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Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an ocular disease that affects bovines and has significant economic and health effects worldwide. Gram negative bacteria Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi are its main etiological agents. Antimicrobial therapy against IBK is often difficult in beef and dairy herds and, although vaccines are commercially available, their efficacy is variable and dependent on local strains. The aim of this study was to analyze for the first time the genomes of Uruguayan clinical isolates of M. bovis and M. bovoculi. The genomes were de novo assembled and annotated; the genetic basis of fimbrial synthesis was analyzed and virulence factors were identified. A 94% coverage in the reference genomes of both species, and more than 80% similarity to the reference genomes were observed. The mechanism of fimbrial phase variation in M. bovis was detected, and the tfpQ orientation of these genes confirmed, in an inversion region of approximately 2.18kb. No phase variation was determined in the fimbrial gene of M. bovoculi. When virulence factors were compared between strains, it was observed that fimbrial genes have 36.2% sequence similarity. In contrast, the TonB-dependent lactoferrin/transferrin receptor exhibited the highest percentage of amino acid similarity (97.7%) between strains, followed by cytotoxins MbxA/MbvA and the ferric uptake regulator. The role of these virulence factors in the pathogenesis of IBK and their potential as vaccine components should be explored.

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ABSTRACT Objective This study investigated the factors associated with satisfactory early postoperative wound conditions. Method A prospective study was conducted with patients (n=179) submitted to osteosynthesis in general, in a hospital orthopedics service. In the preoperative period, patients underwent laboratory exams and the surgical indications were based on the type of fracture and the patient's clinical conditions. In the postoperative period, patients were evaluated based on the presence of complications and considering their surgical wounds. Chi-square, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the analysis. To identify the factors associated with wound condition, univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis was used. Results In the univariate analysis, each transferring unit reduction increased the chance of satisfactory outcome by 1.1% (p=0.0306; OR= 0.989 (1.011); 95%CI= 0.978;0.999; 1.001;1.023). The presence of SAH increased 2.7 fold the chance of satisfactory outcome (p=0.0424; OR= 2,667; 95%CI= 1,034;6,877). Hip fracture increased 2.6 fold the chance of satisfactory outcome (p=0.0272; OR=2.593; IC95%=1.113; 6.039). And the absence of a compound fracture increased 5.5 fold the chance of satisfactory wound outcome (p=0.0004; OR=5,493; 95%CI=2,132;14,149). In the multiple analysis, patients with non compound fractures were 9.7 times more likely to experience a satisfactory outcome when compared to patients with compound fractures (p=0.0014; OR=9,687; 95%CI= 2,399; 39,125). Conclusion There was an inverse relationship between plasma proteins levels and satisfactory surgical wounds outcome. Only exposure remained associated with wound conditions. Level Of Evidence: II, Prospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo investigou os fatores associados à condição satisfatória de ferida pós-operatória precoce. Método Foi desenvolvido um estudo prospectivo com pacientes (n=179) submetidos a osteossínteses em geral, em um serviço de ortopedia hospitalar. No período pré-operatório os pacientes foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais e as indicações cirúrgicas foram baseadas no tipo de fratura e condições clínicas. No período pós-operatório, os pacientes foram avaliados conforme a presença de complicações e feridas operatórias. Foram utilizados na análise os testes Qui-quadrado, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis. Para identificar os fatores associados à condição da ferida, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística univariada e múltipla. Resultados Na análise univariada, cada unidade a menos de transferrina, aumentou a chance de condição satisfatória em 1.1% (p= 0.0306; OR= 0.989 (1.011); IC95%= 0.978;0.999; 1.001;1.023). A presença de HAS aumentou a chance de condição satisfatória em 2.7 vezes (p=0.0424; OR= 2.667; IC95%= 1.034;6.877). Fratura de quadril aumentou a chance de condição satisfatória em 2.6 vezes (p=0.0272; OR=2.593; IC95%=1.113;6.039). E não apresentar fratura exposta, aumentou a chance de condição satisfatória da ferida em 5.5 vezes (p=0.0004; OR=5.493; IC95%=2.132;14.149). Na análise múltipla, fraturas sem exposição, apresentaram chance 9.7 vezes maior de apresentar condição satisfatória do que insatisfatória; quando comparadas às que apresentaram exposição (p=0.0014; OR=9.687; IC95%= 2,399; 39.125). Conclusão Houve uma relação inversa entre proteínas plasmáticas e presença de feridas operatórias satisfatórias. Apenas a exposição se manteve associada à condição da ferida. Nível de Evidência: II; Estudo Prospectivo.

