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The actions are oriented to delight travelers where existing protocols fall short of solving problems in the travel and tourism industry, seeking the retention of commuters by offering travel quality. The present study investigates the travel decision-making process by exploring the nexus between travel quality and re-travel intentions (RTI). The study also analyzes the relational switching cost's (RSC) unique role as a sequential mediator in driving travel quality through the theoretical lens of expectancy disconfirmation theory. Furthermore, the study also explores the role of gender in explaining RTI. 434 real-time responses were collected following the lifetime value (LTV) approach. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. The study reveals that travel quality significantly influences commuter satisfaction. The results also suggest the indirect effect of RSC on commuter satisfaction (CS) and (RTI). Finally, it is suggested that RTI is higher among female commuters than male commuters. The fundamental contribution of this study is developing and testing the travel decision-making process by extending the EDT model. Additionally, the TRAVQUAL scale contributes to measuring perceived and expected travel quality. Commuter satisfaction and relational switching costs act as sequential mediators, while gender emerges as a moderator, emphasizing the greater significance of re-travel intentions among female commuters post-RSC. These insights contribute valuable perspectives for enhancing travel experiences and decision-making processes in the travel and tourism industry.
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Toma de Decisiones , Intención , Viaje , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Viaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Satisfacción Personal , Adulto Joven , Factores Sexuales , Modelos Psicológicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , AdolescenteRESUMEN
The sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (SECTT), also referred to as child sex tourism, involves engaging in sexual activity with someone under the age of 18 in the context of travel and/or tourism. Research on the perpetration of SECTT is vastly underdeveloped. The present review considers the operationalization of SECTT, its prevalence, and existing theoretical models. Existing theory on SECTT provides a good overview of environmental factors that contribute to SECTT, but the model is insufficient in fully accounting for individual-level risk factors related to sexual offending against children. The present paper expands an existing theoretical model of SECTT, the ecosystem model, to account for these individual risk factors and considers their interaction with environmental factors. The paper concludes by highlighting different avenues for future research.
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Abuso Sexual Infantil , Turismo , Viaje , Humanos , Niño , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Adolescente , Factores de Riesgo , Femenino , Masculino , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Modelos TeóricosRESUMEN
Introduction: The present study is a cross-sectional investigation of worry and risk perceptions regarding various hazards and destinations, measured before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Questionnaire data were collected from tourists in Norway during the summer seasons of 2012 (N = 2,669), 2019 (N = 1,666), and 2022 (N = 956), and from a representative sample of Norwegians in 2020 (N = 1,003). Results: The results show a general decline in the level of worry and risk perceptions post-pandemic compared to those pre-pandemic, with the exception of infectious diseases, whose perceived risk slightly increased in 2022. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of employing cross-sectional or longitudinal data to investigate changes in risk perceptions over time. The findings also indicate that pessimistic predictions of a continued decline in tourism appear to be unwarranted.
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Service failure is bound to happen, but dissatisfaction has always been undermined by scholars previously. The present study investigates dissatisfaction factors in travel decision-making leading towards re-travel intention with the help of the expectancy disconfirmation theory (EDT) model. Moreover, complaint behavior mediates the relationship between dissatisfaction and re-travel intention concerning the factors involved in it. For the findings, 434 real-time responses were collected through an offline survey following the lifetime value (LTV) approach. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were conducted to test the sphericity of the variables one by one. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) was implied to test the measurement and structural models. All the hypotheses supported and accepted the proposed research questions. The findings reveal that the dissatisfaction factors, with their interaction terms (transaction-based and experience-based), help study the variable dissatisfaction and its multifaceted concept in travel and tourism literature. Moreover, complaint behavior is identified as a key mediating factor in the relationship between dissatisfaction and re-travel intention, suggesting that commuters' response to dissatisfaction, including complaints, shapes their future re-travel intentions. The theoretical implications of the study are substantial, as it advances our understanding of commuter behavior in the context of public transport travel and tourism. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for public transport authorities and service providers. Understanding the specific dissatisfaction factors influencing re-travel intention allows for targeted interventions to improve service quality and customer experience. Recognizing the importance of effective complaint management systems can help organizations better address customer grievances and mitigate the negative effects of dissatisfaction on re-travel intention.
