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BACKGROUND: The textile industry is the second risk factor for bladder cancer, after smoking. Previous studies focused on the impact of exposure to high concentrations of bladder carcinogenic chemicals in the textile dyeing industry on the elevation of bladder cancer biomarkers. This study aimed to evaluate bladder carcinogenic air pollutants in a textile dyeing factory and investigate its role and the role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vit. D) on cancer bladder biomarkers in exposed workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Particulate and vapor forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored in the printing, dyeing, and preparing sections of a textile factory. Bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP-22), and 25-OH vit. D were estimated in all the exposed workers (147 exposed workers) and in workers not occupationally exposed to chemicals (130 unexposed workers). RESULTS: Aromatic bladder carcinogenic compounds were either in low concentrations or not detected in the air samples of working areas. BTA and NMP-22 of exposed workers were not significantly different from the unexposed. However, 25-OH vit. D was significantly lower in the exposed than unexposed workers. There was a significant inverse correlation between 25-OH vit. D and duration of exposure in exposed workers. CONCLUSION: The mean levels of PAHs and VOCs were within the safe standard levels in the working areas. The non-significant difference in BTA and NMP-22 between the exposed and unexposed groups suggests the presence of occupational exposures to safe levels of bladder carcinogenic aromatics, while the significantly lower 25-OH vit. D levels among the exposed than the unexposed groups could suggest the potential association of 25-OH vit. D with occupational exposures to low levels of PAHs and VOCs, and this association was found to be inversely correlated with the duration of exposures. Accordingly, more specific predictor tests must be applied for early diagnosis of bladder cancer among the exposed workers.

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High-salt textile dyeing wastewater is difficult to treat. Magnetic fields can enhance the biodegradation capacity and extreme environmental adaptabilities of microorganisms. Thus, magnetically enhanced bioreactors are expected to improve the treatment efficiency and stability of high-salt textile dyeing wastewater. Accordingly, a novel Built-in Static Magnetic Field - Biological Aerated Filter (BSMF-BAF) was constructed and investigated for treating actual high-salt textile dyeing wastewater in this study. Two other BAFs packed with traditional and magnetic ceramsite carriers, respectively, were simultaneously operated for comparison. The removal of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solid (SS) and acute toxicity were monitored. The activities of key enzymes and microbial community structure were analyzed to reveal possible mechanisms for improving the treatment efficiency of traditional BAF using the BSMF. The results showed that the BSMF-BAF possessed the highest removal efficiencies of color, COD, SS and acute toxicity among the three BAFs. The BSMF induced significant increases in the activities of azoreductase and lignin peroxidase, which were responsible for the degradation of azo compounds in the wastewater and the detoxification of toxic intermediates, respectively. Additionally, the BSMF induced the relative enrichment of potentially effective bacteria and fungi, and it maintained a relatively high abundance of fungi in the microbial community, resulting in a high treatment efficiency.

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Natural pigments are becoming increasingly popular owing of their reliability. Microbial pigments provide an alternative to natural colours. A total of 24 fungal cultures were collected from leaf bits of Senna auriculata, with one strain (FNG1) producing an extracellular red orange pigment. Nigrospora oryzae was confirmed by using physical criteria and molecular phylogenetic study by using ITS and ß- tubulin analysis. In EtOAc, the crude red pigment was the most soluble. The TLC analysis was used to partly purify the natural pigment. The partially purified fungal pigment was used in successive bioprospecting studies. The antimicrobial activity of the partially purified sample was assessed against eight human pathogens, with Leucobacter AA7 showing the largest zone of inhibition (200-500 µg/mL). The compound's DPPH scavenging activity enhanced from 38.2 to 67.9%, with an IC50 value of 34.195 ± 2.33 µg/mL. Cancer cells were suppressed by partly pure fungal pigment, but non-cancerous HEK 293 cells were unaffected. The GC-MS analysis was used to characterize the molecule present in the partly purified pigment. In addition, the cotton textiles have the greatest staining capability for crude mycobial pigment, which dyes quickly and has a negative cytotoxicity. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01211-y.