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RESUMEN Fundamento un aspecto poco relacionado de la plasmaféresis productiva, es el efecto que puede causar sobre el hierro corporal en donantes regulares de plasma. Objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento del perfil férrico en donantes regulares de plasmaféresis. Métodos estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado con 115 donantes de plasma, registrados en el Banco Provincial de Sangre de Cienfuegos. En un periodo de dos años, se estudiaron las variables: sexo, edad, tiempo en el programa, intensidad de donaciones, sideremia, transferrina, capacidad e índice de saturación, mediciones básicas del hemograma y parámetros eritrocitarios. La información se extrajo de las historias clínicas y los informes de laboratorio. Resultados las mediciones del mineral prevalecieron dentro del rango normal. El 27,0 % de los donantes mostraron ferropenia, más frecuente entre las mujeres, los mayores de edad, aquellos que llevaban mayor tiempo en el programa y habían donado mayor número de veces. Más de la mitad de los individuos presentaron capacidad e índice de saturación patológicos, sugerente de hematopoyesis ferropénica. Los parámetros eritrocitarios fueron más sensibles al relacionar ferropenia latente, con predominio de mediciones patológicas de volumen corpuscular medio, hemoglobina corpuscular media e índice de distribución eritrocitario. Conclusión la deficiencia de hierro subclínica resultó más frecuente de lo esperado entre los donantes de plasmaféresis incluidos en el estudio.

ABSTRACT Background a little related aspect of productive plasmapheresis is the effect it can have on body iron in regular plasma donors. Objective to characterize the behavior of the iron profile in regular plasmapheresis donors. Methods cross-sectional descriptive study, carried out with 115 plasma donors, registered in the Provincial Blood Bank of Cienfuegos. In a period of two years, the studied variables were: sex, age, time in the program, intensity of donations, serum iron, transferrin, capacity and saturation index, basic measurements of the blood count and erythrocyte parameters. Information was extracted from medical records and laboratory reports. Results the mineral measurements prevailed within the normal range. 27.0% of the donors showed iron deficiency, more frequent among women, the elderly, those who had been in the program for a longer time and had donated more times. More than half of the individuals presented pathological capacity and saturation index, suggestive of iron deficiency hematopoiesis. The erythrocyte parameters were more sensitive when relating latent iron deficiency, with a predominance of pathological measurements of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and erythrocyte distribution index. Conclusion subclinical iron deficiency was more frequent than expected among the plasmapheresis donors included in the study.

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Abstract Background: Multiple infections, nutrient deficiencies and inflammation (MINDI) occur in indigenous communities, but their associations with perinatal outcomes have not been described. Objective: To assess maternal and cord blood micronutrient and inflammation status in peripartum mothers from the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in Panama, and their associations with placental and infant outcomes. Methods: In 34 mother-newborn dyads, placental weight and diameter were measured, and maternal and cord blood were processed for complete cell counts, serum C-reactive protein, ferritin, serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), vitamins A and D. Blood volumes were calculated using Nadler's formula. Results: Mothers had low plasma volume (<2.8 L, 96%), vitamin A (52.9%), vitamin D (29.4%), iron (58.8%) and hemoglobin (23.5%), but high hematocrit (>40%, 17.6%) and inflammation (C-reactive protein >8.1 mg/L, 85.3%). Birthweights were normal, but low placental weight (35.3%), low head circumference Z-scores (17.6%), and low cord hemoglobin (5.9%), iron (79.4%), vitamin A (14.7%) and vitamin D (82.3%) were identified. Maternal and cord vitamin D were highly correlated. Higher maternal plasma volume was associated with heavier placentae (β= 0.57), and higher cord D (β= 0.43) and eosinophils (β= 0.43) with larger placentae. Hemoconcentration (higher cord hematocrit) was associated with lower newborn weight (β= -0.48) and head circumference (β= -0.56). Inflammation [higher maternal neutrophils (β= -0.50), and cord platelets (β= -0.32)] was associated with lower newborn length and head circumference. Conclusion: Maternal-newborn hemoconcentration, subclinical inflammation and multiple nutrient deficiencies, particularly neonatal vitamin D deficiency, were identified as potential targets for interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes in vulnerable communities.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las Múltiples Infecciones, Nutrición Deficiente e Inflamación (MINDI), son frecuentes en comunidades indígenas, sin embargo, sus asociaciones con resultados de salud perinatales no han sido descritos. Objetivo: Evaluar la inflamación y los micronutrientes en sangre materna y de cordón de madres en trabajo de parto en la comarca Ngäbe-Buglé en Panamá, así como sus asociaciones con medidas placentarias y del recién nacido. Métodos: En 34 pares madre-recién nacido, se midieron peso y diámetro placentario, y se analizaron muestras de sangre materna y de cordón umbilical para hemograma completo, proteína-C reactiva (PCR), ferritina, receptor sérico de transferrina (RsTf), vitaminas A y D. Se usó la fórmula de Nadler para calcular volúmenes sanguíneos. Resultados: Las madres presentaron volumen plasmático (<2.8 L, 96%), vitamina A (52.9%), vitamina D (29.4%), hierro (58.8%) y hemoglobina (23.5%) bajos, pero el 17.6% presentaron hematocrito >40% y 85.3% presentaron inflamación (PCR >8.1 mg/L). Los pesos al nacer fueron normales, pero se identificó bajo peso placentario (35.3%), bajo puntaje-z de circunferencia cefálica neonatal, y en sangre de cordón, bajos hemoglobina (5.9%), hierro (79.4%), vitamina A (14.7%) y vitamina D (82.3%). Se encontró una fuerte correlación positiva entre la vitamina D materna y de sangre de cordón. Un mayor volumen plasmático materno se asoció con placentas de mayor peso (β= 0.57), en tanto que concentraciones más altas de vitamina D (β= 0.43) y mayor número de eosinófilos (β= 0.43) se asociaron con mayor diámetro placentario. Una mayor hemoconcentración (hematocrito en cordón más alto) se asoció con menores peso al nacer (β= -0.48) y circunferencia cefálica (β= -0.56). La inflamación [mayor número de neutrófilos maternos (β= -0.50) y plaquetas en sangre de cordón (β= -0.32)] se asoció con menor talla y circunferencia cefálica neonatales. Conclusión: La hemoconcentración materna y del recién nacido, la inflamación subclínica y las múltiples deficiencias en micronutrientes, particularmente la deficiencia de vitamina D neonatal, se identificaron como potenciales áreas de intervención para mejorar los resultados de salud del embarazo en comunidades vulnerables.