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Intención , Turismo , Viaje , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Satisfacción Personal , Adulto Joven , Toma de Decisiones , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
While economic development-driven anthropogenic emissions pose challenges to ecological sustainability, the international travel and tourism sector has appeared as a hot contestant to bring sustainability to the ecological systems across varying development levels. This work investigates the diversified effects of the international travel and tourism sector and economic development on ecological deterioration, in the presence of urban agglomeration and energy use efficiency, across the development levels of China's 30 provincial units from 2002 to 2019. It contributes in two ways. (i) The stochastic estimation of environmental impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) is modified to integrate the variables like international travel and tourism sector, urban agglomeration, and energy use efficiency. (ii) We measured an international travel and tourism sector index (ITTI) and made use of a continuously updated bias correction strategy (CUBCS) and a continuously updated fully modified strategy (CUFMS) for the long-term estimations. Besides, we used the bootstrapping-based causality technique for determining causality directions. The core results are as follows: Firstly, ITTI and economic development produced an inverse U-type association with ecological deterioration for the aggregate panels. Secondly, provinces exhibited a diverse range of links in that ITTI mitigated (boosted) the ecological deterioration in eleven (fourteen) provinces presenting diversified shapes of linkages. Economic development established the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory with ecological deterioration in merely four provinces; however, the non-EKC theory is verified in twenty-four divisions. Thirdly, in China's east zone (high development scale), the ITTI revealed the ecological deterioration reduction (promotion) impact in eight (two) provinces. China's central zone (moderate development scale) exhibited ecological deterioration promotion in half of the provinces, and the other half showed a reduction impact. In China's west zone (low development scale), it promoted ecological deterioration in eight provinces. Economic development promoted (reduced) ecological deterioration in a single (nine) province(s). In China's central zone, it boosted (mitigated) the ecological deterioration in five (three) provinces. In China's west zone, it promoted (reduced) ecological deterioration in eight (two) provinces. Fourthly, urban agglomeration and energy use efficiency deteriorated and improved the environmental quality in aggregated panels, respectively; however, a diverse range of effects are observed for provinces. Finally, a unilateral bootstrap causality, from ITTI (economic development) to ecological deterioration, is revealed in twenty-four (fifteen) provinces. A bilateral causality is established in a single (thirteen) province(s). Based on empirical findings, policies are suggested.
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Desarrollo Sostenible , Turismo , Desarrollo Económico , Ambiente , Políticas , China , Dióxido de Carbono/análisisRESUMEN
This study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence (AI) driven facial recognition to enhance a value proposition by influencing different areas of services in the travel and tourism industry. We adopted semi-structured interviews to derive insights from 26 respondents. Thematic analysis reveals the development of four main themes (personalization, data-driven service offering, security and safety, and seamless payments). Further, we mapped the impact of AI- driven facial recognition to enhance value and experience for corporate guests. Findings indicate that AI-based facial recognition can facilitate the travel and tourism industry in understanding travelers' needs, optimization of service offers, and value-based services, whereas data-driven services can be realized in the form of customized trip planning, email, and calendar integration, and quick bill summarization. This contributes to strengthening the tourism literature through the lens of organizational information processing theory.
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The aim of this research is to examine the influence of customer experience on the customers' emotions-customers' behavioral intentions relationship. Moreover, this study seeks to obtain data that will help to address this research gap in the passenger transportation industry. A large-scale survey on the coastal line shipping industry was conducted. The random sampling methodology was employed, and the target respondents were ferry passengers. The anonymized questionnaires were completed by 840 passengers. The data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and regression analysis. The findings verified application of the adopted (customer experience, emotions) and adapted (behavioral intentions) measurement instruments in the examined customer journey in the passenger shipping sector and indicated the mediating role of customer experience in the relationship between customers' emotions and customers' behavioral intentions. A distinguishing feature of this work is that it measures and assesses emotions during the customer journey and not afterward based on recall journeys. Additionally, although academics have carried out extensive research on the emotions-behavioral intentions relationship, very little is known about the role of customer experience in this relationship. Thus, what is not yet clear is the impact of customer experience on the emotions-behavioral intentions relationship. Additionally, the measurement instruments used to test this research hypothesis were empirically tested for the first time in the passenger shipping service environment.