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As emerging contaminants in textile dyeing sludge (TDS), the presence and types of microplastics (MPs) inevitably influence the combustion and pyrolysis of TDS. Their effects on the co-combustion/pyrolysis emissions and residual metals of TDS remain poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify the impacts of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) on the transports and transformations of gaseous emissions and residual metals generated during the TDS combustion and pyrolysis in the air, oxy-fuel, and nitrogen atmospheres. Thermal degradation of the MPs in TDS occurred between 242-600 °C. MPs decomposed and interacted with the organic components of TDS to the extent that they increased the release of VOCs, dominated by oxygenated VOCs and hydrocarbons under the incineration and pyrolysis conditions, respectively. The presence of PE exerted a limited impact on the concentration and chemical form of metals, while PP reduced the residual amount of most metals due to the decomposition of mineral additives. Also, PP (with CaCO3 filler) reduced the acid-extractable content of cadmium, copper, and manganese in the bottom slag or coke but increased that of chromium. This study provides actionable insights into optimizing gas emissions, energy recovery, and ash reuse, thus reinforcing the pollution control strategies for both the MPs and TDS.

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To relieve the secondary contamination of heavy metals (HMs), the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge (DS)/litchi shell (LS) and CaO on the migration of HMs was demonstrated in this study. The proportions of Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, and Ni in the F4 fraction increased to 75%, 55%, 100%, 50%, and 62% at the suitable CaO dosages. When 10% CaO was added, the RI value of DLC-10% was reduced to 7.89, indicating low environmental risk. The characterizations of the physicochemical properties of biochar provided support for the HMs immobilization mechanism. HMs combined with inorganic minerals or functional groups to form new stable HMs crystalline minerals and complexes to achieve immobilization of HMs. The pH value and pore structure also play an important role in improving the immobilization performance of HMs. In conclusion, the results provided a new direction for the subsequent harmless treatment of HMs-enriched waste.

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Background: Textile is one of the important sectors in the Indian economy. The use of synthetic chemicals is maximum during the wet processing technique, which consists of dyeing, printing and finishing. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of occupational dermatological symptoms among the workers employed in the dyeing and printing unit of the textile industry. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, with a sample of 242 workers, was conducted in three different dyeing and printing factories. The workers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of dermatological symptoms on the hands was found to be 51.7%. The various pattern of lesions included redness in 0.4% to itching in 26% of dyeing and printing workers. Those working for >5 years had 2.21 times higher risk as compared to those working for ≤5 years Odds Ratio (OR): 2.21; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.19-4.11). Similarly, those working in the dyeing section were at 2.94 times higher risk as compared to those working in the printing section (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.58-5.47). Conclusion: The workers working in the printing and dyeing industry were at risk of developing skin lesions, which can partly be attributed to reactive chemicals used and partly to poor handling practices of the workers.

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Industrial wastewater is a substantial source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment. However, very limited information is available on the occurrences and fates of PFASs along industrial wastewater treatment processes, particularly for the textile dyeing industry where PFASs occur extensively. Herein, the occurrences and fates of 27 legacy and emerging PFASs were investigated along the processes of three full-scale textile dyeing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on UHPLC-MS/MS in combination with self-developed solid extraction protocol featuring selective enrichment for ultrasensitive analysis. The total PFASs ranged at 630-4268 ng L-1 in influents, 436-755 ng L-1 in effluents, and 91.5-1182 µg kg-1 in the resultant sludge. PFAS species distribution varied among WWTPs, with one WWTP dominated by legacy perfluorocarboxylic acids while the other two dominated by emerging PFASs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was trivial in the effluents from all the three WWTPs, indicating its diminished use in textile industry. Various emerging PFASs were detected at different abundances, demonstrating their use as alternatives to legacy PFASs. Most conventional processes of the WWTPs were inefficient in removing PFASs, especially for the legacy PFASs. The microbial processes could remove the emerging PFASs to different extents, whereas commonly elevated the concentrations of legacy PFASs. Over 90% of most PFASs could be removed by reverse osmosis (RO) and was enriched into the RO concentrate accordingly. The total oxidizable precursors (TOP) assay revealed that the total concentration of PFASs was increased by 2.3-4.1 times after oxidation, accompanied by formation of terminal perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and degradation of emerging alternatives to various extents. This study is believed to shed new light on the monitoring and management of PFASs in industries.

