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Background: Without treatment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rapidly fatal. Nevertheless, a large proportion of elderly AML patients do not receive any treatment. Aim: To characterize the demographics, comorbidities, survival and prognostic factors of elderly AML patients who do not receive any AML treatment or supportive care (SC). Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database (2008-2015). Results: Of 7665 AML patients, 2373 (31%) did not receive any AML treatment or SC. The mean age was 80.4 years, 52.8% were males and 79.7% and 95.3% died within the first 60 and 180 days, respectively; 2.1% survived >12 months and only 5.5% of patients had remission or relapse codes populated. Conclusion: Older age, male gender, concurrent depression, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia were associated with a decreased likelihood of survival. Multiple factors contribute to the complex clinical status of these patients preventing intensive chemotherapy; they should still ideally be treated, at least with the best SC.

An analysis of the data collected in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database from 2008 to 2015 was performed. This database includes data collected by a national cancer registry on people diagnosed with cancer in the United States and those who enroll in Medicare. This study focused on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who did not receive any AML treatment or supportive care (SC). Of 7665 patients with AML, 2373 (31%) did not receive any AML treatment or SC. At the time the data was indexed for each patient in the database, their mean age was 80.4 years and around 53% were males. Within the first 60 days, around 80% of these patients died; over 95% died within the first 180 days. Only 2% of patients survived more than a year without treatment; these patients were likely in remission. Without treatment, AML patients who were older, were male or who also had depression, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease or benign prostatic hyperplasia had a higher chance of dying early. There could be many reasons why these patients are not treated. The main reasons are their poor health condition and the presence of two or more health conditions in a patient at the same time (comorbidities). However, they should still ideally be treated, at least with the best SC. Additional treatment options are urgently needed for elderly AML patients who have comorbidities and are in poor general health.

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Background: The purpose of this study is to describe stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) use, outcomes, hospitalizations and costs compared to patients receiving chemotherapy among patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database, we identified patients aged ≥66 with metastatic NSCLC treated with SBRT as first-line treatment between 2004 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression identified covariates associated with SBRT. Overall survival (OS) between SBRT and chemotherapy was compared using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards regression. To compare hospitalizations and associated costs, we matched patients treated with SBRT to those with comparable prognostic factors receiving chemotherapy. Results: We identified 215 patients with metastatic NSCLC who received SBRT and 12,486 patients who received chemotherapy as first-line treatment. SBRT use increased from 0.5% to 3% and was associated with older age, female sex, poor disability status, and lower T- and N-stage. OS increased with SBRT, female sex, higher income and decreased with higher Charlson Comorbidity Score ≥2, poor disability status, higher T-stage and higher N-stage. Among a matched sample, SBRT patients underwent fewer hospitalizations vs. chemotherapy patients (73% vs. 81%, P=0.02). Among those hospitalized, SBRT patients incurred higher hospitalization costs ($33,063 vs. $23,865, P<0.001) but costs per month of survival were similar. Conclusions: SBRT is increasing among Medicare patients with metastatic NSCLC. Our findings suggest that SBRT may play a role in management of select metastatic NSCLC patients in addition to standard-of-care chemotherapy.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the association of statin therapy and breast cancer outcomes with mixed results. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of incident statin use among individuals with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare and Texas Cancer Registry-Medicare databases were used, and women aged ≥66 years who had stage I, II, and III breast cancer were identified. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of new statin use in the 12 months after a breast cancer diagnosis with overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). RESULTS: When examining incident statin use, defined as the initiation of statin therapy in the 12 months after breast cancer diagnosis, a significant association was observed between statin use and improved BCSS (standardized hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.88; P = .022) and OS (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.99; P = .046) among patients with TNBC (n = 1534). No association was observed with BCSS (standardized hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.71-1.39; P = .97) or OS (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.92-1.17; P = .55) among those without TNBC (n = 15,979). The results were consistent when examining statin exposure as a time-varying variable. CONCLUSIONS: Among women with I, II, and III TNBC, initiation of statin therapy in the 12 months after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with an OS and BCSS benefit. Statins may have a role in select patients with breast cancer, and further investigation is warranted.