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The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus, named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) has pushed the global economy and humanity into a disaster. In their attempt to control this pandemic, the governments of all the countries have imposed a nationwide lockdown. Although the lockdown may have assisted in limiting the spread of the disease, it has brutally affected the country, unsettling complete value-chains of most important industries. The impact of the COVID-19 is devastating on the economy. Therefore, this study has reported about the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on various industrial sectors. In this regard, the authors have chosen six different industrial sectors such as automobile, energy and power, agriculture, education, travel and tourism and consumer electronics, and so on. This study will be helpful for the policymakers and government authorities to take necessary measures, strategies and economic policies to overcome the challenges encountered in different sectors due to the present pandemic.
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This article presents a novel data set on perceptions and behaviors of university students collected after the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak in Vietnam. Our questionnaire design is based on employing both qualitative interview with students and survey of SARS literature, probing into the sensitivity of students toward the crisis in making crucial decisions of daily routines, as well as future travel plans in presence of a grave health concern. The data set consists of 440 valid responses from Vietnamese university students through Internet platforms (Facebook, Google Form). Besides descriptive statistics, this article also includes the results of explanatory factor analysis, which may serve as a good reference for future studies.
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Purpose: Research shows that people with disabilities have same desire for travel and tourism as others, but many constraints prevent them from independent travelling. Although the disabled tourism market is expanding, still there is lack of empirical research on impact analysis of assistive technology (AT) assisted travel and tourism with focus on the people with dementia (PWD). This study investigates the impacts of AT assisted travel and tourism for the PWD.Methods: The questionnaire-based survey gathered data from 327 PWD. SPSS is used to perform exploratory factor analysis and canonical coefficient analysis for investigating the usability of AT assistance in travel and tourism.Results: Results reveal four motivational (facilitated travel and tourism, cost effectiveness, easier communication and needs compatibility) and three achievements dimensions (improved achievements, improved independence and improved safety). Independent travel is desired by the PWD without any external help and ATs can help them in doing so. The use of AT can further accommodate in choosing the tourism activities, attractions and leisure management. The PWD feel improvements in their achievements through the use of ATs in travel and tourism.Conclusions: AT support, resultantly improves the confidence and self-esteem of the PWD and motivate them towards rehabilitation and independent living.Implications for rehabilitationThis study provides finer empirical understanding of the needs, motivations and achievements of the people with dementia (PWD) who use assistive technologies (ATs) for travel and tourism.Usually PWD have different motivations and accessibility needs, their travel and tourism related behaviours might also differ from the people not identified as having dementia.The ATs (facilitated travel and tourism, cost effectiveness, easier communication and needs compatibility) are the motivational factors for the PWD and should be focused during the development of ATs. These factors will allow PWD to better plan their travel and tourism activities without the help of their caregivers. The AT assisted communication opportunities will help PWD to eliminate their feeling of social isolation from rest of the community.AT supported travel and tourism results into sense of improved achievements, improved independence and improved safety on the part of the PWD. Resultantly, they feel more motivated to do activities, which otherwise they might be reluctant to perform. The sense of safety, independence and achievement does impact PWD psychologically and would help them towards rehabilitation.This study provides pointers for the dementia policy makers related to AT supported travel and tourism based on the real needs of the PWD.
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Demencia/rehabilitación , Dispositivos de Autoayuda , Viaje , Investigación Empírica , Humanos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
This study investigates the impact of the aggregate and individual dimensions of environmental performance (EP) on financial performance (FP), based on a dataset covering the travel and tourism industry (airlines, casinos, hotels, and restaurants) across different economic regions over the period 2003-2014. The results reveal that EP positively affects the FP in the hotel industry when aggregate EP is used. When individual dimensions of EP are considered, resource reduction is found to positively (negatively) affect the performance in the hotel (airline) industry, while product innovation positively affects the performance in the restaurant industry. Hence, the trade-off effect seems to be dominant in the airline industry, and the 'heterogeneous resources and reputation-building' hypothesis is evident in both the hotel and restaurant industries. In addition, in general, the findings support the positive moderating effect of slack resources on the relationship between the individual dimensions of EP and FP in the travel and tourism industry, and, hence, are supportive of the slack resources hypothesis. These effects, however, vary depending on the travel and tourism industry under investigation.