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Different commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes from Vontron and DuPont Filmtec were evaluated for textile dyeing and finishing wastewater (TDFW) reuse in China. All six tested RO membranes produced qualified permeate meeting TDFW reuse standards at a water recovery ratio (WRR) of 70% in single batch tests. The rapid decline of apparent specific flux at WRR over 50% was mainly ascribed to feed osmotic pressure increase caused by concentrating effects. Multiple batch tests using Vontron HOR and DuPont Filmtec BW RO membranes with comparable permeability and selectivity demonstrated the reproducibility and showed low fouling development. The occurrence of carbonate scaling on both RO membranes was identified by scanning electron microscopy and energy disperse spectroscopy. No obvious organic fouling was detected on both RO membranes by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. From the orthogonal tests, with an integrated RO membrane performance index (i.e., 25% rejection ratio of total organic carbon + 25% rejection ratio of conductivity + 50% flux ratio of final to initial) as a target, the optimal parameters were determined as WRR of 60%, cross-flow velocity (CFV) of 1.0 m/s, temperature (T) of 20 °C for both RO membranes, while trans-membrane pressures (TMP) of 2 and 4 MPa were optimal for Vontron HOR RO membrane and DuPont Filmtec BW RO membrane, respectively. Both RO membranes with the optimal parameters produced good permeate quality for TDFW reuse and kept a high flux ratio of final to initial, demonstrating the effectiveness of the orthogonal tests.

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Eco-friendly treatment of complex textile and dyeing wastewaters poses a pressing environmental concern. An approach adopting different treatment paths and integrated anaerobic-aerobic processes for high-strength and recalcitrant textile dyeing wastewater was examined. The study demonstrated that over 97% of suspended solids (SS) and more than 70% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were removed by polyaluminum chloride pre-coagulation of suede fabric dyeing stream. Up to 58% of COD and 83% of SS were removed through hydrolysis pretreatment of other low-strength streams. Notable COD removal of up to 99% from a feed of 20,862 mg COD/L was achieved by integrated anaerobic-aerobic treatment of high strength stream. Besides achieving high COD removal of 97%, the anaerobic granular sludge process demonstrated multi-faceted attributes, including high feed loading, smaller footprint, little sludge production, and good stability. The integrated anaerobic-aerobic treatment offers a robust and viable option for highly contaminated and recalcitrant textile dyeing wastewater.

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This article aims to study the thermo-regulating properties of infiltrated Phase change material (PCM) micro-particles treated on polyester fabric. The melt infiltration method was implemented for the synthesis of the Silica aero-gel/Eicosane particles by dispersing eicosane in silica aero-gel. Synthesized particles were incorporated into the polyester knitted fabric by both exhaustion dyeing and coating method to impart the thermoregulation characteristics. The crystalline structure and the particle size of aero-gel infiltrated PCM particles were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. The presence of eicosane particles deposited on the fabric surface was confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, while the sample was subjected to heating, both the dyed and coated fabric showed resistance against the rise of temperature due to the presence of phase transition PCM micro-particles compared to the untreated raw fabric sample.

