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Recent studies have argued that Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) problems continue into emerging adulthood; however, few studies have examined ODD problems in this population. Moreover, previous studies have found that corporal punishment mediated the relationship between maternal anxiety/depression and child ODD problems in young children and that parental psychopathology is likely to affect child ODD. This study examined how maternal as well as paternal maltreatment (i.e., psychological and physical) mediated the relationship between parental anxiety/depressive problems and emerging adult ODD problems (i.e., irritability and defiance). Furthermore, child and parent gender were examined as moderators (i.e., moderated mediation). Participants included 1,012 emerging adults who completed questionnaires about parental psychological and physical maltreatment, parental anxiety and depression, and affective and behavioral ODD symptoms. Results suggested that mediation occurred for the father-daughter dyad along the perceived paternal depressive problems â†’ psychological and physical maltreatment â†’ irritability paths and for the mother-son dyad along the perceived maternal depressive and anxiety problems â†’ psychological maltreatment â†’ defiance paths. Given that mediation occurred for only these gender dyads, moderated mediation was suggested.

Estudios recientes han argumentado que los problemas del Trastorno negativista desafiante (ODD por sus siglas en inglés) continúan en la adultez emergente; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que han examinado problemas de ODD en esta población. Más aun, estudios previos han encontrado que el castigo corporal mediaba la relación entre la ansiedad/depresión maternal y los problemas infantiles de ODD en niños jóvenes y que la psicopatología parental probablemente afecta el ODD del niño. Este estudio examina cómo el maltrato maternal, así como el paternal (es decir, psicológico y físico) mediaron la relación entre problemas parentales de ansiedad/depresión y problemas de ODD en adultos emergentes (es decir, irritabilidad y desafío). Además, se examinó el género de niños y padres como moderadores (es decir, mediación moderada). Los participantes incluyeron a 1012 adultos emergentes que llenaron cuestionarios acerca del maltrato parental psicológico y físico, ansiedad y depresión parentales, y síntomas afectivos y conductuales de ODD. Los resultados sugirieron que la mediación ocurre con la díada padre-hijo por las vías de problemas paternales percibidos de depresión → maltrato psicológico y físico → irritabilidad, y con la díada madre-hijo por las vías de problemas maternales percibidos de depresión y ansiedad → maltrato psicológico → desafío. Dado que la mediación solo ocurrió para estas díadas de género, se sugirió una mediación moderada.

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Family factors are closely associated with child developmental outcomes. This study examined the relationship of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and factors at whole family, dyadic, and individual levels in Chinese children. Participants, who were recruited from 14 primary schools in north, east, and south-west China, included 80 father-child dyads and 169 mother-child dyads. Children in the participating dyads were previously diagnosed with ODD. Results revealed that family cohesion/adaptability was indirectly associated with ODD symptoms via parent-child relationship and child emotion regulation. Parent-child relationship affected ODD symptoms directly and indirectly through child emotion regulation. In addition, the effects of family cohesion/adaptability on parent emotion regulation and child emotion regulation were mediated by the parent-child relationship. The tested model provides a comprehensive framework of how family factors at multiple levels are related to child ODD symptoms and highlights the importance of understanding child emotional and behavioral problems within the family context, more specifically within the multiple levels of family relationships.

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El Trastorno Negativista Desafiante será diagnosticado en un niño que presenta un comportamiento disruptivo para su edad y cultura, caracterizado por un patrón persistente de mal humor o irritabilidad, que discute o presenta comportamientos desafiantes y/o vengativos por lo menos durante los últimos 6 meses. Este trastorno no sólo afecta al niño, sino que es un problema de salud pública, que alcanza a la familia, a los maestros y a los pares. Cuando no se atiende adecuadamente, el trastorno negativista desafiante puede evolucionar a un problema de conducta mayor como el trastorno disocial o a la generación de una personalidad antisocial. Con el fin de ayudar a pediatras y a psiquiatras infantiles en el reconocimiento y manejo de estos "niños problemáticos", este artículo de revisión tiene el objetivo de presentar una puesta al día del concepto, etiopatogenia, clínica, diagnóstico y modalidades terapéuticas para este desafiante grupo de pacientes.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder is diagnosed in a child who exhibits a disruptive behavior for their age and culture, characterized by a persistent pattern of an angry mood or irritability, and who presents oppositional and / or vindictive behavior for at least the last 6 months. This disorder not only affects the child, but is a public health problem that affects the child's family, teachers and peers. When not addressed properly, oppositional defiant disorder can evolve into a significant behavioral problem, such as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. In order to help pediatricians and child psychiatrists in the recognition and management of these "problematic children", this review article aims to present an update of the definition, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic modalities for this challenging group of patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. ODD is one of the most frequent reasons for clinical consultation on mental health during childhood and adolescence. ODD has a high morbidity and dysfunction, and has important implications for the future if not treated early. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of ODD in schoolchildren aged 6-16 years in Castile and Leon (Spain). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population study with a stratified multistage sample, and a proportional cluster design. Sample analyzed: 1,049. Cases were defined according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: An overall prevalence rate of 5.6% was found (95% CI: 4.2%-7%). Male gender prevalence=6.8%; female=4.3%. Prevalence in secondary education=6.2%; primary education=5.3%. No significant differences by gender, age, grade, type of school, or demographic area were found. ODD prevalence without considering functional impairment, such as is performed in some research, would increase the prevalence to 7.4%. ODD cases have significantly worse academic outcomes (overall academic performance, reading, maths and writing), and worse classroom behavior (relationship with peers, respect for rules, organizational skills, academic tasks, and disruption of the class). CONCLUSIONS: Castile and Leon has a prevalence rate of ODD slightly higher to that observed in international publications. Depending on the distribution by age, morbidity and clinical dysfunctional impact, an early diagnosis and a preventive intervention are required for health planning.

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Examinamos la prevalencia de comportamientos característicos de los trastornos por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDA/H) y negativista desafiante (ND), grado de perjuicio y diferencias entre tipos de TDA/H en una muestra de tres escuelas municipales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Los docentes completaron un inventario de comportamientos del DSM-IV para el TDA/H y ND de 732 alumnos de primero a quinto grado (edad media=8,1±1,5; 375 niñas), puntuados en una escala Likert (0-3 puntos, de “nunca” a “casi siempre”). Fue reportada también la habilidad más destacada de cada alumno. El perfil de atención y actividad reveló las mayores dificultades en: “distracciones por estímulos extraños”, “fracaso en completar tareas”, y “hablar excesivamente”. Las tasas de prevalencia de los comportamientos del TDA/H y ND fueron del 12,7% y 6%, respectivamente. Los síntomas de inatención y combinados fueron asociados a mayor perjuicio social y académico, con mayor prevalencia en los dos primeros grados.

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