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ABSTRACT Objective Iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are two of the main micronutrient deficiencies. Both micronutrients are essential for human life and children's development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin A deficiency on ferritin and transferrin receptors' expression and its relationship with iron deficiency. Methods Five diets with different vitamin A-to-iron ratios were given to thirty five 21-day-old male Wistar rats (separated in groups of seven animals each). The animals received the diet for six weeks before being euthanized. Serum iron and retinol levels were measured as biochemical parameters. Their duodenums, spleens, and livers were analyzed for the expression of ferritin and transferrin receptors by Western Blotting. Results Regarding biochemical parameters, the results show that when both vitamin A and iron are insufficient, the serum iron content (74.74µg/dL) is significantly lower than the control group (255.86µg/dL). The results also show that vitamin A deficiency does not influence the expression of the transferrin receptor, but only of the ferritin one. Conclusion Vitamin A deficiency regulates the expression of ferritin in young male Wistar rats.

RESUMO Objetivo A deficiência de ferro e de vitamina A são duas das principais deficiências de micronutrientes, sendo que ambos são essenciais para a vida humana e o desenvolvimento das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da deficiência de vitamina A na expressão de ferritina e o receptor de transferrina e sua relação com a deficiência de ferro. Métodos Cinco dietas com diferentes proporções de vitamina A para ferro foram administradas a 35 ratos Wistar machos de 21 dias de vida (sete animais por grupo). Os animais receberam a dieta por seis semanas antes de serem eutanasiados. Os níveis séricos de ferro e retinol foram medidos como parâmetros bioquímicos. Duodeno, baço e fígado foram analisados quanto à expressão de ferritina e o receptor de transferrina por Western Blotting. Resultados Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, os resultados mostram que quando a vitamina A e o ferro são insuficientes, o teor de ferro sérico (74.74µg/dL) é significativamente menor do que no grupo controle (255.86µg/dL). Os resultados também mostram que a deficiência de vitamina A não influencia a expressão do receptor da transferrina, mas da ferritina. Conclusão A deficiência de vitamina A regula a expressão de ferritina em ratos Wistar machos jovens.

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Abstract Objectives: To characterize cases of suspected congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) investigated in a laboratory in southern Brazil using the transferrin isoelectric focusing TfIEF test from 2008 to 2017. Method: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study. The laboratory records of 1,546 individuals (median age = 36 months, 25-75 IQR = 10-108; males = 810) submitted to the TfIEF test during the period were reviewed. Results: Fifty-one individuals (3%) had an altered TfIEF pattern (5 ± 2.8 cases/year; median age = 24 months, 25-75 IQR = 11-57 months; males = 27, 53%). For 14 of them, data on diagnosis conclusion were available (classic galactosemia = 4; hereditary fructose intolerance = 4; peroxisomal diseases = 2; PMM2-CDG = 2; MPDU1-CDG = 1; SLC35A2-CDG = 1).Comparing the cases with the normal and altered TfIEF patterns, there was a higher prevalence of altered cases in the age group from 11 months to 3 years. There was an increase in the likelihood of change in TfIEF, especially in the presence of inverted nipples or liver disease. Conclusions: The data suggest that the investigation of a case with suspected CDG is a complex problem, being aggravated by the existence of other IEMs (inborn errors of metabolism) associated with altered TfIEF pattern and lack of access to confirmatory tests. The presence of inverted nipples and liver disease, especially in individuals aged 11 months to 3 years, should suggest the need for TfIEF investigation.