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In the oxidation treatment of textile dyeing sludge, the quantitative and transformation laws of organic chlorine are not clear enough. Thus, this study mainly evaluated the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton and Fenton-like system from the aspects of the influence of Cl-, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic carbon, and the removal and formation mechanism of organic chlorine. The results showed that the organic halogen in sludge was mainly hydrophobic organic chlorine, and the content of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) was 0.30 mg/g (dry sludge). In the Fenton system with pH=3, 500 mg/L Cl-, 30 mmol/L Fe2+ and 30 mmol/L H2O2, the removal of phenanthrene was promoted by chlorine radicals (•Cl), and the AOCl in sludge solid phase increased to 0.55 mg/g (dry sludge) at 30 min. According to spectral analysis, it was found that •Cl could chlorinate aromatic and aliphatic compounds (excluding PAHs) in solid phase at the same time, and eventually led to the accumulation of aromatic chlorides in solid phase. Strengthening the oxidation ability of Fenton system increased the formation of organic chlorines in liquid and solid phases. In weak acidity, the oxidation and desorption of superoxide anion promoted the removal and migration of PAHs and organic carbon in solid phase, and reduced the formation of total organic chlorine. The Fenton-like system dominated by non-hydroxyl radical could realize the mineralization of PAHs, organic carbon and organic chlorines instead of migration. This paper builds a basis for the selection of sludge conditioning methods.

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Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has been existing problems such as poor applicability to real wastewater and lack of cost-effective electrode materials in the practical application of refractory wastewater. A hydrolysis-acidification combined MEC system (HAR-MECs) with four inexpensive stainless-steel and conventional carbon cloth cathodes for the treatment of real textile-dyeing wastewater, which was fully evaluated the technical feasibility in terms of parameter optimization, spectral analysis, succession and cooperative/competition effect of microbial. Results showed that the optimum performance was achieved with a 12 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) and an applied voltage of 0.7 V in the HAR-MEC system with a 100 µm aperture stainless-steel mesh cathode (SSM-100 µm), and the associated optimum BOD5/COD improvement efficiency (74.75 ± 4.32 %) and current density (5.94 ± 0.03 A·m-2) were increased by 30.36 % and 22.36 % compared to a conventional carbon cloth cathode. The optimal system had effective removal of refractory organics and produced small molecules by electrical stimulation. The HAR segment could greatly alleviate the imbalance between electron donors and electron acceptors in the real refractory wastewater and reduce the treatment difficulty of the MEC segment, while the MEC system improved wastewater biodegradability, amplified the positive and specific interactions between degraders, fermenters and electroactive bacteria due to the substrate complexity. The SSM-100 µm-based system constructed by phylogenetic molecular ecological network (pMEN) exhibited moderate complexity and significantly strong positive correlation between electroactive bacteria and fermenters. It is highly feasible to use HAR-MEC with inexpensive stainless-steel cathode for textile-dyeing wastewater treatment.

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In recent years bioactive textiles have risen to the forefront of consumers perception due to their potential protection against virus, fungi and bacteria. However, traditional textile staining is an eco-damaging process that and current methods of textile functionalization are expensive, complicated and with great environmental impact. With that in mind, this work sought to show a possible solution for this problematic through the usage of a novel one step textile dyeing and functionalization method based upon nanoencapsulated textile dyes (NTDs). To do so navy blue everzol NTDs were produced with chitosan, cotton dyed, characterized through FTIR and SEM and biological potential evaluated through biocompatibility screening and antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens. The data obtained showed that NTDs effectively dyed the target textile through a coating of the cotton fibre and that NTDs formed hydrogen bonds with the cellulose fibre via electrostatic interactions of the chitosan amino groups with cotton sulphate groups. From a biocompatibility perspective NTDs dyed cotton had no deleterious effects upon a skin cell line, as it promoted cellular metabolism of HaCat cells, while traditionally died cotton reduced it by 10%. Last but not least, NTDs dyed cotton showed significant antimicrobial activity as it reduced viable counts of MRSA, MSSA and A. baumannii between 1 and 2 log of CFU while traditional dyed cotton had no antimicrobial activity. Considering these results the novel method proposed shows is a viable and ecological alternative for the development of antimicrobial textiles with potential biomedical applications.

