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Costly third-party punishment (TPP) is an effective way to enforce fairness norms and promote cooperation. Recent studies have shown that the third party considers not only the proposer's suggested allocation but also the receiver's response to the allocation, which was typically ignored in traditional TPP studies when making punishment decisions. However, it remains unclear whether and how the varying unfair allocations and receivers' responses are integrated into third-party punishment. The current study addressed these issues at behavioral and electrophysiological levels by employing a modified third-party punishment task involving proposers' highly or moderately unfair allocations and the receivers' acceptance or rejection responses. At the behavioral level, participants punished proposers more often when receivers rejected relative to accepted unfair allocations. This effect was further modulated by the unfairness degree of allocations, indicated by a more pronounced rejection-sensitive effect when participants observed the moderately unfair offers. Electrophysiologically, when the receiver rejected the moderately unfair allocations, a stronger late-stage component P300/LPP, which was considered to be involved in allocations of attention resources, was found. Meanwhile, separated from the P300/LPP, the P200 associated with early attention capture demonstrated a rejection-sensitive effect that was independent of the unfairness degree of allocations. Together, in the costly TPP studies, the receiver is typically designated as passive and silent, and her/his responses to unfairness are conventionally ignored. However, our results indicate that except for the proposer's distribution behavior, the receiver's response does have an impact on third-party punishment in a way that interacts with the unfairness of allocations.

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When investigating the relationship between the acoustic environment and human wellbeing, there is a potential problem resulting from data source self-correlation. To address this data source self-correlation problem, we proposed a third-party assessment combined with an artificial intelligence (TPA-AI) model. The TPA-AI utilized acoustic spectrograms to assess the soundscape's affective quality. First, we collected data on public perceptions of urban sounds (i.e., inviting 100 volunteers to label the affective quality of 7051 10-s audios on a polar scale from annoying to pleasant). Second, we converted the labeled audios to acoustic spectrograms and used deep learning methods to train the TPA-AI model, achieving a 92.88 % predictive accuracy for binary classification. Third, geographic ecological momentary assessment (GEMA) was used to log momentary audios from 180 participants in their daily life context, and we employed the well-trained TPA-AI model to predict the affective quality of these momentary audios. Lastly, we compared the explanatory power of the three methods (i.e., sound level meters, sound questionnaires, and the TPA-AI model) when estimating the relationship between momentary stress level and the acoustic environment. Our results indicate that the TPA-AI's explanatory power outperformed the sound level meter, while using a sound questionnaire might overestimate the effect of the acoustic environment on momentary stress and underestimate other confounders.

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Advantages of commercial UAS-based services come with the disadvantage of posing third party risk (TPR) to overflown population on the ground. Especially challenging is that the imposed level of ground TPR tends to increase linearly with the density of potential customers of UAS services. This challenge asks for the development of complementary directions in reducing ground TPR. The first direction is to reduce the rate of a UAS crash to the ground. The second direction is to reduce overflying in more densely populated areas by developing risk-aware UAS path planning strategies. The third direction is to develop UAS designs that reduce the product A impact · P { F | impact } ${{A}_{{\mathrm{impact}}}} \cdot \mathbb{P}\{ F| {{\mathrm{impact}}\} } $ in case of a crashing UAS, where A impact ${{A}_{{\mathrm{impact}}}}$ is the size of the crash impact area on the ground, and P { F | impact } $\mathbb{P}\{ F| {{\mathrm{impact}}\} } $ is the probability of fatality for a person in the crash impact area. Because small UAS accident and incident data are scarce, each of these three developments is in need of predictive models regarding their contribution to ground TPR. Such models have been well developed for UAS crash event rate and risk-aware UAS path planning. The objective of this article is to develop an improved model and assessment method for the product A impact · P { F | impact } . ${{A}_{{\mathrm{impact}}}} \cdot \mathbb{P}\{ F| {{\mathrm{impact}}\} } .$ In literature, the model development and assessment of the latter two terms is accomplished along separate routes. The objective of this article is to develop an integrated approach. The first step is the development of an integrated model for the product A impact · P { F | impact } ${{A}_{{\mathrm{impact}}}} \cdot \mathbb{P}\{ F| {{\mathrm{impact}}\} } $ . The second step is to show that this integrated model can be assessed by conducting dynamical simulations of Finite Element (FE) or Multi-Body System (MBS) models of collision between a UAS and a human body. Application of this novel method is illustrated and compared to existing methods for a DJI Phantom III UAS crashing to the ground.