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Ambiente , Industrias , Viaje , Humanos , RestaurantesRESUMEN
Many seasonal workers experience an increase in sexual activity whilst employed at a holiday centre. Evidence of sexual risk-taking while at a holiday centre has important social and health implications for purchasers and providers of sexual health services in areas which experience an annual influx of seasonal workers. This research investigates the contraceptive behaviour of seasonal workers and focuses on their access to contraception and sexual health services. In-depth interviews were conducted with seasonal workers at holiday centres along the south coast of England. Respondents were, interviewed at the beginning of the season and again, five months later at the end of the season. This longitudinal methodology enabled changes in contraceptive behaviour to be identified as well as the strategies for seeking contraception and sexual health services throughout the season. The results of this study show that there are a range of different motivations which influence seasonal worker' use of contraception and sexual risk-taking while at a holiday centre. Categories of contraceptive protection are developed to assist purchasers and providers to identify the variety of sexual health needs of workers at holiday centres and determine the most effective strategies for delivering contraceptive and sexual health services to these workers. The paper describes the motivations which influence contraceptive use and sexual risk-taking amongst seasonal workers, identifies the contraceptive and sexual health needs of these workers, and discusses the difficulties workers experienced in meeting these needs while at a holiday centre.
PIP: This research investigates the contraceptive behavior of seasonal workers at holiday centers along the south coast of England and focuses on their access to contraception and sexual health services. A longitudinal methodology was employed in order to identify the changes in contraceptive behavior, as well as strategies for seeking contraception and sexual health services throughout the season. The results showed a range of different motivations that influenced seasonal workers' use of contraception and sexual risk-taking while at a holiday center. This range includes those who are primarily concerned with pregnancy prevention or the protection against STDs, those whose contraceptive intentions are influenced by alcohol or desire for sexual pleasure, and those whose attitudes towards contraceptive use continually lead to experiences of unsafe sex. Categories of contraceptive protection have been developed to assist purchasers and providers in identifying the variety of sexual health needs of workers at holiday centers. The six styles of protection that describe seasonal workers' practices are: pregnancy prevention, relationship orientated, determined users, situational, passive, and unconcerned. The most effective strategies determined for delivering contraceptive and sexual health services to these workers are information provision and accessibility of contraceptive services.
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Anticoncepción/métodos , Servicios de Planificación Familiar/organización & administración , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Vacaciones y Feriados , Asunción de Riesgos , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Adulto , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/organización & administración , Humanos , Estaciones del Año , Conducta Sexual , Migrantes , Reino Unido , Lugar de TrabajoRESUMEN
PIP: Abortion is illegal in Ireland except when a pregnant woman is judged by physicians to be suicidal. According to early estimates for 1998 soon to be released by Ireland's Office for National Statistics, more than 6000 Irish women are therefore now traveling each year to Britain for induced abortion, the largest number of such women thus far recorded in Ireland. However, Tony O'Brien, head of the Irish Family Planning Association, believes that it is not so much that the abortion rate is rising, but that a larger percentage of women traveling to the UK for abortion are telling people about their journey and abortion. This new liberalism is reflected in an Irish newspaper poll released last week which shows that 59% of Irish adults over age 18 years, and 86% of adults under age 25 years, approve of couples having sex before marriage. Meanwhile, the government of Ireland has yet to publish the report of its working group on abortion, which it promised to do last summer. O'Brien condemns the recent Irish governments for failing to amend or repeal the country's criminal law against abortion.^ieng
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Aborto Legal/estadística & datos numéricos , Internacionalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Irlanda , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , Viaje , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
This paper examines the practice of working-class group excursions in Thailand, organized by and for rural labor migrants in Bangkok. These trips involve traditional forms of Buddhist ceremonial as well as more self-consciously "modern" sightseeing activities in distant regions of the country. More than just a welcome respite from the drudgery and discipline of factory jobs, these excursions allow labor migrants to make important claims about their experiences as members of the Thai nation-state. As tourist-consumers, migrant workers appropriate powerful signs and symbols of modern Thai identity and status, in doing so they contest (and at least partly rework) their material and ideological marginalization within contemporary Thai society.