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Textile dyeing sludge (TDS) is a typical industrial solid waste whose amount surged with the textile industry's development. Pyrolysis treatment is a promising technique for TDS to realize harmless disposal and resource reuse. However, the high content of organic compounds would cause sulfurous pollutants emission, reducing the economic feasibility during pyrolysis. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gaps about the thermal behavior, products distribution, kinetics, and sulfur transformation during TDS pyrolysis in 350-575 â„ƒ with the heating rate of 60, 600, and 6000 â„ƒ/min, then investigate the sulfur fixation effect of CaO under representative conditions (350 â„ƒ, 650 â„ƒ with 60 â„ƒ/min, 6000 â„ƒ/min). The primary decomposition stage of TDS is observed in 127-557 â„ƒ, following the Avrami-Erofeev (n = 3) model, while the activation energy presents a convergent tendency with the increased heating rate. The pyrolysis temperature and heating rates impact the cracking of organic compounds, while a weakening effect is found for the sulfur distribution. CaO addition could efficiently realize sulfur fixation in char by absorbing sulfurous gas products, but SO2 escape appeared with the increased CaO fraction. Pyrolysis condition at 650 â„ƒ-60 â„ƒ/min with 10 wt% CaO addition is recommended to achieve high sulfur retention, and the sulfur transformation mechanism in char during the TDS pyrolysis with and without CaO is proposed. Our findings provide novel and fundamental insights into the efficient disposal and pollution control during TDS pyrolysis.

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It is urgent to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from textile dyeing sludge (TDS) before its final deposal due to their recalcitrant nature and generation of toxic byproducts during TDS treatment. In this study, an electrochemical Fe2+-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation process for removing 16 priority PAHs from real TDS was firstly investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency of the ∑16PAHs in TDS was positively correlated to the concentration of Fe2+ released from sacrificial iron anode and the concentration of electroregenerated Fe2+ in the cathode by the reduction of Fe3+ within the applied voltage range of 3-7 V, but a higher voltage of 10 V did not lead to further improvement in ∑16PAHs removal due to the radical scavenging reaction resulted from the excessive accumulation of Fe2+. 64.7% and 16.1% of the ∑16PAHs were removed in the anodic and cathodic chamber under the optimum reaction conditions of 400 mg/g PMS/VSS, pH 3 and applied voltage 7 V, respectively. low-ring PAHs were preferentially degraded compared to high-ring PAHs. The O⋅Hplayed a major role while SO4⋅-had a minor role in PAHs degradation in TDS. The intracellular PAHs released from cracked sludge cells were found to undergo further degradation under free radical attack.

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Directly measuring particulate matters (PM) from chimneys in an industrial park is difficult due to it being hard to reach the peak heights. A self-developed PM detector on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) had been deployed to directly measure the PM emissions in smoke plumes from chimneys in a textile dyeing industrial park. Compared with a commercial PM device (LD-5R, SIBATA, Kyoto, Japan), the self-developed detector showed similar performance with a good correlation (R2 varying from 0.911 to 0.951) in simultaneously vertical PM measurements on UAV. The PM emissions from chimneys after different textile treating processes, including pigment printing, dyeing process, and digital printing, were investigated. PM mass concentrations and particle number concentrations (PNC) in different sizes were found to be significantly higher in pigment printing than those in dyeing process and digital printing by 2 or 3 times after electrostatic precipitation. The activated carbon adsorption and electrostatic precipitation were the major PM controlling techniques in the park. The PM mass concentrations and PNC were the highest in the process of dyeing after activated carbon adsorption with the concentrations of PM1 (1000 µg·m-3), PM2.5 (1600 µg·m-3), and PM10 (2000 µg·m-3), respectively. According to the results of PM and PNC, PM2.5 was found to be the dominant particles accounting for 99% of the PM emissions. It may be due to the high temperature in thermo-fixing machine, which is beneficial to the PM2.5 generation. This study revealed PM2.5 was the dominant particles to be reduced in textile dyeing enterprises to mitigate PM pollution.