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BACKGROUND: The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) drastically reduced reimbursement for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in 2005. One unintended consequence of the MMA may be an increase in the racial disparities in receipt of ADT. Given these policy changes, it becomes increasingly important to assess racial disparities in timely receipt of ADT. METHODS: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between race and median time to receipt of ADT among men with metastatic prostate cancer before and after the passage of the MMA. A population-based retrospective cohort was created from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare. RESULTS: A total of 1,846 African-American and 9,462 Caucasian men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer from 2000 through 2011 were included. An accelerated failure time regression model was used to examine factors associated with racial differences in median time to receipt of ADT. Results indicate that African-American men had a longer median time to receipt of ADT both before the MMA (Time Ratio (TR): 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.05, 1.27]) and after the MMA (TR: 1.29; 95% CI [1.10, 1.53]) as compared to Caucasian men. In addition to race, men residing in South had longer median time to receipt of ADT (TR: 1.26, 1.52; 95% CI [1.01, 1.52; 1.24, 1.87] before and after MMA, respectively) compared to the Northeast region. CONCLUSION: Considering the palliative benefits of ADT, it is important to develop effective strategies to address racial differences in receipt of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Advanced stage at diagnosis is an independent, unexplained contributor to racial disparity in endometrial cancer. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate whether, prior to diagnosis, provider recognition of the cardinal symptom of endometrial cancer, postmenopausal bleeding, differs by patient race. STUDY DESIGN: Black and White women diagnosed with endometrial cancer (2001 through 2011) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare who had at least 2 years of claims prior to diagnosis were identified. Bleeding diagnoses along with procedures done prior to diagnosis were captured via claims data. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of race with diagnostic workup and multivariate models built to determine the association of appropriate diagnostic procedures with stage at diagnosis. RESULTS: In all, 4354 White and 537 Black women diagnosed with endometrial cancer were included. Compared to White women, Black women were less likely to have guideline-concordant care: postmenopausal bleeding and appropriate diagnostic evaluation (70% vs 79%, P < .001), with adjusted relative risk ratios of 1.12-1.73 for different nonguideline-concordant pathways: bleeding without diagnostic procedures, alternative bleeding descriptions, and neither bleeding nor procedures. These pathways were associated with higher odds of advanced stage at diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.90-2.88). CONCLUSION: The lack of recognition and evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding is associated with advanced stage at diagnosis in endometrial cancer. Older Black women are at highest risk for the most aggressive histology types, yet they are less likely to have guideline-concordant evaluation of vaginal bleeding. Efforts aimed at improving recognition-among patients and providers-of postmenopausal bleeding in Black women could substantially reduce disparities in endometrial cancer.

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Comparative data on immunochemotherapy regimens for Waldenström macroglobulinaemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM/LPL) are lacking. We analysed overall survival (OS), risk of hospitalizations, transfusions and plasmapheresis in a population-based cohort of patients ≥65 years old initiating WM/LPL therapy in 1999-2013. To minimize bias, we applied a propensity score-based causal inference method. We conducted three analyses of: patients treated with or without rituximab, patients treated with rituximab monotherapy or with combination immunochemotherapy, and regimens based on classic purine analogues or alkylators. Among 1310 patients, 78·5% received rituximab. Patients who received rituximab had significantly better OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0·62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·55-0·71] and lower risk of transfusions (risk difference -3·3%, 95% CI -6·3 to -0·3) than those who did not, without a significant difference in hospitalizations or plasmapheresis. We observed no significant difference in OS (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·79-1·04) between rituximab monotherapy and combination immunochemotherapy, but toxicity outcomes were lower with rituximab alone. Neither survival (HR 1·10, 95%CI 0·92-1·32) nor toxicity outcomes differed significantly between regimens based on purine analogues or alkylators. The survival advantage strongly supports rituximab as part of upfront therapy for WM/LPL, whereas regimens with either purine analogues or alkylating agents result in similar outcomes.

