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The current study assessed the efficacy of Acyclovir (ACV) and Ivermectin (IVM) as monotherapies and combined treatments for intestinal and muscular stages of Trichinella spiralis infection. One-hundred Swiss albino mice received orally 250 ± 50 infectious larvae and were divided into infected-untreated (Group-1), IVM-treated (Group-2), ACV-treated (Group-3), combined IVM+ACV (Group-4), and healthy controls (Group-5). Each group was subdivided into subgroup-A-enteric phase (10 mice, sacrificed day-7 p.i.) and subgroup-B-muscular phase (10 mice, sacrificed day-35 p.i.). Survival rate and body weight were recorded. Parasite burden and intestinal histopathology were assessed. In addition, immunohistochemical expression of epithelial CDX2 in the intestinal phase and CyclinD1 as well as CD34 in the muscular phase were evaluated. Compared, IVM and ACV monotherapies showed insignificant differences in the amelioration of enteric histopathology, except for lymphocytic counts. In the muscle phase, monotherapies showed variable disruptions in the encapsulated larvae. Compared with monotherapies, the combined treatment performed relatively better improvement of intestinal inflammation and reduction in the enteric and muscular parasite burden. CDX2 and CyclinD1 positively correlated with intestinal inflammation and parasite burden, while CD34 showed a negative correlation. CDX2 positively correlated with CyclinD1. CD34 negatively correlated with CDX2 and CyclinD1. IVM +ACV significantly ameliorated CDX2, CyclinD1, and CD34 expressions compared with monotherapies. Conclusion. T. spiralis infection-associated inflammation induced CDX2 and CyclinD1 expressions, whereas CD34 was reduced. The molecular tumorigenic effect of the nematode remains questionable. Nevertheless, IVM +ACV appeared to be a promising anthelminthic anti-inflammatory combination that, in parallel, rectified CDX2, CyclinD1, and CD34 expressions.

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Vaccines are the most effective and feasible way to control pathogen infection. Helminths have been reported to jeopardize the protective immunity mounted by several vaccines. However, there are no experimental data about the effect of helminth infection on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, a mouse model of trichinosis, a common zoonotic disease worldwide, was used to investigate effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on the RBD protein vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 and the related immunological mechanism, as well as the impact of albendazole (ALB) deworming on the inhibitory effect of the parasite on the vaccination. The results indicated that both the enteric and muscular stages of T. spiralis infection inhibited the vaccine efficacy, evidenced by decreased levels of IgG, IgM, sIgA, and reduced serum neutralizing antibodies, along with suppressed splenic germinal center (GC) B cells in the vaccinated mice. Pre-exposure to trichinosis promoted Th2 and/or Treg immune responses in the immunized mice. Furthermore, ALB treatment could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of T. spiralis infection on the efficiency of the vaccination, accompanied by a restored proportion of splenic GC B cells. Therefore, given the widespread prevalence of helminth infections worldwide, deworming therapy needs to be considered when implementing COVID-19 vaccination strategies.

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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the gut. T. spiralis larvae (E/S Ags) loaded on calcium-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate metal-organic frameworks (Ca-BTC MOFs) were tested to determine whether they might prevent or cure acetic acid-induced murine colitis. Methods: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs were used in prophylactic and therapeutic groups to either precede or follow the development of murine colitis. On the seventh day after colitis, mice were slaughtered. The effect of our target antigens on the progress of the colitis was evaluated using a variety of measures, including survival rate, disease activity index, colon weight/bodyweight, colon weight/length) ratios, and ratings for macroscopic and microscopic colon damage. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-4), oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase in serum samples were evaluated. Foxp3 T-reg expression was carried out in colonic and splenic tissues. Results: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs were the most effective in alleviating severe inflammation in murine colitis. The survival rate, disease activity index score, colon weight/length and colon weight/bodyweight ratios, and gross and microscopic colon damage scores have all considerably improved. A large decrease in proinflammatory cytokine (interferon-γ) and oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde) expression and a significant increase in interleukin-4 and glutathione peroxidase expression were obtained. The expression of Foxp3+ Treg cells was elevated in colonic and splenic tissues. Conclusion: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs had the highest anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective capabilities against murine colitis and might be used to develop new preventative and treatment strategies.