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Optimization is challenging even after numerous multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have been developed. Most of the multi-objective evolutionary algorithms failed to find out the best solutions spread and took more fitness evolution value to find the best solution. This article proposes an extended version of a multi-objective group counseling optimizer called MOGCO-II. The proposed algorithm is compared with MOGCO, MOPSO, MOCLPSO, and NSGA-II using the well-known benchmark problem such as Zitzler Deb Thieler (ZDT) function. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm generates a better solution than the other algorithms. The proposed algorithm also takes less fitness evolution value to find the optimal Pareto front. Moreover, the textile dyeing industry needs a large amount of fresh water for the dyeing process. After the dyeing process, the textile dyeing industry discharges a massive amount of polluted water, which leads to serious environmental problems. Hence, we proposed a MOGCO-II based optimization scheduling model to reduce freshwater consumption in the textile dyeing industry. The results show that the optimization scheduling model reduces freshwater consumption in the textile dyeing industry by up to 35% compared to manual scheduling.

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S and Cl distribution patterns and their evolution pathways were quantified during the co-combustions of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (BC). S in the flue gas rose from 10.60% at 700 °C to 45.09% at 1000 °C for the mono-combustion of TDS in the air atmosphere. At 1000 °C, S in the bottom slag and flue gas grew by 2.65% and fell by 2.11%, respectively, for the TDS mono-combustion in the 30%O2/70%CO2 atmosphere. The 40% BC addition increased the S retention in the bottom slag by 30.39% and decreased its release to the flue gas by 34.50% by changing the evolution of CaSO4 and enabling more K to fix S as K2SO4. The decomposition of inorganic Cl was the main source of the Cl-containing gases. The 20%O2/80%CO2 atmosphere (36.29%) and 40% BC addition (27.26%) had higher Cl in the bottom slag than did TDS mono-combusted at 1000 °C (25.60%) by inhibiting the decomposition of organic Cl. Our study provides insights into the co-combustion of TDS and BC and controls on S and Cl for a cleaner production. Future research remains to conducted to verify scale-up experiments.

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This study aimed to quantify the co-pyrolytic synergistic effects of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (WBC) for an optimal utilization of secondary resources and to mitigate environmental pollution and waste volume. TDS and WBC had a strong synergistic effect between 800 and 900 °C in the CO2-assisted atmosphere. With the increased TDS fraction, NH3 emission fell significantly regardless of the atmosphere type. The CO2 atmosphere changed S in TDS char and released SO2 in the range of 800-1000 °C. With the temperature rise, an unstable N structure turned into a more stable heterocyclic N structure in the CO2 and N2 atmospheres. Regardless of the atmosphere type and temperature, the C-containing functional groups in co-pyrolytic biochar existed mainly as C-C/C-H. In the CO2 atmosphere, inorganic S, aliphatic S, and thiophene S in the co-pyrolytic biochar disappeared and became more stable sulfones. The co-pyrolysis inhibited the formation of S-containing compounds. The retention ability of the co-pyrolytic biochar peaked for most of the heavy metals in the N2 atmosphere but was better for Pb and Zn in the CO2 than N2 atmosphere. Simultaneous optimization showed the co-pyrolysis of 10% TDS and 90% WBC at above 950 °C in the N2-CO2 or CO2 atmosphere as the optimal operational settings combined.

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The ability to add value to waste materials from industrial operations has come to the attention of the wood processing industry, with reports, for example, of extracts from the bark tree conveying colour and UV protection to textile fibres. The objective of the present work was to expand our developments in this arena by using Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. bark extract as a natural dye for textile dyeing. A complete 2³-statistical experimental design and the central point was elaborated. The results showed that the optimal dyeing conditions were 98 °C, for 60 min, using undiluted bark extract. The dyed fabric was analysed by a spectrophotometer using the CIELAB system for evaluation of the colour strength. The results showed a K/S value of 5.78, and the dyed fabric had good colour fastness to rubbing and washing.

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