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OBJECTIVES: To examine whether any androgen deprivation therapy use or longer duration is associated with an increased risk of anxiety in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: We identified 78 552 men aged ≥66 years with stage I-III prostate cancer using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database from 1992 to 2006, excluding patients with psychiatric diagnoses within the year prior or 6 months after prostate cancer diagnosis. Multivariable Cox regression was used to examine the association between pharmacological androgen deprivation therapy and diagnosis of anxiety. RESULTS: The 43.1% (33 882) of patients who received androgen deprivation therapy experienced a higher 3-year cumulative incidence of anxiety compared with men who did not (4.1% vs 3.5%, P < 0.001). Any androgen deprivation therapy use was associated with a nearly significant increased risk of anxiety (adjusted hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.17, P = 0.054). There was a significant trend between a longer duration of therapy and increased risk of anxiety (P-trend = 0.012), with a 16% higher risk for ≥12 months (adjusted hazard ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.29, P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Androgen deprivation therapy was associated with an elevated risk of anxiety in this cohort of elderly men with localized prostate cancer, with the risk higher with a longer duration of treatment. Anxiety should be considered among the possible psychiatric effects of androgen deprivation therapy and discussed before initiating treatment, particularly if a long course is anticipated.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the dose-dependent effect of androgen deprivation therapy on community-acquired respiratory infections in patients with localized prostate cancer. METHODS: We identified 52 905 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database between 1991 and 2006. We compared those who did not receive androgen deprivation therapy with those who received androgen deprivation therapy within 2 years of diagnosis, calculated as monthly equivalent doses (<7, 7-11, >11 doses), or orchiectomy. Adjusted Cox hazard models were fitted to predict the risk of community-acquired respiratory infections (acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, [severe] pneumonia) in patients treated with medical androgen deprivation therapy versus orchiectomy versus none. RESULTS: Overall, 43.4% received medical androgen deprivation therapy. These patients more likely experienced respiratory events compared with those who did not receive androgen deprivation therapy or who underwent orchiectomy (62.2% vs 54.5% vs 47.8%, P < 0.001). The risk of experiencing any respiratory event increased with the number of doses received. For example, men receiving >11 doses of androgen deprivation therapy were at greatest risk of acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis and pneumonia (HR 1.13, 1.26 and 1.15, respectively, all P < 0.001), except severe pneumonia. Furthermore, we did not detect any relationship between orchiectomy and respiratory events. Study limitations include the utilization of a retrospective population-based dataset. CONCLUSIONS: Increased exposure to medical androgen deprivation therapy for men with localized prostate cancer is associated with a higher risk of community-acquired respiratory infections. Our results suggest that respiratory complications represent potentially underreported complications of medical androgen deprivation therapy.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to reexamine the prevalence of baseline cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and the rates of CV mortality in a contemporary cohort of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) exposed to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of patients aged 65 years and older with metastatic PCa who received ADT were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database between 1991 and 2009. The primary end points comprised 5-year CV mortality rates. Survival rates were stratified according to age and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Competing-risks Poisson regression methodologies were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 9596 patients with metastatic PCa treated with ADT were identified. At baseline, 3049 patients (31.8%) had preexisting CV disease. The 5-year CV mortality rates were 9.8% and 14.8% in the overall population and in patients with preexisting CV disease, respectively. The 5-year CV mortality rates increased with advanced age and higher CCI score. In multivariate competing-risks regression analyses, age, year of diagnosis, CV comorbidities, CCI, and marital status represented independent predictors of CV mortality, after accounting for the risk of dying from other causes (all P ≤ .04). Of those, preexisting CV disease contributed to the highest risk of CV mortality. Our study is limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSION: CV mortality represents a common event in patients with metastatic PCa treated with ADT. Preexisting CV disease represented the strongest risk factor.

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OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To examine associations between treatment and volume with survival and costs in elderly patients with laryngeal squamous cell cancer (SCCA). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data. METHODS: We evaluated 2,370 patients diagnosed with laryngeal SCCA from 2004 to 2007 using cross-tabulations, multivariate logistic and generalized linear regression modeling, and survival analysis. RESULTS: Chemoradiation was significantly associated with supraglottic tumors (relative risk ratio: 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-4.0), additional cancer-directed treatment (odds ratio [OR]: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7), and a reduced likelihood of surgical salvage (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6). Surgery with postoperative radiation was associated with significantly improved survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9), after controlling for patient and tumor variables including salvage. High-volume care was not associated with survival for nonoperative treatment but was associated with improved survival (HR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.8) among surgical patients. Initial treatment and 5-year overall costs for chemoradiation were higher than for all other treatment categories. High-volume care was associated with significantly lower costs of care for surgical patients but was not associated with differences in costs of care for nonoperative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Chemoradiation in elderly patients with laryngeal cancer was associated with increased costs, additional cancer-directed treatment, and a reduced likelihood of surgical salvage. Surgery with postoperative radiation was associated with improved survival in this cohort, and high-volume hospital surgical care was associated with improved survival and lower costs. These findings have implications for improving the quality of laryngeal cancer treatment at a time of both rapid growth in the elderly population and diminishing healthcare resources.

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