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Herein, innovative biocides are designed for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms. Samarium-doped ZnO nanorods (Sm-doped ZnO) are stabilized onto the laminar structure of cuttlefish bone (CB) matrix and adorned by either Ag NPs or cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) species. Physicochemical characteristics of such nanocomposites are scrutinised. Adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB with Ag NPs shortens rod-like shaped Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and accrues them, developing large-sized detached patches over CB moiety. Meanwhile, adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB by CoPc species degenerates CB lamellae forming semi-rounded platelets and encourages invading of Sm-doped ZnO nanorods deeply inside gallery spacings of CB. Both nanocomposites possess advanced parasiticidal activity, displaying quite intoxication for ML and adult worms (≥88% mortality) within an incubation period of <48 h at concentrations around 200 µg/ml. CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB nanocomposite exhibits faster killing efficiency of adult worms than that of Ag@Sm-doped ZnO/CB at a concentration of ∼75 µg/ml showing entire destruction of parasite after 24 h incubation with the former nanocomposite and just 60% worm mortality after 36 h exposure to the later one. Morphological studies of the treated ML and adult worms show that CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB exhibits a destructive impact on the parasite body, creating featureless and sloughed fragments enriched with intensive vacuoles. Hybridization of cuttlefish bone lamellae by CoPc species is considered a springboard for fabrication of futuristic aggressive drugs against various food- and water-borne parasites.

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Trichinella spiralis infection is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by nematodes that dwell in the tissues, presenting a significant public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), myrrh biosynthesized AgNPs "AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies", myrrh extract, and myrrh essential oil, as alternative treatments against T. spiralis infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and cytotoxicity assessments were conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of these treatments in reducing the populations of adult worms and larvae during both the intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis-infected mice. The results showed that the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis was achieved by myrrh extract (86.66%), followed closely by AgNPs (84.96%) and myrrh AgNPs (82.51%) at higher concentrations (800 mg/kg for myrrh extract, 40 µg/mL for AgNPs, and 40 µg/mL for myrrh AgNPs). While the group treated with myrrh essential oil showed the lowest percentage of adult reduction (78.14%). However, all treatments demonstrated comparable effects in reducing the larvae population in the muscle phase. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. Additionally, a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxicity of AgNPs indicated low toxicity levels. This study supports that AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of T. spiralis infection. These findings present a promising avenue for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs that are both effective and safe. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Myrrh extract has the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. During intestinal phase of T. spiralis, varying levels of nanoparticle precipitation were detected in the liver, brain, lung, and intestine. During the muscular phase, the highest amount of AgNPs precipitation was detected in the liver, followed by the brain, and lung.

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BACKGROUND: Trichinellosis in Croatia posed a significant health concern during the 1990s, followed by a notable improvement in the epidemiological situation. However, in 2017, there was a resurgence, with 37 recorded cases in 3 outbreaks and 3 sporadic cases. The source of this epidemic was homemade meat products derived from wild boar meat, leading to 26 infections. METHODS: At the beginning of the outbreak and during the treatment of the patients, the medical and epidemiological records prepared throughout the investigation and over the course of patient treatment were reviewed. The recovery of the first-stage (L1) larvae from suspect meat products was achieved by artificial digestion. The molecular identification of the isolated larvae was performed by multiplex PCR. The molecular identification of the meat used to prepare the meat products was performed by real-time PCR assays. RESULTS: The epidemic started in early 2017. In total, 71 exposed persons were documented: 26 with clinical symptoms and 3 hospitalised in two cities in different counties. The L1 burden in three different meat products was from 5.25 to 7.08 larvae per gram (LPG), and T. spiralis was determined as the aetiological agent of the outbreak. The molecular and biological identification confirmed that implicated meat products were made solely from wild boar meat. CONCLUSIONS: Although trichinellosis is no longer a frequent occurrence in Croatia, several cases are still registered nearly every year. Wild boar meat poses an important risk factor for human health if compulsory testing is not conducted before consumption, especially if the meat products are consumed without proper thermal processing.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC) berries on histopathological changes in the intestines and muscles during experimental trichinellosis in mice. The LC extract was administered to uninfected mice (LC group) and Trichinella-spiralis-infected mice (T+LC) orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals, from day 3 prior to infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi). Jejunum samples were collected on 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, and their histological assessment involved the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), goblet cell (GC) number, and morphological changes. In the T. spiralis-infected muscles, the extent of inflammatory infiltration on the 14th and 21st dpi was assessed. LC in the infected mice restored the VH/CD ratio to control values on 14 dpi. A beneficial effect of the LC extract on the villus height was also observed 14 dpi in the LC and T+LC groups. No differences in the extent of inflammatory infiltration in the muscles between the T+LC and T groups were observed. In conclusion, the iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry contributed to alleviating the symptoms of the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection.