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Digital weight-loss services (DWLSs) combining pharmacotherapy and health coaching have the potential to make a major contribution to the global struggle against obesity. However, the degree to which DWLSs compromise patient safety through the dispensation of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) medications is unknown. This study retrospectively analysed the rate at which patients reported GLP-1 RA dispensing errors from patient-selected and partner pharmacies of Australia's largest DWLS provider over a six-month period. The analysis found that 99 (0.35%) of the 28,165 dispensed semaglutide orders contained an error. Incorrect dose (58.6%) and unreasonable medication expiry window (21.2%) were the two most common error types. Most errors (84.9%) were deemed to have been of medium urgency, with 11.1% being considered high-urgency errors. Incorrect doses (45.5%) and supplies of the wrong medication (36.3%) comprised most errors reported in high-urgency cases. Female patients reported more dispensing errors than male patients (0.41% vs. 0.12%, p < 0.001). Similarly, reported dispensing error rates were highest among patients aged 18 to 29 years (0.6%) and 30 to 39 years (0.5%). This research provides preliminary evidence that GLP-1 RA dispensing errors within comprehensive Australian DWLSs are relatively low.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate whether Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy intervention (ICBT) for individuals with tinnitus had an indirect effect on the third-party disability noticed by significant others (SOs). METHODS: Significant Others Questionnaire (CTSOQ). Individuals with tinnitus completed standardized self-reported outcome measures for tinnitus severity, anxiety, depression, insomnia, hearing-related quality of life, tinnitus cognitions, hearing disability, and hyperacusis. RESULTS: In total, 194 pairs of individuals with tinnitus and their SOs participated. The impact of third-party disability experienced by SOs was significantly reduced after individuals with tinnitus undertook the ICBT intervention (d = 0.41). This reduced SOs with severe difficulties from 52% to 35%. The remaining impact was mild for 30% and moderate for 35%. SOs with higher baseline difficulties and SOs who were partners (e.g., spouses) were less likely to notice indirect benefits from intervention undertaken by their family members. There was a moderate positive correlation between the post-intervention CTSOQs and the clinical variables of tinnitus severity and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Third-party disability may be reduced as an indirect effect of individuals with tinnitus undertaking ICBT. Including SOs of individuals with tinnitus within the rehabilitation process may add additional benefits, and such involvement should be encouraged.

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INTRODUCTION: Medical research studies which involve electronic data capture of sensitive data about human subjects need to manage medical and identifying participant data in a secure manner. To protect the identity of data subjects, an independent trusted third party should be responsible for pseudonymization and management of the identifying data. METHODS: We have developed a web-based integrated solution that combines REDCap as an electronic data capture system with the trusted third party software tools of the University Medicine Greifswald, which provides study personnel with a single user interface for both clinical data entry and management of identities, pseudonyms and informed consents. RESULTS: Integration of the two platforms enables a seamless workflow of registering new participants, entering identifying and consent information, and generating pseudonyms in the trusted third party system, with subsequent capturing of medical data in the electronic data capture system, while maintaining strict separation of medical and identifying data in the two independently managed systems. CONCLUSION: Our solution enables a time-efficient data entry workflow, provides a high level of data protection by minimizing visibility of identifying information and pseudonym lists, and avoids errors introduced by manual transfer of pseudonyms between separate systems.

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Third-party punishment (TPP) plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining social fairness. Punishment power is a significant area of study within economic games. However, the impact of whether or not the second-party possesses punishment power on TPP remains unexplored. The present study utilizes the high temporal resolution of EEG and time-frequency analysis, intra-barin functional connectivity analysis, inter-brain synchronization (IBS) analysis, and granger causality analysis(GCA) to comprehensively explore the neural mechanism of TPP from the perspective of third-party individual's decision-making and IBS in the real-time social interaction. Time-frequency results found that, the absence of the punishment power activated more theta-band and alpha-band power compare to when second-party has punishment power. When second-party has no punishment power, functional connection results observed stronger functional connectivity in theta band for medium unfair offers between rTPJ and PFC. Dual-brain analysis revealed that when the second-party has no punishment power, there is a significantly higher IBS in the alpha band between the frontal and frontal-central lobes of the second-party and the parietal and parietal occipital lobes of the third-party. GCA results further showed that the direction of IBS from third-party to second-party was significantly stronger than from second-party to third-party. This study demonstrates that the absence of the second-party's punishment power promote TPP, and similar cognitive process of thinking on how to maintain social fairness enhances IBS. The current study emphasizes the influence of punishment power on TPP, broadens the research perspective and contributes crucial insights into maintain social fairness.