Resumo Objetivos: Caracterizar os casos com suspeita de CDG investigados em laboratório do sul do Brasil pelo exame de IEFTF de 2008 a 2017. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo. Foram revisadas as fichas laboratoriais de 1.546 indivíduos (mediana de idade = 36 meses, IQ 25-75 = 10-108; sexo masculino = 810) que fizeram o exame de IEFTF no período. Resultados: Cinquenta e um indivíduos (3%) apresentaram padrão alterado na IEFTF (5 ± 2,8 casos/ano; mediana de idade = 24 meses, IQ 25-75 = 11-57 meses; sexo masculino = 27, 53%). Para 14 deles, estavam disponíveis dados sobre a conclusão do diagnóstico (galactosemia clássica = 4; intolerância hereditária à frutose = 4; doenças peroxissomais = 2; PMM2-CDG = 2; MPDU1-CDG = 1; SLC35A2-CDG = 1). Comparando os casos com padrão normal e alterado na IEFTF, houve maior prevalência de casos alterados na faixa etária de 11 meses a 3 anos. Verificou-se um aumento na probabilidade de alteração na IEFTF principalmente na presença de mamilos invertidos ou de hepatopatia. Conclusões: Os nossos dados sugerem que a investigação de um caso com suspeita de CDG é complexa, é agravada pela existência de outros EIM associados a padrão alterado na IEFTF e pela falta de acesso a exames confirmatórios. A presença principalmente de mamilos invertidos e de hepatopatia em indivíduos na faixa etária de 11 meses a 3 anos deve sugerir a necessidade de investigação por IEFTF.

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OBJECTIVES: To characterize cases of suspected congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) investigated in a laboratory in southern Brazil using the transferrin isoelectric focusing TfIEF test from 2008 to 2017. METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study. The laboratory records of 1,546 individuals (median age=36 months, 25-75 IQR=10-108; males=810) submitted to the TfIEF test during the period were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals (3%) had an altered TfIEF pattern (5±2.8 cases/year; median age=24 months, 25-75 IQR=11-57 months; males=27, 53%). For 14 of them, data on diagnosis conclusion were available (classic galactosemia=4; hereditary fructose intolerance=4; peroxisomal diseases=2; PMM2-CDG=2; MPDU1-CDG=1; SLC35A2-CDG=1).Comparing the cases with the normal and altered TfIEF patterns, there was a higher prevalence of altered cases in the age group from 11 months to 3 years. There was an increase in the likelihood of change in TfIEF, especially in the presence of inverted nipples or liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the investigation of a case with suspected CDG is a complex problem, being aggravated by the existence of other IEMs (inborn errors of metabolism) associated with altered TfIEF pattern and lack of access to confirmatory tests. The presence of inverted nipples and liver disease, especially in individuals aged 11 months to 3 years, should suggest the need for TfIEF investigation.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) is usually based on renal biopsy, which is an invasive technique that involves multiple risks. Therefore, different biomarkers have emerged as alternatives for the diagnosis of LN. Nonetheless, studies regarding urinary biomarkers in Latin American patients are limited. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of urinary transferrin and ceruloplasmin to differentiate patients who have renal involvement from those who do not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients that met the revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria were recruited. Patients with another autoimmune disease, active infection (urinary tract or systemic infection), renal replacement therapy, human immunodeficiency virus infection or pregnancy were excluded. A urine sample was collected from each patient. LN was diagnosed according to ACR criteria. The activity and chronicity of LN were measured using the Austin indices. Urinary transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t-test were used to compare data. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine associations. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created. RESULTS: The study involved 120 SLE patients. In all, 85% were female, 76% mestizo, the mean age was 32.8±12.1years and mean systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) was 8.4±8.9; 64% had renal involvement. Urinary levels of the two biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with LN compared to those without LN. Similarly, urinary levels of both biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with active LN compared to those with inactive LN. Furthermore, urinary transferrin levels were significantly higher in Afro-Latin American patients. On the other hand, urinary transferrin levels correlated with SLEDAI and proteinuria, and transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels correlated with each other. The diagnostic value of ROC curves for these urinary biomarkers for LN were good. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of SLE patients, we found that transferrin and ceruloplasmin were potential biomarkers for LN, and can even differentiate active LN.

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Ocular perforations require an action depending on the findings observed. Additionally, the closeness of the orbit to the nasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossa requires any collateral damage in these spaces to be ruled out. The presence of a penetrating ocular injury associated with ipsilateral rhinorrhoea in which the presence of ß2-transferrin -a highly specific and sensitive marker to identify cerebrospinal fluid- is detected, obliges to suspect and locate any possible leakage. A case is presented in which this unbound protein is detected in post-traumatic rhinorrhoea with an origin in the eyeball, making the diagnosis of a CSF leak into a false positive.

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Anterior cervical discectomy has a low non-mechanical complication rate. In our literature review, we found 7 cases of delayed surgical site infection. We report a case of cervical prevertebral abscess due to Propionibacterium acnes 2 years after discectomy and arthroplasty, with a beta-2-transferrin false positive test as a complementary highlighted finding. We discuss the diagnosis and etiology of this rare delayed infectious complication.

