efeitos do Tribulus terrestris e sustentar seu uso na prática clinica.

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PURPOSE: Recurrence and persistent side effects of present day treatment for urolithiasis restrict their use, so an alternate solution, using phytotherapy is being sought. The present study attempted to evaluate the antilithiatic properties of Tribulus terrestris commonly called as “gokhru” which is often used in ayurveda to treat various urinary diseases including urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The activity of Tribulus terrestris was investigated on nucleation and the growth of the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals as well as on oxalate induced cell injury of NRK 52E renal epithelial cells. RESULTS: Tribulus terrestris extract exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of nucleation and the growth of CaOx crystals. When NRK-52E cells were injured by exposure to oxalate for 72 h, Tribulus terrestris extract prevented the injury in a dose-dependent manner. On treatment with the different concentrations of the plant, the cell viability increased and lactate dehydrogenase release decreased in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The current data suggests that Tribulus terrestris extract not only has a potential to inhibit nucleation and the growth of the CaOx crystals but also has a cytoprotective role. Our results indicate that it could be a potential candidate for phytotherapy against urolithiasis.

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