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Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease affecting a wide range of mammals, including humans. It has intestinal and muscular phases. The current work was done to experimentally evaluate the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and their combination with albendazole on intestinal and muscular stages of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection. We had five main groups of mice: Group 1, non-infected control; Group 2, infected control; Group 3, infected and treated with albendazole; Group 4, infected and treated with ZnO NPs; and Group 5, infected and treated with albendazole and ZnO NPs. Each group was divided into two subgroups (A for the intestinal phase and B for the muscular phase). Drug effects were evaluated by parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical studies, including oxidant/antioxidant analysis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in muscle tissue by quantitative real-time PCR. ZnO NPs resulted in a significant reduction of both intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis. Their combination with albendazole resulted in the complete eradication of adult worms and the maximum reduction of larval deposition in muscle tissue. Additionally, the treatment showed improvement in T. spiralis-induced pathological changes and oxidative stress status. Moreover, a significant decrease in VEGF gene expression was detected in the treated groups when compared with the infected control. In conclusion, ZnO NPs presented an antihelminthic effect against both adult and larval stages of T. spiralis. In addition, it enhanced antioxidant status and suppressed angiogenesis in muscle.

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Hierarchically stacked mesoporous zinc-aluminium nanolayered-double-hydroxide intercalated with decavanadate (ZnAl-LDH-V10O28) is constructed using anion-exchange process via microwave-hydrothermal treatment. Physicochemical properties of ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 are characterized in detail. Decavanadate anions are intimately interacted with ZnAl-LDH nanosheets, generating highly ordered architecture of well-dimensioned stacking blocks of brucite-like nanolayers (∼8 nm). Such hierarchy improves surface-porosity and electrical-impedivity of ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 with declining its zeta-potential (ζav = 8.8 mV). In-vitro treatment of various developmental-stages of Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni by ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 is recognized using parasitological and morphological (SEM/TEM) analyses. ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 exterminates muscle-larvae and adult-worms of Trichinella spiralis, and juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni, yielding near 100% mortality with rates achieving 5%/h within about 17 h of incubation. This parasiticidal behavior results from the symphony of biological activity gathering decavanadate and LDH-nanosheets. Indeed, ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 nanohybrid sample, as a promissory biocide for killing food-borne/waterborne parasites, becomes a futuristic research hotspot for studying its in-vivo bioactivity and impact-effectiveness on parasite molecular biology.

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Trichinosis is a global food-borne zoonotic disease. Most drugs used in its treatment have low bioavailability and reduced activity against larvae. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and effective medications. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of olibanum (OL) extract, alone or combined with albendazole (ABZ) during both intestinal and muscular phases of trichinosis. Male Swiss albino mice (n = 130) were allocated to seven groups, with 20 mice in each group except for the negative control group (10 mice): negative control (GI), positive control (GII), OL25- treated (GIII), OL50- treated (GIV), ABZ50- treated (GV), OL25 + ABZ25 (GVI), and OL50 + ABZ25 (GVII). For intestinal and muscular phase analysis, each group was divided into two subgroups based on euthanizing day (6 and 35 days post-infection). The drug's efficacy was evaluated through parasitological, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies. OL extract at both concentrations (25 mg/kg/d, 50 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced adult (53.7% and 68.1%, respectively) and larval counts (57.3% and 78.8%, respectively). It improved the histopathological changes in intestine and muscle. The expression of CD8+ T cells and the serum level of IL-10 increased significantly during both intestinal and muscular phases (P < 0.05) in OL50 treated mice. Additionally, OL decreased abnormal levels of liver enzymes (ALT & AST). Its effects were dose-dependent in both adult and larval stages. In conclusion, OL exhibits promising in vivo activity against both stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, particularly at the intramuscular phase. It can be safe as an alternative treatment for trichinosis.