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El consumo excesivo de hierro (Fe) en portadores de mutaciones en el gen HFE puede resultar en sobrecarga. Para evaluar el riesgo de sobrecarga de Fe fueron investigados 166 varones adultos donantes de sangre de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se estimó la ingesta diaria de Fe (IFe), de Fe hemínico y de Fe proveniente de harinas enriquecidas con SO4Fe. Se determinó ferritina sérica y porcentaje de saturación de transferrina (criterio de sobrecarga de Fe: ferritina sérica > 300 ng/ml y saturación de transferrina ≥ 50%). Las mutaciones C282Y, H63D y S65C fueron investigadas en sangre mediante PCR-RFLP. Todos los participantes cubrieron ampliamente el requerimiento estimado promedio de Fe (6 mg Fe/día) y 3.0% superó el máximo tolerable (45 mg Fe/día). El Fe hemínico correspondió al 9.4% de la IFe y el de harinas enriquecidas al 47.7%. Se observó una asociación entre el aumento de IFe y el de ferritina sérica (p = 0.0472), y el 2.3% de los donantes presentaron ferritina sérica > 300 ng/ml y saturación de transferrina ≥ 50%. El 29.3% de los donantes eran portadores de los genotipos H63D, S65C o C282Y, asociados a hemocromatosis hereditaria, y tenían valores de saturación de transferrina significativamente mayores a los de los donantes wild type (p = 0.0167). Si bien la incidencia clínica de hemocromatosis hereditaria fue baja en el grupo estudiado (1.2%), el consumo excesivo de Fe plantea un riesgo potencial para la salud de individuos que ignoran sus antecedentes familiares de sobrecarga de Fe.

Excess iron (Fe) intake in subjects carrying certain mutations in the HFE gene may result in Fe overload. To estimate risk of Fe overload, 166 male blood donors (19-65 years) from Buenos Aires city were investigated. Daily Fe intake (FeI), hem Fe intake, and Fe intake from SO4Fe enriched flours were estimated (SARA Computer Program and Food Composition Table, USDA). Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation were determined; criteria for Fe overload was serum ferritin > 300 ng/ml and transferrin saturation ≥ 50%. HFE genotypes C282Y, H63D and S65C were analyzed by PCR-RFLP in blood samples. No participant presented FeI lower than the estimated average requirement (6 mg Fe/day) and 3.0% was over the upper level (45 mg Fe/day). Hem Fe and Fe from flour enrichment were 9.4% and 47.7% of daily Fe intake, respectively. A significant association was observed between the increase in serum ferritin (ng/ml) and the increase in FeI (p = 0.0472); 2.3% of the donors presented serum ferritin > 300 ng/ml and transferrin saturation ≥ 50%. Genotypes associated with hereditary hemochromatosis (H63D, S65C and C282Y) were found in 29.3% of the donors. The percentage of transferrin saturation was higher in subjects carrying mutation than in wild type subjects (p = 0.0167). Although penetrance of hereditary hemochromatosis in the studied group was only 1.2%, an excessive Fe intake could enhance adverse effects in individuals unaware of any family history of Fe overload.

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Las anemias microcíticas hipocrómicas (m-H) presentan VCM<80 fL y HCM<27 pg. Son producto de la baja biodisponibilidad del hierro (Fe), o del defecto de la síntesis de globinas o del HEMO. La más frecuente es la anemia por deficiencia de hierro (ADH), seguida por las talasemias y las anemias de procesos crónicos. Menos frecuentes son aquellas por defectos en el HEMO o por causas genéticas del metabolismo del Fe. El objetivo del trabajo es revisar, por medio de parámetros de distinta complejidad, diferencias entre ADH y b talasemia heterocigota (b-Tal-het), las m-H de mayor prevalencia en nuestro medio. Los recuentos de eritrocitos y reticulocitos, hemoglobina, ferremia, ferritina, saturación de la transferrina, HbA2, porcentaje de alteraciones morfológicas son menores en la ADH. El VCM, el HCM, la ADE, los índices de microcitosis, transferrina, y los receptores solubles de transferrina son menores en b-Tal-het. El estrés oxidativo está aumentado en ambas patologías. En el análisis de estos parámetros se discute el grado de deficiencia de Fe y/o la mutación de b-Tal-het. Se aplica un algoritmo para m-H a partir del Fe sérico. Una vez descartadas las m-H más comunes, se debe investigar a-Tal-het, la cual se considera la causa de la mayoría de m-H inexplicadas.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia (m-H) presents MCV<80 fL and MCH<27 pg. m-H can result from iron availability, defects in globin or HEMO synthesis. The most frequent m-H is iron deficiency anemia (IDA), followed by thalassemias and anemia chronic disease. Rare m-H are a consequence of HEME defects or iron metabolism genetic defects. The aim of this study is to review the differential diagnosis between IDA and b thalassemia trait (b thal trait), the most frequent in our environment. Results of laboratory tests are analysed. Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, HbA2 and percentage of morphologic changes are lower in IDA compared with b Thal trait. MCV, MCH, RDW, microcytic index, transferrin and soluble transferrin receptor are higher in IDA compared with b Thal trait. Oxidative stress is increased in the two forms of microcytoses. Degree iron deficiency in IDA and b Thal trait mutation must be considered in the analysis of the parameters. A flowchart is proposed to evaluate m-H stemming from serum iron value. After excluding the most frequent causes of microcytic anemia, a thalassemia trait must be considered.

