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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to discuss the use of tramadol in the perioperative period. There is no doubt that tramadol has revolutionized pain treatment, making it important to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in order to provide patients with the safest and most effective analgesia. RECENT FINDINGS: Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic with a multimode of action used to help treat moderate to severe pain. Pharmacologically, the unique opioid acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, while its metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, acts on the µ-opioid receptor. The analgesic strength of tramadol is about one-tenth that of morphine, making it a relatively safe analgesic. Potential side effects of tramadol include nausea, vomiting, constipation, pruritus, and respiratory depression; however, the severity of these symptoms is minimal compared to traditional opioids. Although some of the perioperative uses of tramadol may be rare, it is a pain management option to consider when alternatives have proved ineffective.

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OBJECTIVE Patients with myelomeningocele are often affected by scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome, and frequently require spine surgery. Intradural spine surgeries may carry an inherently higher risk of inducing shunt malfunction due to entry into the subarachnoid space. In this study, the authors sought to compare rates of shunt malfunction after intradural and extradural spine surgeries among pediatric patients with myelomeningocele. METHODS The authors reviewed records of the National Spina Bifida Program Registry for Children's Hospital of Alabama. The Exago reporting function was used to identify patients who had received at least one of the following procedures: shunt revision, tethered cord release (TCR), or spinal fusion for deformity. The registry records were reviewed for all identified patients to determine if a shunt revision was performed within the 1st year after TCR or spinal fusion. RESULTS Final analyses included 117 patients, of whom 39 underwent spinal fusion and 78 underwent TCR. Among patients who underwent spinal fusion, shunt revision was performed within 30 days in 2 patients (5.1%), within 60 days in 2 (5.1%), within 90 days in 4 (10.3%), and within 1 year in 5 (12.8%). Among patients who underwent TCR, shunt revision was performed within 30 days in 7 patients (9.0%), within 60 days in 10 (12.8%), within 90 days in 11 (14.1%), and within 1 year in 17 (21.8%). Using the log-rank test, there was no significant difference in Kaplan-Meier curves between intradural and extradural groups (p = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS In a review of single-institution registry data, the authors found no statistically significant difference in the risk of shunt malfunction after intradural and extradural spine surgeries.

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Introducción: Se reporta entre 1 por ciento y 6 por ciento de hemorragia posamigdalectomía y/o adenoidectomía. En la literatura se discute la real utilidad de los exámenes de hemostasia de rutina. Cuestionarios de sangrado estandarizados podrían definir a quién realizar un estudio de coagulación para predecir sangrados posamigdalectomía y/o adenoidectomía. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de un cuestionario preoperatorio para evaluar historia de sangrado y exámenes de coagulación rutinarios, para predecir sangrados asociados a amigdalectomía y/o adenoidectomía. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohorte, en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Barros Luco. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a amigdalectomía y/o adenoidectomía, con cuestionario a menores de 18 años, entre enero de 2008 y junio de 2010. Se usó Chi cuadrado, Fisher, t de student según correspondiera para el análisis de los grupos. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo p <0,05. Resultados: Se revisaron 951 fichas de pacientes operados en el período de estudio, de un total de 1.288 cirugías (73,8(0) por ciento). Se excluyeron 65 por información incompleta y 272 sin cuestionario. Elpromedio (DE) de edad fue 7,70 +/-3,5 años (Rango: 1 -18 años). El 54 por ciento de los pacientes fue de sexo masculino. La frecuencia de sangrado fue 2,6 por ciento. La razón de proporciones (OR) para edad fue 1,11 (IC 95 por ciento 1,01-1,23); para amigdalitis crónica fue 2,56 (IC 95 por ciento 1,15-5,69). Los exámenes presentaron una sensibilidad de 4 por ciento y un valor de predicción positivo de 3 por ciento. El cuestionario de sangrado preoperatorio presentó una sensibilidad de 24 por ciento y un valor de predicción positivo de 3 por ciento. Discusión: El bajo valor de predicción positivo del cuestionario y los exámenes (3 por ciento) se asoció a la baja prevalencia de sangrado y otros factores involucrados en el sangrado posoperatorio. . .

Introduction: It is reported between 1percent and 6 percent of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage and / or adenoidectomy. The literature discusses the real usefulness of routine hemostasis tests. Standardized questionnaires bleeding could define who make a study of post-tonsillectomy bleeding bleeding to predict and/or adenoidectomy. Aim: To determine the usefulness of a preoperative questionnaire to assess history of bleeding and routine coagulation tests to predict bleeding associated with tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Material and method: We performed a prospective cohort study in the Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Barros Luco. We included patients undergoing tonsillectomy and / or adenoidectomy, with guest under 18 years between January 2008 and June 2010. We used chisquare, Fisher, Student t test as appropriate for the analysis of the groups. Statistical significance was p <0.05. Results: We reviewed 951 records of patients operated in the study period, a total of 1288 surgeries (73.8 percent). 65 were excluded due to incomplete information and 272 without questionnaire. The mean (SD) age was 7.70 + 3.5years (range: 1 to 18 years). 54 percent of patients were male. The frequency of bleeding was 2.6 percent. The ratio of ratios (OR) for age was 1.11 (95 percent C11.01 to 1.23) for chronic tonsillitis was 2.56 (95 percent C11.15 to 5.69). The tests showed a sensitivity of 4 percent and positive predictive value of 3 percent. The preoperative bleeding questionnaire had a sensitivity of 24 percent and positive predictive value of 3 percent. Discussion: The low positive predictive value of the questionnaire and examinations (3 percent) was associated with low prevalence of bleeding and other factors involved in postoperative bleeding. The questionnaire had a greaterability to detectpostoperative bleeding (24 percent). The use of the questionnaire represents a reliable tool that tests, but less expensive and less traumatic...

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