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The unfulfilled desire for children is a significant problem worldwide. The psychological effects of this development are usually underestimated, while the myth of "psychogenic infertility" stubbornly persists. This article first provides an overview of the basic facts on the subject before highlighting the psychological effects of both the diagnosis of infertility and the therapeutic options. Psychological aspects of "third-party" reproduction and further developments after childbirth or without a child are discussed, followed by a brief outline of the general and specific subject matter addressed in infertility counselling. The article concludes with reflections on the possible psychological consequences of further medical developments in this area.

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PURPOSE: Total body irradiation before bone marrow transplantation for hematological malignancies using Radixact, a high-precision radiotherapy machine, can potentially reduce side effects and the risk of secondary malignancies. However, stable control of couch speed is critical, and direct assessment methods outlined in quality assurance guidelines are lacking. This study aims to develop a real-time couch speed verification system for the Radixact. METHODS: The developed system used a linear encoder to measure couch speed directly. Accuracy was verified via a linear stage, comparing measurements with a laser distance sensor. After placing a phantom simulating the human body on the Radixact couch, the couch speed was verified using predefined speed plans. RESULTS: Operating the linear stage at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mm/s revealed that the maximum position error of the developed verification system compared to the laser distance sensor was nearly equivalent to the distance resolution of the system (0.05 mm/pulse), with negligible average speed error. When the Radixact couch operated at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mm/s, the values obtained by the verification system agreed with the theoretical values within the sampling period (0.01 s) and distance resolution (0.05 mm). CONCLUSION: The verification system developed provides real-time monitoring of the speed of the Radixact table, ensuring treatment effectiveness and patient safety. It would guarantee the couch speed's soundness and contribute to the "visualization" of safety.

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This study proposes and tests a conceptual model including three predictors (observed abusive leadership, workplace identification, and authority orientation) of third-party observers' turnover intentions. Analyzing responses from of 367 sales employees from Chinese hotels suggests that organizational identification partially mediates the relationship between observed abusive leadership and observer turnover intention. Also, observed abusive leadership is negatively associated with observers' workplace identification. Finally, authority orientation is negatively associated with observers' turnover intentions. This study contributes theoretically to understanding the repercussions of abusive leadership and offers managerial insights for hospitality firms to mitigate high turnover rates.

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The globalization and rapid advancements in medical technologies necessitate the harmonization of international regulatory frameworks to ensure the efficient and timely clinical application of medical products, including pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Regulatory reliance, a critical component of this harmonization process, is a powerful tool that provides efficient access for economic entities and regulatory authorities, promoting predictable decision-making and accelerating approvals. The Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP) serves as a regulatory reliance framework for medical device inspections. Implemented by countries including Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil, MDSAP allows third-party certification bodies, recognized by these regulatory authorities, to conduct audits on medical device manufacturers. The outcomes of these audits are shared with the regulatory authorities, who use them for regulatory assessments and decision-making. Since transitioning to its implementation phase in 2017, MDSAP has been widely utilized in various countries. This review provides an overview of the adoption and utilization of MDSAP in major countries, exploring the program's impact on regulatory processes and its potential as a method of regulatory reliance to facilitate timely access to effective and safe medical devices.

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BACKGROUND: Fertility preservation and subsequent third-party reproduction represents a principal pathway by which gay and bisexual cisgender men may have biologically related children. Previous studies of a similar design have commented on the availability of fertility services for sexually and gender diverse communities, but none have investigated access to the aforementioned services for this specific population. OBJECTIVES: To assess the availability of fertility preservation and third-party reproduction services for gay and bisexual cisgender men across US fertility clinics and sperm banks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A content analysis was performed on a sample of fertility clinic and sperm bank websites compiled from three online sources. Sample construction and analysis were completed in 2023. Each website was systematically examined by two separate coders with a third coder deciding any discrepancies. Website coding followed a pre-constructed standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify statistically significant differences. RESULTS: A total of 675 clinic and sperm bank websites (136 academic and 539 private) were analyzed. Five hundred and two (74.4%) offered third-party reproduction and 326 (48.3%) offered fertility preservation for gay and bisexual cisgender men. Furthermore, 248 websites (36.7%) featured some form of disqualifying language either directly communicating or implying exclusion of gay and bisexual cisgender men from these services. Private facilities were more likely to offer third-party reproduction (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, p < 0.01) but less likely to offer fertility preservation (OR = 0.68, p < 0.05) compared with academic affiliated facilities. Lastly, states in the highest Human Rights Campaign Equality Index tier were significantly more likely to offer third-party reproduction (OR = 2.50, p < 0.01) than the lowest tier. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate great variability in access to fertility preservation and third-party reproduction services. Geography and ambiguity in facility-specific policies represent persistent barriers to family building for gay and bisexual cisgender men.