As anemias microcíticas hipocrômicas (m-H) apresentam VCM<80 fL e HCM<27 pg. São produto da baixa biodisponibilidade do ferro (Fe), ou do defeito da síntese de globinas ou do HEMO. A mais frequente é a anemia por deficiência de ferro (ADH), seguida pelas talassemias e as anemias de processos crônicos. Menos frequentes são aquelas por defeitos no HEMO ou por causas genéticas do metabolismo do Fe. O objetivo do trabalho é revisar, através de parâmetros de diversa complexidade, diferenças entre ADH e b talassemia heterocigota (b-Tal-het), as m-H de maior prevalência no nosso meio. As contagens de eritrócitos e reticulócitos, hemoglobina, ferremia, ferritina, saturação da transferrina, HbA2, percentagem de alterações morfológicas são menores em ADH. O VCM, o HCM, a ADE, os índices de microcitose, transferrina, receptores solúveis de transferrina são menores em b-Tal-het. O estresse oxidativo está aumentado em ambas as patologias. Na análise destes parâmetros é discutido o grau de deficiência de Fe e/ou a mutação de b-Tal-het. Aplica-se um algoritmo para m-H a partir do Fe sérico. Depois de serem descartadas as m-H mais comuns, deve investigar-se a-Tal-het, a qual é considerada a causa da maior parte de m-H inexplicadas.

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Se estima que un tercio de la población mundial es anémica, la mayoría por deficiencia de hierro. La anemia por deficiencia de hierro es la etapa final de un prolongado periodo de balance negativo del mineral. Aunque es raro que esta anemia sea causa de muerte, su impacto sobre la salud es significativo. En los adultos, se asocia con fatiga, síndrome de las piernas inquietas, pica, etc; en los neonatos, con retraso del crecimiento y desarrollo y; en los adolescentes, con disminución del aprendizaje y alteraciones conductuales. No existe una prueba única para diagnosticar la deficiencia de hierro; aunque la disminución de la ferritina sérica o de la saturación de la transferrina, con una capacidad total de fijación de hierro elevada, son elementos sugestivos. Se revisan las características clínicas y de laboratorio de esta entidad(AU)

It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is anemic, the majority being due to iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is the result of a large negative iron balance period. Iron deficiency anemia rarely causes death, but the impact on human health is significant. In adults, it is associated with fatigue, restless legs syndrome, pica; in neonates, delayed growth and development and, in adolescents, decrements in learning and behavioral abnormalities. No single test is diagnostic of ID unless the serum ferritin is low or the percent transferring saturation is low with an elevated total iron binding capacity are suggestive. Clinical and laboratory features of the disease are discussed(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the two types of posttranslational modifications of proteins in RA: glycosylation on the example of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and citrullination by means of autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides. METHODS: The study was carried out in 50 RA patients. CDT was measured using N Latex CDT immunonephelometric test, the results were presented in absolute and relative units. Anti-CCP were measured using the chemiluminescent method and rheumatoid factor by immunoturbidimetric method. RESULTS: 80% of RA patients were positive for anti-CCP, 70% for RF and 62% for both, anti-CCP and RF. The level of %CDT was significantly elevated, but absolute CDT level was not changed. The mean absolute CDT concentration was higher in anti-CCP positive patients than that in anti-CCP negative. CDT (absolute and relative concentration) did not correlate with anti-CCP and RF. However, serum RF significantly correlated with anti-CCP. %CDT did not correlate with anti-CCP, but absolute level correlated with anti-CCP only in anti-CCP negative and RF negative patients. CDT did not correlate with RF, but solely with anti-CCP in anti-CCP negative patients. Anti-CCP correlated with DAS 28 only in anti-CCP negative RA, but CDT (absolute and relative units) correlated with DAS 28 in all patients and in anti-CCP positive RA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the changes in CDT and anti-CCP concentrations are not associated with oneself and indicate on the independence of these posttranslational modifications in rheumatoid arthritis. Only the alterations in transferrin glycosylation reflected the activity of RA.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the two types of posttranslational modifications of proteins in RA: glycosylation on the example of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and citrullination by means of autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides. Methods: The study was carried out in 50 RA patients. CDT was measured using N Latex CDT immunonephelometric test, the results were presented in absolute and relative units. Anti-CCP were measured using the chemiluminescent method and rheumatoid factor by immunoturbidimetric method. Results: 80% of RA patients were positive for anti-CCP, 70% for RF and 62% for both, anti-CCP and RF. The level of %CDT was significantly elevated, but absolute CDT level was not changed. The mean absolute CDT concentration was higher in anti-CCP positive patients than that in anti-CCP negative. CDT (absolute and relative concentration) did not correlate with anti-CCP and RF. However, serum RF significantly correlated with anti-CCP. %CDT did not correlate with anti-CCP, but absolute level correlated with anti-CCP only in anti-CCP negative and RF negative patients. CDT did not correlate with RF, but solely with anti-CCP in anti-CCP negative patients. Anti-CCP correlated with DAS 28 only in anti-CCP negative RA, but CDT (absolute and relative units) correlated with DAS 28 in all patients and in anti-CCP positive RA. Conclusions: These results suggest that the changes in CDT and anti-CCP concentrations are not associated with oneself and indicate on the independence of these posttranslational modifications in rheumatoid arthritis. Only the alterations in transferrin glycosylation reflected the activity of RA.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre os dois tipos de modificações pós-translacionais de proteínas na AR: glicosilação no caso da transferrina deficiente em carboidrato (TDC) e citrulinação por meio dos anticorpos no caso do antipeptídeo citrulinado cíclico (anti-CCP). Métodos: O estudo foi feito em 50 pacientes com AR. A TDC foi medida com o teste imunonefelométrico N Latex CDT e os resultados foram apresentados em unidades absolutas e relativas. O anti-CCP foi mensurado com o método quimioluminescente e o fator reumatoide (FR) pelo método imunoturbidimétrico. Resultados: Dos pacientes com AR, 80% foram positivos para anti-CCP, 70% para FR e 62% para ambos (anti-CCP e FR). A percentagem de transferrina total (%TDC) esteve significativamente elevada, mas o nível absoluto de TDC não esteve alterado. A concentração média de TDC absoluta foi maior nos pacientes anti-CCP positivos do que naqueles anti-CCP negativos. A TDC (concentração absoluta e relativa) não se correlacionou com o anti-CCP e o FR. No entanto, o FR sérico se correlacionou significativamente com o anti-CCP. O percentual de TDC não se correlacionou com o anti-CCP, mas seu nível absoluto se correlacionou com o anti-CCP apenas em pacientes FR negativos e anti-CCP negativos. A TDC não se correlacionou com o FR, somente com o anti-CCP em pacientes anti-CCP negativos. O anti-CCP se correlacionou com o DAS 28 apenas nos pacientes com AR anti-CCP negativos, mas a TDC (unidades absolutas e relativas) se correlacionou com o DAS 28 quando considerados todos os pacientes com AR e em pacientes com AR anti-CCP positivos. Conclusões: Esses resultados sugerem que as alterações na TDC e as concentrações de anti-CCP não estão associadas e indicam a independência dessas modificações pós-translacionais na artrite reumatoide. Apenas as alterações na glicosilação da transferrina refletem a atividade da AR.

