RESUMEN
Biofabrication is a rapidly evolving field whose main goal is the manufacturing of three-dimensional (3D) cell-laden constructs that closely mimic tissues and organs. Despite recent advances on materials and techniques directed toward the achievement of this goal, several aspects such as tissue vascularization and prolonged cell functionality are limiting bench-to-bedside translation. Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has been devised as a promising biofabrication technology to overcome these limitations, due to its versatility and wide availability. Here, we report the development of a triple-layered coaxial nozzle for use in the biomanufacturing of vascular networks and vessels. The design of the coaxial nozzle was first optimized toward guaranteeing high cell viability upon extrusion. This was done with the aid of in silico evaluations and their subsequent experimental validation by investigating the bioprinting of an alginate-based bioink. Results confirmed that the values for pressure distribution predicted by in silico experiments resulted in cell viabilities above 70% and further demonstrated the effect of layer thickness and extrusion pressure on cell viability. Our work paves the way for the rational design of multi-layered coaxial extrusion systems to be used in biofabrication approaches to replicate the very complex structures found in native organs and tissues.
RESUMEN
Science and technology (S&T) on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is growing at an increasingly accelerated pace; one major challenge represents how to develop new solutions for frequent oral diseases such as periodontal problems and loss of alveolar bone. 3D bioprinting is expected to revolutionize the health industry in the upcoming years. In dentistry, this technology can become a significant contributor. This study applies a Competitive Technology Intelligence methodology to uncover the main S&T drivers in this domain. Looking at a 6-year period from 2012 to 2018 an analysis of scientific and technology production was made. Three principal S& T drivers were identified: Scaffolds development, analysis of natural and synthetic materials, and the study of scaffold characteristics. Innovative hybrid and multiphasic scaffolds are being developed to regenerate periodontal tissue and alveolar bone by combining them with stem cells from the pulp or periodontal ligament. To improve scaffolds performance, biodegradable synthetic polymers are often used in combination with bioceramics. The characteristics of scaffolds such as fiber orientation, porosity, and geometry, were also investigated. This research contributes to people interested in bringing innovative solutions to the health industry, particularly by applying state-of-the-art technologies such as 3D bioprinting, in this case for dental tissues and dental bone diseases.