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Empleo , Migrantes , Asia , Asia Sudoriental , Conducta , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Emigración e Inmigración , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Población , Dinámica Poblacional , TailandiaRESUMEN
PIP: This article presentS the implications of the Joint Standing Committee on Migration (JSCM) report on the labor market impact of Working Holiday Makers (WHMs) and "backpackers" in Australia and cites future policy concerning these groups. WHMs are foreign nationals, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with a Working Holiday visa, while backpackers are international visitors who spend at least one night in a hostel type accommodation. The JSCM report found through estimated expenditures, which average $8230 per WHM, that the WHMs program had contributed a great deal to the Australian economy. About 40-60% of this spending comes from the earnings of paid employment in Australia. Furthermore, WHMs are an important source of supplementary labor for industries requiring short-term casual workers, such as the horticultural industry. In terms of adverse labor market impacts on Australians, the JSCM report cites evidence of unfavorable practices such as employers refusing to employ or commit to train Australians for jobs, under-award wages to WHMs, and providing substandard employment conditions. The JSCM report makes 41 detailed recommendations covering the focus and rationale for the program, research needs, visa conditions and compliance measures, health, taxation and superannuating charge issues, and action to address the role of the WHM in the two problem industries of horticulture and tourism.^ieng
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Economía , Empleo , Directrices para la Planificación en Salud , Política Pública , Salarios y Beneficios , Migrantes , Australia , Conducta , Demografía , Países Desarrollados , Emigración e Inmigración , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Islas del Pacífico , Población , Dinámica PoblacionalRESUMEN
PIP: Since it tends to be significantly affected by HIV/AIDS, the tourism sector is a likely target for HIV/AIDS interventions in many countries. The tourist industry is at particular risk from the pandemic because of the mobility of the work force, the presence of sex tourists, and the heavy reliance of many countries upon tourism revenues. Indeed, tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in many countries. Some people have speculated that potential tourists' fear of AIDS could discourage them from visiting certain countries, while others have even suggested that tourism should be discouraged because the industry contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS. When traveling, tourists often take risks that they would not take at home. They tend to drink more, use drugs more, and be generally more adventurous while on holiday. Such adventures often include taking sexual risks. When tourists have sex with prostitutes, hotel staff, and others in the local population, a bridge can be created for HIV to cross back and forth between the tourist's home country and the tourist destination. The author reviews selected studies on the relationship between HIV/AIDS and tourism. Overall, the existing literature offers no definitive evidence that AIDS has had any lasting impact upon the tourism industry anywhere in the world. Rather, promoting a healthy tourism industry and HIV/AIDS prevention are likely complementary in many ways.^ieng
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Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por VIH , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual , Conducta , Enfermedad , VirosisRESUMEN
PIP: A large increase in the number of falciparum malaria cases imported into the UK was reported to the malaria reference laboratory in the first quarter of 1998. Contributory factors were unusually heavy rains in east Africa and a reduction in the use of the most effective antimalarial drug, mefloquine. There was also an increase in the number of cases of severe malaria in the UK. During December 1997 and January 1998, the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, treated 5 patients for severe malaria and gave advice on 20 more patients with malaria who had been admitted to intensive care units throughout England. 4 of the severe cases treated at the hospital are reported. In 3 of those 4 cases, incorrect, misleading, or inadequate advice was given by health care professionals. Media coverage of the adverse effects of antimalarial drugs has contributed to confusion about prophylactic regimens among both health care professionals and the public. The incidence of falciparum malaria among travellers who do not take prophylactic drugs is about 0.6% in east Africa and 3.5% in west Africa over a 2-week travel period. Travellers need to take measures to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and should be taught to promptly seek medical help if they develop a fever while abroad or after they return. Moreover, using any one of the recommended prophylactic regimens is better than not using a potent regimen or no prophylaxis at all. Mefloquine is 90% protective against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. While the efficacy of proguanil and chloroquine in 1987 was about 70% in west Africa and 50% in east Africa, those levels are now probably lower. The side effects of antimalarial drugs are discussed.^ieng
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Antimaláricos/efectos adversos , Malaria/prevención & control , Adulto , Cloroquina/efectos adversos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Malaria/epidemiología , Masculino , Mefloquina/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proguanil/efectos adversos , Factores de Riesgo , Viaje , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Sex and travel do not infrequently coincide as pleasurable occupations. This articles explores the possible risks of unsafe sexual activity in a travel-related context, gives guidelines on how to decrease risks for both partners, and outlines how to manage the exposed or infected traveler on his or her return home. Both sexually transmitted infections and contraception are covered.