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Curcumin-olive oil nanocomposite (CO-NC), a novel formulation of nano-curcumin, was produced and characterized. By evaluating the death rate and DNA damage inflicted on adult Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) worms using the comet test and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the effectiveness of the substance against these worms was assessed in vitro. The mortality effects of CO-NC on the parasite adult worms were increased with the upgrading in the concentration and exposure time from 1 to 24 h using concentrations from 10 to 100 ppm. LC50 was determined to be 10.0 ppm/18 h, 20.0 ppm/9 h, 40.0 ppm/6 h, 80.0 ppm/2 h, and 100.0 ppm/1 h, while LC100 was 40.0 ppm/24 h, 80.0 ppm/12 h, and 100.0 ppm/6 h. The comet assay was utilized to examine DNA damage in control and dead worms exposed to varying doses. A direct correlation (P ≤ 0.05) was found between the increase in CO-NC dose and the degree of DNA damage as indicated by alterations in DNA % in the tail segment, tail length (µm), tail moment (µm), and olive tail moment with the control samples. The sub-epidermal layer was detached, the cuticle was partially sloughed off, and the usual creases, ridges, and annulations were altered in the T. spiralis exposed worms. As a result, the tested new trichinocidal drug formulation of nano-curcumin on an oil base was confirmed to be an efficient, secure, and environmentally friendly alternative. The medication has the potential to severely and irreversibly harm the DNA and ultrastructural morphology of adult worms.

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Trichinellosis is an important foodborne zoonosis, and no effective treatments are yet available. Nod-like receptor (NLR) plays a critical role in the host response against nematodes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3) during the adult, migrating, and encysted stages of Trichinella spiralis infection. The mice were treated with the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 after inoculation with T. spiralis. Then, the role that NLRP3 plays during T. spiralis infection of mice was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, flow cytometry, histopathological evaluation, bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) stimulation, and immunofluorescence. The in vivo results showed that NLRP3 enhanced the Th1 immune response in the adult and migrating stages and weakened the Th2 immune response in the encysted stage. NLRP3 promoted the release of proinflammatory factors (interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) and suppressed the release of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 4 [IL-4]). Pathological changes were also improved in the absence of NLRP3 in mice during T. spiralis infection. Importantly, a significant reduction in adult worm burden and muscle larvae burden at 7 and 35 days postinfection was observed in mice treated with the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. In vitro, we first demonstrated that NLRP3 in macrophages can be activated by T. spiralis proteins and promotes IL-1ß and IL-18 release. This study revealed that NLRP3 is involved in the host response to T. spiralis infection and that targeted inhibition of NLRP3 enhanced the Th2 response and accelerated T. spiralis expulsion. These findings may help in the development of protocols for controlling trichinellosis.

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BACKGROUND: Trichinellosis, a zoonosis caused by the genus Trichinella, is a widespread foodborne disease. Albendazole, one of the benzimidazole derivatives, is used for treating human trichinellosis, but with limited efficacy in killing the encysted larvae and numerous adverse effects. Cyperus rotundus L. is a herbal plant with a wide range of medicinal uses, including antiparasitic, and is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. METHODS: LC-ESI-MS was used to identify the active phytoconstituents in the methanol extract (MeOH ext.) of the aerial parts of C. rotundus and its derivate fractions ethyl acetate (EtOAc fr.), petroleum ether (pet-ether fr.), and normal butanol (n-BuOH fr.). The in vivo therapeutic effects of C. rotundus fractions of the extracts were evaluated using the fraction that showed the most promising effect after detecting their in vitro anti-Trichinella spiralis potential. RESULTS: C. rotundus extracts are rich in different phytochemicals, and the LC-ESI-MS of the 90% methanol extract identified 26 phenolic compounds classified as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and organic acids. The in vitro studies showed that C. rotundus extracts had a lethal effect on T. spiralis adults, and the LC50 were 156.12 µg/ml, 294.67 µg/ml, 82.09 µg/ml, and 73.16 µg/ml in 90% MeOH ext., EtOAc fr., pet-ether fr. and n-BuOH fr., respectively. The n-BuOH fr. was shown to have the most promising effects in the in vitro studies, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The in vivo effects of n-BuOH fr. alone and in combination with albendazole using a mouse model were evaluated by counting adults in the small intestine and larvae in the muscles, in addition to the histopathological changes in the small intestine and the muscles. In the treated groups, there was a significant decrease in the number of adults and larvae compared to the control group. Histopathologically, treated groups showed a remarkable improvement in the small intestine and muscle changes. Remarkably, maximal therapeutic effects were detected in the combination therapy compared to each monotherapy. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, C. rotundus extracts may have anti-T. spiralis potential, particularly when combined with albendazole, and they may be used as synergistic to anti-T. spiralis medication therapy.