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Integrating a social identity approach with Cortina's (2008) theorizing about selective incivility as modern discrimination, we examine how identification-with an organization, with one's gender, and as a feminist-shapes bystanders' interpretations and responses to witnessed incivility (i.e., interpersonal acts of disrespect) and selective incivility (i.e., incivility motivated by targets' social group membership) toward women at work. We propose that bystanders with stronger organizational identification are less likely to perceive incivility toward female colleagues as discrimination and intervene, but female bystanders with stronger gender identification are more likely to do so. Results from two-wave field data in a cross-lagged panel design (Study 1, N = 336) showed that organizational identification negatively predicted observed selective incivility 1 year later but revealed no evidence of an effect of female bystanders' gender identification. We replicated and extended these results with a vignette experiment (Study 2, N = 410) and an experimental recall study (Study 3, N = 504). Findings revealed a "dark side" of organizational identification: strongly identified bystanders were less likely to perceive incivility as discrimination, but there were again no effects of women's gender identification. Study 3 also showed that bystander feminist identification increased intervention via perceived discrimination. These results raise doubts that female bystanders are more sensitive to recognizing other women's mistreatment as discrimination, but more strongly identified feminists (male or female) were more likely to intervene. Although strongly organizationally identified bystanders were more likely to overlook women's mistreatment, they were also more likely to intervene once discrimination was apparent.

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Investigative leads are not generated by traditional forensic DNA testing, if the source of the forensic evidence or a 1st degree relative of unidentified human remains is not in the DNA database. In such cases, forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) can provide valuable leads. However, FGG generated genetic data contain private and sensitive information. Therefore, it is essential to deploy approaches that minimize unnecessary disclosure of these data to mitigate potential risks to individual privacy. We recommend protective practices that need not impact effective reporting of relationship identifications. Examples include performing one-to-one comparisons of DNA profiles of third-party samples and evidence samples offline with an "air gap" to the internet and shielding the specific shared single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) states and locations by binning adjacent SNPs in forensic reports. Such approaches reduce risk of unwanted access to or reverse engineering of third-party individuals' genetic data and can give these donors greater confidence to support use of their DNA profiles in FGG investigation.

[Box: see text].

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This study aimed to establish differences in third-party attention through a toy-building activity among children between 9 and 11 years old from three cultural backgrounds: Rural Mapuche, Urban Mapuche and non-Indigenous Chilean. It was also examined whether third-party attention is related to learning a previously observed activity. Third-party attention involves maintaining two or more foci of interest simultaneously without losing attention and or interrupting the course of a task. It is of interest to study because it may undergo changes as a result of exposure to schooling. Given that these groups differ in cultural practices and years of formal schooling, the hypothesis was that it might be possible to identify differences in their attention patterns. The results showed that it seems like practices of Rural Mapuche families encourage third-party attention much more so than the other groups; therefore, the learning of skills arises in constellations of cultural practices that involve children's living conditions and guide their development.

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Logistics is critical in every company's supply chain (SC), and outsourcing helps businesses concentrate on their core competencies. Third-party logistics (3 PL) or logistics service providers (LSPs) assist businesses in cutting costs while improving performance, sustainability, and revenue. Logistics evaluation and LSPs choice are complicated and critical components of value delivery. This study aims to review logistics outsourcing literature to understand the trends, prospects, factors, and strategies used in logistics companies' outsourcing choices. This work examines the literature on LSPs selection published between 2010 and 2023. This paper uses VOSviewer (version 1.6.19) to visualize the relationships. Pricing, timely shipment, service quality, reliability, agility, technology, and consumer feedback are the most commonly utilized, whereas societal and environmental factors are seldom used. The study comprises journal publications, the year, selection criteria, and assessment methodologies. Numerous scholars have discovered and employed many critical selection criteria. Many investigators have also embraced multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodologies, and their fuzzy form is widely used. In conclusion, recommendations for theorists and managers, limits, and future directions for research are offered.

