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High-fat diet (HFD) alters the gut microbiota and its fermentation products mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate is well studied as a regulator of host metabolism and inflammation while acetate and propionate still need to be studied. Therefore, we aim to decipher the role of acetate and propionate alone and in combination in HFD-induced diabetic mice. HFD was given to mice for 4 months followed by treatment of butyrate, acetate, and propionate as well as acetate + propionate in combination for 1 month. Diabetic outcome was confirmed by evaluating fasting glucose, lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test, % HbA1c, fasting insulin, and glucagon. To check the immune response, spleen and mesenteric lymph node-specific T cell polarization and serum cytokine profile were studied. HFD-fed mice showed increased body weight and diabetic characteristics while treatment with acetate and propionate regulated their levels in a healthy manner similar to butyrate. In HFD-fed mice, Th1 and Th17 cells were increased while Treg cells were decreased along with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased IL-10 in serum. The T cell polarization and cytokine profile was reversed by the treatment of acetate and propionate alone and in combination. Acetate reduced the levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 and acetate + propionate reduced IL-6 more significantly than butyrate. Although, we did not find any synergistic effect in combination group, the results were better compared with acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In conclusion, acetate + propionate effectively reduced inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity in HFD-induced diabetic mice.

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O desejo pela amputação de membros saudáveis tem sido chamado de apotemnophilia, transability, body integrity Identity disorder e xenomelia. Nessa condição rara, o indivíduo considerado saudável física e mentalmente apresenta um desejo intenso e duradouro de amputação. Ao relacionar esse fenômeno com outras formas de transformação corporal, como a body modification, tatuagem, piercing, cirurgias plásticas estéticas e cirurgias com fins médicos, verifica-se que o desejo pela amputação voluntária representa um caso único, singular. Ainda sem uma nosologia médico-psiquiátrica, esse fenômeno tem sido capturado por diversas áreas de saber em uma tentativa de conhecer sua etiologia, compreender sua fenomenologia e propor critérios diagnósticos e de tratamento adequados. Enquanto as formas de tratamento medicamentoso e psicoterapêutico têm se mostrado ineficazes, a cirurgia cada vez mais emerge como a única solução viável mas ainda não possível legalmente. A autonomia dos corpos é regulada pelas leis e pelo dispositivo médico que, até o momento, consideram essa demanda uma forma de agressão à integralidade do corpo e uma possível expressão de um transtorno mental ou neurológico. Devido ao estigma que essa condição recebe, os indivíduos preferem se manter no anonimato e esconder seu desejo. Suas causas são ainda desconhecidas, mas sabemos que é na infância que esse desejo se instala. A quantidade de membros a ser amputados varia, chegando a casos extremos de quádrupla amputação. A linha de amputação pode ser exata, mas o desejo pode migrar de membro. Esse desejo, mesmo sempre presente, pode apresentar variações em sua intensidade. A simulação da deficiência desejada e a automutilação são algumas práticas realizadas pelos que não sustentam a angústia desse desejo. Nesse contexto, as demandas por cegueira, surdez e paralisia também devem ser contempladas. Ao desejarem voluntariamente representar um corpo fora da normalidade, esses indivíduos questionam e desafiam as definições de autonomia, normalidade, integridade corporal, deficiência e incapacidade

The desire for amputation of healthy limbs has been called apotemnophilia, transability, body integrity identity disorder and xenomelia. In this rare condition, the individual considered physically and mentally healthy presents an intense and lasting desire for amputation. By relating this phenomenon to other forms of body transformation, such as body modification, tattooing, piercing, aesthetic plastic surgeries and medical surgeries, the desire for voluntary amputation represents a unique, singular case. Even without a medical-psychiatric nosology, this phenomenon has been captured by several areas of knowledge in an attempt to know its etiology, to understand its phenomenology and to propose adequate diagnostic and treatment criteria. While forms of drug and psychotherapeutic treatment have proved to be ineffective, surgery increasingly emerges as the only viable solution but not yet legally possible. The autonomy of bodies is regulated by the laws and medical devices that, to date, consider this demand as a form of aggression to the integrality of the body and a possible expression of a mental or neurological disorder. Because of the stigma that this condition receives, individuals prefer to remain anonymous and hide their desire. Its causes are still unknown, but we know that it is in childhood that this desire is installed. The number of limbs to be amputated varies, reaching extreme cases of quadruple amputation. The amputation line may be exact, but the desire may migrate from limb. Even this desire, which is always present, may vary in its intensity. The simulation of the desired deficiency and self-mutilation are some practices performed by those who do not sustain the anguish of this desire. In this context, the demand for blindness, deafness and paralysis should also be addressed. When representing a not-normal body, these individuals question and challenge the definitions of autonomy, normalcy, bodily integrity, disability and disability

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