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Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia del receptor soluble de transferrina (RST) en el diagnóstico de la anemia ferropénica (AF) y en la evaluación de la respuesta al hierro en los lactantes con desnutrición aguda moderada (DAM). Población y métodos. Se reclutó a lactantes con valores de hemoglobina (Hb) inferiores a los valores umbrales de anemia para su edad y con anemia hipocrómica/microcítica observada en el frotis de sangre periférica. La DAM se definió como un puntaje Z de peso/estatura de entre < -2 y -3. Se compararon los valores del hemograma, los parámetros férricos y el RST entre 41 lactantes con DAM y anemia (grupo DA), 32 lactantes con anemia sin DAM (grupo A) y controles saludables (n= 30). Una vez completado el tratamiento de la anemia y la desnutrición, se repitieron las evaluaciones. Resultados. Además de los índices hematológicos compatibles con AF, los valores de hierro sérico (Fe) y saturación de transferrina (ST) eran significativamente menores, mientras que el valor de transferrina era significativamente mayor en los grupos DA y A en comparación con los controles (p < 0,001). Los valores de ferritina y proteína C-reactiva (PCR) eran significativamente más elevados en el grupo DA (p < 0,05 para la ferritina, p < 0,01 para la PCR). El valor medio del RST fue similar en ambos grupos (DA y A) (p > 0,05) y significativamente mayor que en los controles (p < 0,001). Después del tratamiento con hierro, el RST disminuyó en los grupos DA y A (p < 0,001) a valores similares a los observados en los controles. El RST se correlacionó negativamente con la Hb durante todo el estudio (grupo DA: r= -0,350, p < 0,05; grupo A: r= -0,683, p < 0,01). Conclusiones. Dado que los valores del RST en los grupos DA y A disminuyeron después del tratamiento con hierro, consideramos que este parámetro no estuvo afectado por la DAM ni la inflamación y puede usarse, por sí solo, para detectar la AF y supervisar la respuesta al tratamiento en los lactantes con DAM.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and evaluating iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Population and methods. Infants withhemoglobin (Hb) levels lower than threshold values for anemia for their ages and hypochromic/ microcytic anemia on peripheral smear were recruited. MAM was defined as weight/height z score < -2 to -3. Complete blood count (CBC), iron parameters and sTfR were compared among 41 infants with MAM and anemia (MA group), 32 infants with anemia without MAM (group A), and healthy controls (n= 30). Following anemia and malnutrition treatment, tests were repeated. Results. Besides hematological indices compatible with IDA, serum iron (Fe) and transferrin saturation (TS) were significantly lower, while transferrin was significantly higher in MA and A groups compared to controls (p <0.001). Ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in MA group (p <0.05 ferritin, p <0.01 for CRP). Mean sTfR was similar in both MA and A groups (p >0.05) and significantly higher than controls (p <0.001). Following iron treatment, sTfR decreased inboth MA and A groups (p <0.001) to similar values as controls. sTfR was negatively correlated to Hb throughout the study (for MA group, r= -0.350, p <0.05; for A group, r= -0.683, p <0.01). Conclusions. As sTfR values in both MA and A groups decreased following iron treatment, we believe that this parameter was not influenced by MAM or inflammation; and it alone can be used to detect IDA and monitor treatment response in infants with MAM.