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Background: Trichinellosis is a helminthic disease caused by Trichinella spiralis via the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Current estimates indicate that 11 million humans have trichinellosis, worldwide. The effective use of anti-trichinella medications is limited by side effects and resistance which highlight the critical need for safe and effective drugs, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Artemisia annua (A. annua) in treatment of experimentally induced trichinellosis. Materials and methods: Trichinellosis was induced experimentally in male 6-8 weeks BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups, 10 mice each. One group was left uninfected and untreated, whereas three groups were infected with T. spiralis. One infected group of mice was left untreated (negative control) while the remaining two infected groups received either 300 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract of A. annua or 50 mg/kg of albendazole (positive control). All treatments started from the third day post-infection (dpi) for 3 successive days. All animals were sacrificed on the 7th dpi for evaluation of treatment efficacy. Results: Our findings showed that A. annua treatment reduced the T. spiralis adult-worm count in the intestine of infected animals. Moreover, treatment with A. annua restored the normal intestinal architecture, reduced edema, alleviated inflammation as demonstrated by reduced inflammatory infiltrate and expression of TGF-ß in intestinal tissues of A. annua-treated animals compared to infected untreated animals. Conclusions: Our findings show that A. annua extract is effective in treating experimentally induced trichinellosis which highlight the therapeutic potential of A. annua for intestinal trichinellosis.

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Trichinellosis is a food-borne parasitic infection causing muscle damage. This study aimed to detect the potential therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) alone or in combination with albendazole (ALB) on the muscular phase of experimental Trichinella infection in rats. The study was conducted on 70 rats divided into four main groups: healthy non-infected non-treated rats, non-infected rats treated with PRP, infected untreated rats (seven rats in each group), and an infected group of 49 rats. The infected group was further subdivided based on the drug therapy received. The effects of drug therapy were evaluated using parasitological and histopathological analyses. The percent reduction in the number of Trichinella spiralis larvae per gram of muscle in the PRP-treated groups (one, two, and three doses) was 43.1%, 78.8%, and 86.1%, respectively. Groups treated with combined therapy of ALB & PRP (one, two, and three doses) showed overall reduction percentages of 87.7%, 90.9% and 95.2%, respectively. In contrast, the ALB-treated group showed a 69.4% reduction. All results of the abovementioned groups were statistically significant compared to the control-infected non-treated group. The findings of the histopathological analysis were consistent with the parasitological results. Groups receiving combined therapy showed the most significant improvement in terms of the degree of inflammation and fibrosis. It can be concluded that PRP has a modulatory effect on the pathology caused by T. spiralis larvae in the muscular phase of trichinellosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of PRP on the muscular phase of T. spiralis infection.

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Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing excretory-secretory (E-S) antigens of Trichinella spiralis is currently the method of choice for testing pigs and wild boars for exposure to Trichinella spp. The E-S proteins are released by first-stage larvae (L1) of this parasitic nematode maintained in vitro. However, the production of these antigens is cumbersome and time-consuming. The process requires animals to be experimentally infected with the parasite as the source of L1. Antigen production using recombinant technology would be more time- and cost-effective. In this study, we produced a Serpin of T. spiralis as a recombinant protein secreted by the yeast Pichia pastoris. The diagnostic performance of indirect ELISA with purified Serpin antigen was compared to that of E-S ELISA. Both Serpin ELISA and E-S ELISA demonstrated 98 % diagnostic specificity in testing 1056 pigs from the Canadian Trichinella-free commercial herd. Twenty of 21 pigs with non-negative test results in E-S ELISA tested negative by the confirmatory Western blot (WB) assay. Therefore, the diagnostic specificity of combined E-S ELISA and WB was 99.9 %. Forty-five sera collected at or after six weeks from 34 pigs experimentally infected with various numbers of T. spiralis L1 produced positive results in both E-S and Serpin ELISA, resulting in 100 % diagnostic sensitivity. However, testing of sera serially collected from four pigs experimentally infected with various low doses of T. spiralis L1 demonstrated a delayed Serpin-specific antibody response compared to seroconversion detected by E-S ELISA in three animals. Moreover, Serpin ELISA demonstrated significantly lower sensitivity for detecting antibodies induced by experimental infections of pigs with T. britovi, T. nativa, Trichinella T6 and T. pseudospiralis, suggesting that it will not provide consistent detection of exposure to sylvatic Trichinella spp. The validation data support the application of Serpin ELISA in seroepidemiological surveys for detecting exposure to T. spiralis in swine.