PIP: Travel and tourism are associated with an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy. This article offers guidelines for health professionals on pre-travel counseling and outlines steps in the clinical management of returning travelers who have been exposed to STIs or pregnancy. The imperative for controlling STIs is particularly urgent now that an epidemiologic link between STIs and vulnerability to HIV infection has been established. Much can be done before a trip abroad in terms of prevention, including the provision of condoms and leaflets explaining the risks of unprotected sex while on holiday or a business trip. Patients should be questioned about their sexual behaviors before, during, and after travel and those who have taken sexual risks while traveling should be offered screening for STIs. The STI-related conditions addressed in this article include vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, urethral discharge, scrotal pain, genital ulcer disease, inguinal bubo, and genital warts. Recommended treatment regimens for the most prevalent reproductive tract infections are outlined.
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Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Viaje , Anticoncepción , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Conducta Sexual , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/etiologíaRESUMEN
Among people who work abroad, sexual activity and therefore the risk of HIV infection appear to be relatively high. Little is known about the factors that influence sexual conduct when staying abroad, separated from their usual social environment. This is why 55 expatriates who had been sexually active in AIDS endemic areas were selected for an in-depth interview from the original sample of 864 Dutch expatriates participating in a study on sexual behaviour and HIV infection. The social and cultural context in which the sexual contacts took place was addressed in these interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data led to the identification of four styles with regard to the meaning of and motivations for having sex abroad: 'the unprepared', 'the fanatical', 'the unaffected' and 'the slightly accessible'. These styles are described separately and attention is paid to the association of these styles with protection behavior.
PIP: In developing countries, unlike in the Western world, HIV is transmitted mainly through heterosexual intercourse. Therefore for Western travellers, unprotected heterosexual contact is more risky in developing countries than in their countries of origin, in which the HIV epidemic has remained largely confined to homosexual men and IV drug users. Sexual activity and the risk of HIV infection are relatively high among people who work abroad. 55 Dutch expatriates who had been sexually active in AIDS-endemic areas were interviewed about their sexual history, the social and cultural contexts in which their sexual contacts occurred, and the number and types of their sex partners. With respect to the risk of HIV infection, questions were posed about participants' experience with condoms before departure, whether they took condoms with them, their assessment of the risk of unsafe sex abroad, their intentions to use condoms, and condom use with various types of partners. Four different approaches to and experiences with sex abroad were identified: the unprepared among whom sex happened unexpectedly, those who had to have sex while abroad, those who see no difference between sex abroad and sex in the home country, and those who find sex abroad to be different from that at home, but were nonetheless prepared to have sex while abroad.
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Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/prevención & control , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Viaje , Adulto , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Asunción de Riesgos , Trabajo Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Parejas SexualesRESUMEN
PIP: Hatred and fear of homosexuals, together with a fear of losing tourism revenue, drove many high-level policymakers in the Caribbean to ignore the HIV/AIDS in its infancy. With an annual incidence rate of at least 146.6 people per 100,000, the Bahamas now has one of the highest AIDS rates in the world and the highest such rate in the English-speaking Caribbean. AIDS has become the major cause of death for men and women aged 20-44 in the Bahamas. Indeed, throughout the Caribbean, countries like the Bahamas must now cope with a growing AIDS epidemic. UN AIDS Program figures indicate that at least 310,000 people in the Caribbean have either HIV infection or AIDS, and that the prevalence rate among adults is almost 2%. This compares with an estimated 7.4% of the adult population of sub-Saharan Africa which is infected and 0.6% of adults in North America. 65% of reported AIDS cases in the region result from heterosexual intercourse. While the annual number of AIDS cases has been falling in North America over the last several years and rates in Latin America have leveled off, rates in the Caribbean are increasing sharply. Poverty, the population's lack of awareness, low levels of education, internal and international migration, crack cocaine use, promiscuity, high levels of STDs, prostitution, and tourism are also facilitating the spread of HIV in the Caribbean. Social conservatism, mainly in the English-Caribbean, about discussing sex impedes the implementation and success of HIV/AIDS prevention interventions.^ieng