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The ventricle peritoneal (VP) shunt is commonly used in the treatment of hydrocephalus. It is a relatively simple and effective technique, but around 70% of the patients with a VP shunt have a complication in their lifetime. Most of these complications are due to infection or mechanical dysfunction. The thoracic complications are rare. The present case is one of the small number of them found in the literature, describing hydrothorax as a complication of a VP shunt without catheter migration and without ascites. The case is presented of a 2 year-old girl with VP shunt. The patient was diagnosed with pleural effusion compatible with hydrothorax. After finding beta-2-transferrin in the pleural fluid, it was it was shown to be from cerebrospinal fluid. Cranial CT showed the catheter in a proper position, and the Xray and ultrasound showed the catheter correctly positioned in the peritoneum.

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Resumen Introducción: la hepcidina es la principal hormona peptídica reguladora de la absorción y distribución tisular del hierro. Estudios recientes han planteado la posibilidad de utilizarla como un biomarcador para evaluar el metabolismo del hierro y sus posibles alteraciones. Aunque, ante la esca­sa información sobre las propiedades diagnósticas de la hepcidina sérica, no han sido bien caracterizadas y no se cuenta con estudios suficientes en individuos sanos, e incluso en Colombia hasta el momento no se ha realizado ningún estudio referente al tema. Objetivo: estimar las concen­traciones de la hepcidina sérica, su rango de normalidad y su correlación con parámetros bioquímicos asociados al metabolismo del hierro en una población de donantes. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo trans­versal que incluyó 85 donantes, a quienes se les realizó hemograma auto­matizado, se evaluó ferritina, transferrina y hierro total, mediante los mé­todos de electroquimioluminiscencia, inmunoturbidimetría y colorimetría. La determinación de hepcidina en suero se realizó por medio de una ELISA competitiva. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas, con un nivel de significan­cia de p< 0,05. Resultados: se observaron diferencias significativas en la concentración de hepcidina entre hombres y mujeres. La edad no fue un factor determinante de las concentraciones de hepcidina en los hombres Mediana (Me)=5,73 nM. Solo ferritina se correlacionó fuertemente con la hepcidina. El rango de normalidad de hepcidina encontrado en hombres estuvo entre 1,71 y 13,3 nM y entre 1,67 a 11,3 nM en mujeres. Conclusión: el nivel de hepcidina sérica es mayor en hombres y demuestra la fuerte asociación in vivo con los niveles de hepcidina sérica con el hierro de re­serva y circulante.

Abstract Introduction: The hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin is the principal regulator of iron absorption and tissue iron distribution. Recent studies have proposed hepcidin as a suitable biomarker to assess iron metabolism and its failures. Although the data were limited to information on the diagnostic properties of serum hepcidin, have not been well characterized and neither have enough studies in healthy individuals, and even in Colombia so far have not been any studies on the topic. Objective: quantify the concentrations of serum hepcidin, establish a normal range and determine the correlate with biochemical parameters associated with iron metabolism in a population of donors. Materials and methods: A cross-wise study was performed on total of 85 donors to whom an automatized blood panel was tested. Ferritin, iron and transferrin were measured through electrochimioluminiscence, inmmunoturbidimetry and colorimetry respectively. Seric hepcidin presence was evidenced by competitive ELISA. Data was statistically analized with a significance level of p< 0, 05. Results: Statistically significant differences were noticed in the hepcidin concentration when comparing women and men. Hepcidin concentrations in men were constant over age (median, 5.73nM). Only ferritin is strongly correlated with hepcidin. Normal values for women ranged between 1,67nM -11,3 nM while those for men did slightly higher 1,71 nM - 13,3 nM. Conclusions: Serum hepcidin levels are higher in men and demonstrates a strong in vivo correlation between seric hepcidin and iron either circulating or storage.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of iron deficiency and anemia on submaximal exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: We undertook a single-center cross-sectional study in a group of stable patients with chronic heart failure. At recruitment, patients provided baseline information and completed a 6-minute walk test to evaluate submaximal exercise capacity and exercise-induced symptoms. At the same time, blood samples were taken for serological evaluation. Iron deficiency was defined as ferritin < 100 ng/mL or transferrin saturation < 20% when ferritin is < 800 ng/mL. Additional markers of iron status were also measured. RESULTS: A total of 538 heart failure patients were eligible for inclusion, with an average age of 71 years and 33% were in New York Heart Association class III/IV. The mean distance walked in the test was 285 ± 101 meters among those with impaired iron status, vs 322 ± 113 meters (P=.002). Symptoms during the test were more frequent in iron deficiency patients (35% vs 27%; P=.028) and the most common symptom reported was fatigue. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that increased levels of soluble transferrin receptor indicating abnormal iron status were independently associated with advanced New York Heart Association class (P < .05). Multivariable analysis using generalized additive models, soluble transferrin receptor and ferritin index, both biomarkers measuring iron status, showed a significant, independent and linear association with submaximal exercise capacity (P=.03 for both). In contrast, hemoglobin levels were not significantly associated with 6-minute walk test distance in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chronic heart failure, iron deficiency but not anemia was associated with impaired submaximal exercise capacity and symptomatic functional limitation.

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