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Trichinella spiralis is a unique parasite in that both the adults and larvae survive in two different intracellular niches in the same host. The immune response, albeit intense, is highly modulated to ensure the survival of both the host and the parasite. It is skewed to T helper 2 and regulatory arms. Diverse cells from both the innate and adaptive compartments of immunity, including dendritic cells, T regulatory cells, and alternatively activated macrophages are thought to mediate such immunomodulation. The parasite has also an outstanding ability to evade the immune system by several elaborate processes. The molecules derived from the parasites including Trichinella, particularly the components of the excretory-secretory products, are being continually identified and explored for the potential of ameliorating the immunopathology in animal models of diverse inflammatory and autoimmune human diseases. Herein we discuss the various aspects of Trichinella-induced immunomodulation with a special reference to the practical implications of the immune system manipulation in alleviating or possibly curing human diseases.

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The purpose of the research is to studythe efficacy of phytotherapeutic, and homeopathic drugs. Phytotherapeutic drugs have been widely used in parasitology for many years. Also, homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anti-helminthicproperties. The possibility of using phytotherapeutic and high dilutiondrugs during the treatment of nematodedisease has been studied. Two experimental parasitological disease models (aspiculuriosis and trichinellosis) were used.Trichinellosisis a common model of nematodesinmice [1,2].Aspiculuris tetrapteraa pinworm of mice is an important parasite in institutions with mice colonies for both research and teaching purposes. The infection is generally asymptomatic. This study aimed to assess the protective efficiency of a homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH, sphagnum,and its complex against experimental trichinosis and aspiculuriosis. Methods:An assay was carried out on 80 white outbred mice. These were divided into 6 groups of ten mice each. Groups1 and 4 had sphagnum q.s. per os; groups2 and 5 -desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH one time a day per os, the groups3 and 6 received complex sphagnum+Cina C6cHone time a day per os. Groups1-3 were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of T. spiralislarva per mouse, groups 4-6 had spontaneous aspiculuriosis, and group 7 had T. spiralis, group 8 had Aspiculuris tetraptera. After 60 days of trichinellosis incubation, process the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation.Results:Maximum protection was obtained in the group of mice 3: T. spiralisdetected larvae in animals was 650.5±25.1 larva/animal. Group N2 (Cina C6cH) presented 2840.5±183.3 larva/animal. This was less than the control group (4485±430.6 larva/mouse). Also,groups 4-6 of mice with aspiculuriosis showed 75%, 80%,and 86% efficacy against nematodes.

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AHCC® is a standardized extract of cultured mushroom (Lentinula edodes) mycelia with a wide variety of therapeutic effects including anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiviral effects. Trichinellosis, a food-borne parasitic zoonosis is caused by the nematode Trichinella spp. Infection with Trichinella is characterized by the induction of a Th1-type response at the beginning of the intestinal phase, followed by a dominant Th2-type response which is essential for parasite expulsion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of AHCC® in a murine model of Trichinella spiralis infection. Swiss CD1 mice were infected with T. spiralis larvae and treated with AHCC®. Standard treatment with albendazole (ABZ) was used as control in the assessment of parasite burden. The small intestine was taken out and the proximal segment was evaluated for several parameters: gene expression of immune and stress-reticulum mediators, histological damage score, goblet cell count and Mucin 2 (Muc2) gene expression. AHCC® modulated expression levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and reduced histological damage score. In addition, AHCC® diminished the number of adults of T. spiralis in treated animals. AHCC® treatment anticipates T. spiralis expulsion and increases goblet cell number and Muc2 gene expression.

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Our experiment determined the immunotropic activity of a natural, iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC). The extract was administered to mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals (from day 3 prior to the infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi) with T. spiralis. At 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, samples of blood, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were collected, and isolated lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The splenocyte proliferation was estimated with MTT testing, and the intensity of intestinal and muscle infection was also studied. LC stimulated the local immune system by inducing lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen 7 dpi and altered the percentage and absolute count of B (CD19+) and T (CD3+, CD8+) cells 7, 14, and 21 dpi in the peripheral blood. LC extract affected the dynamics of expulsion of adult Trichinella from the intestines and prolonged the intestinal phase of the infection but did not change the number of larvae in the muscles. These results suggest that Lonicera caerulea L. fruit extract modulates murine cellular immune response during intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection but shows no antiparasitic activity.

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