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BACKGROUND: Medical disputes, which are prevalent in China, are a growing global public health problem. The Chinese government has proposed third-party mediation (TPM) to resolve this issue. However, the characteristics, efficiency, and influencing factors of TPM in resolving medical disputes in public hospitals in China have yet to be determined. METHODS: We conducted a systematic study using TPM records from medical disputes in Gansu Province in China from 2014 to 2019. A χ2 test was used to compare differences between groups, and binary logistic analysis was performed to determine the factors influencing the choice of TPM for resolving medical disputes. RESULTS: We analyzed 5,948 TPM records of medical disputes in Gansu Province in China. The number of medical disputes and the amount of compensation awarded in public hospitals in the Gansu Province increased annually from 2014 to 2019, with most of the disputes occurring in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Approximately 89.01% of the medical disputes were handled by TPM; the average compensation amount with TPM was Chinese Yuan (CNY) 48,688.73, significantly less than that awarded via court judgment and judicial mediation. TPM was more likely to succeed in settling medical disputes in the < CNY10,000 compensation group than in the no-compensation group (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-6.45). However, as the compensation amount increased, the likelihood of choosing TPM decreased significantly. Moreover, TPM was less likely to be chosen when medical disputes did not involve death (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.36-0.45) or when no-fault liability was determined (vs. medical accidents; OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.20-0.67). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that TPM mechanisms play a positive role in efficiently reducing compensation amounts and increasing medical dispute resolution rates which was the main settlement method in resolving medical disputes in public hospitals of Gansu Province in China. TPM could help greatly reduce conflicts between doctors and patients, avoid litigation, and save time and costs for both parties. Moreover, compensation amounts, non-fatal outcomes, and no-fault liability determinations influence the choice of TPM for settling medical disputes.

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After the death of a loved one, family will occasionally request posthumous assisted reproduction (PAR). Professional medical societies in the US and Europe oppose such requests without written consent except from the surviving partner with whom the deceased presumably shared a joint reproductive project. Here, however, we argue that joint reproductive projects are not limited to two-person romantic partners and therefore ethical policies should not be either. In other words, we argue the criterion of being in a romantic partnership with the decedent is biased and unjustly excludes certain family formations. We begin by describing the professional society guidelines to highlight how they presume a two-person romantic couple is the ideal basis for reproductive projects and families. Then, we discuss examples of alternative parental projects, noting that they are usually grounded in feminist and queer values. Finally, we respond to potential objections about violating the autonomy of the deceased and conflating reproductive and parental projects. In sum, as long as medical societies continue to uphold a policy whereby romantic partners may seek PAR in the absence of written consent, we believe that these societies must also allow for the potential of family formations that do not fit into the dominant paradigm.

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The study employed event-related potential (ERP), time-frequency analysis, and functional connectivity to comprehensively explore the influence of male's relative height on third-party punishment (TPP) and its underlying neural mechanism. The results found that punishment rate and transfer amount are significantly greater when the height of the third-party is lower than that of the recipient, suggesting that male's height disadvantage promotes TPP. Neural results found that the height disadvantage induced a smaller N1. The height disadvantage also evoked greater P300 amplitude, more theta power, and more alpha power. Furthermore, a significantly stronger wPLI between the rTPJ and the posterior parietal and a significantly stronger wPLI between the DLPFC and the posterior parietal were observed when third-party was at the height disadvantage. These results imply that the height disadvantage causes negative emotions and affects the fairness consideration in the early processing stage; the third-party evaluates the blame of violators and makes an appropriate punishment decision later. Our findings indicate that anger and reputation concern caused by height disadvantage promote TPP. The current study holds significance as it underscores the psychological importance of height in males, broadens the perspective on factors influencing TPP, validates the promoting effect of personal disadvantages on prosocial behavior, enriches our understanding of indirect reciprocity theory, and extends the application of the evolution theory of Napoleon complex.

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Use of food supplements (FS) by athletes is well characterised but there is little information on 'herbal' or 'botanical' FS beyond 'natural'. This study determined, by questionnaire, whether athletes' main self-reported reason for using FS was reflective of what was written on product labels or, when these claims were unavailable, was in accordance with the scientific literature. In 217 elite (n = 55) and amateur (n = 162) athletes living on the island of Ireland, 71% (n = 153) consumed any kind of FS, with 16% (n = 34) of the entire cohort deemed botanical consumers. 'Protein' (21%, n = 46), 'vitamin D' (17%, n = 37) and 'vitamin C' (15% n = 32) were most consumed with the top reasons for use being 'to support health', 'to prevent illness/for immunity purposes' and 'recovery'. There was generally good agreement between approved nutrition and health claims for such products and athletes' main reported reasons for use. Only the amateur athletes in our pool described using botanical supplements, with reasons for use stated as 'sleep improvement' (21%), 'recovery' (14%), 'supporting health' (12%) and 'energy' (12%), resulting in poor agreement with either approved claims or scientific evidence. Only half of amateur athletes knew if their botanical FS were third-party tested. Athletes and practitioners require guidance to avoid consuming supplements for which there is little scientific evidence, and which may risk being contaminated/fraudulent.

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