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RESUMEN Antecedentes: los sistemas de salud del mundo se han visto afectados en su lucha contra el COVID-19, generando efectos negativos tanto en la actividad asistencial como en la formación de los residentes. Suspender cirugías electivas, disminuir la participación de residentes en quirófano y otros cambios estructurales de los hospitales determinó que los residentes de cirugía experimenten un marcado déficit educacional en su formación. Material y métodos: modalidad observacional y transversal. Se realizó una encuesta anónima online de 20 preguntas a residentes de cirugía de la Argentina. Se confeccionó una base de datos para el análisis estadístico. Se valoraron variables categóricas y numéricas. Resultados: se recibieron 100 respuestas de la encuesta en la que se identificó predominio de residentes de instituciones públicas. Se calculó un descenso del 63% en la cantidad de cirugías en las que participaron los residentes durante la pandemia. El 77% usó plataformas virtuales para remediar el impacto en las instancias de formación académica. El 57% de los encuestados cuentan con programas de simulación quirúrgica en su hospital. La mayoría experimentó consecuencias negativas en sus habilidades quirúrgicas y en su formación durante la pandemia, pero se identificaron diferencias entre el grupo que dispone de simulación quirúrgica y el que no. Conclusión: para resolver el déficit educativo que generó la pandemia por COVID-19, y como medida para potenciar el aprendizaje de habilidades quirúrgicas en situaciones normales, este estudio recomendaría contar con programas de simulación quirúrgica y fomentar el uso de plataformas virtuales como herramienta de formación académica.

ABSTRACT Background: Health systems worldwide have been affected in their fight against COVID-19, generating negative effects on both healthcare activity and training of residents. Cancellation of elective surgeries, less participation of residents in the operating room and other structural changes in the hospitals resulted in an educational gap in the training of residents in surgery. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and cross-sectional study. A 20-question online survey was conducted among residents in surgery from Argentina. A database was created for statistical analysis of categorical and continuous variables. Results: The survey was responded by 100 residents in surgery; most of them belonged to public institutions. There was a 63% decrease in the number of surgeries in which the residents participated during the pandemic. Seventy-seven percent used virtual platforms to mitigate the impact on academic training and 57% count with surgical simulation programs in their hospitals. Most of them experienced negative consequences on their surgical skills and training during the pandemic, but there were differences identified between the group with and without surgical simulation programs. Conclusion: The availability of surgical simulation programs and the use of virtual platforms as an academic training tool could solve the educational gap generated by the COVID-19 pandemic and enhance the learning of surgical skills under normal conditions.

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OBJECTIVES: . In the last decade, concern regarding the preparedness of general surgery graduates to effectively manage thoracic trauma cases has been raised. However, due to limited availability and elevated costs, access to cardiopulmonary trauma simulation models is limited. This article describes our experience implementing a low-cost blended ex vivo tissue-based simulation model using animal by-products that incorporates pump perfusion and ventilation. DESIGN: . Firstly, for validation purposes 8 junior residents, 8 recently graduated general surgeons, and 3 cardiothoracic surgery attendings from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Clinical Hospital were recruited. Proficiency in performing a pulmonary tractotomy and a myocardial injury repair was assessed with global and specific rating scales. Secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model as a learning tool, 16 general surgery residents from different programs across the country were recruited receiving intensive, personalized training on the models. Proficiency was measured before and after the training. RESULTS: . For the validation phase, significant differences among groups according to the previous level of expertise were shown, and therefore construct validity was established. The results of the second phase showed a significant overall improvement in participant's performance. CONCLUSION: . Effective training and assessment for advanced surgical skills in cardiothoracic trauma can be achieved using a low-cost pulsatile simulation model.

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Resumen: Introducción: a nivel mundial, la pandemia COVID-19 determinó una disminución significativa en el volumen de cirugía electiva. Existe preocupación por parte de generaciones de residentes quirúrgicos debido a las consecuencias en su formación. Si bien la formación alcanza otros aspectos que exceden a la práctica quirúrgica, ésta no deja de ser un pilar fundamental. Objetivo: cuantificar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el volumen asistencial de los residentes de cirugía general en un servicio universitario. Método: es un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y analítico. Se comparó el volumen quirúrgico y asistencial de los residentes de cirugía general durante el período entre el 13/03/2020 y el 13/12/2020, posterior al inicio de la pandemia COVID-19, con el volumen registrado en el mismo período previo al inicio de la pandemia. Resultados: todos los residentes participaron en un menor número de cirugías. El mayor impacto fue en la participación de cirugías de coordinación, siendo menores las diferencias en la cirugía de urgencia. El mayor impacto en cuanto a volumen de pacientes operados fue para el residente de primer año. Discusión y conclusiones: a nivel mundial, la pandemia determinó una notoria disminución en el volumen de cirugías electivas. Este trabajo demostró una disminución significativa en el volumen quirúrgico asistencial del residente de cirugía general, por lo que, de prolongarse las medidas sanitarias, sería sustancial evaluar la necesidad de proyectar objetivos e instancias alternativas de aprendizaje.

Summary: Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic caused a meaningful reduction in the number of elective surgeries at the global level. There is a great concern among different generations of surgical residents, on the consequences this might have on their medical training. Despite the medical training includes other aspects beyond the surgical practice, surgeries constitute an essential foundation. Objective: to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of surgeries where the general surgery residents participated, in a university hospital. Method: observational, retrospective and analytical study where the number of surgeries and assistance by the general surgery residents between March 13, 2020 and December 13, 2020, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was compared to the number of surgeries recorded during the same period of time prior to the pandemic. Results: all the residents participated in a smaller number of surgeries. The greater impact was found in their participation in elective surgeries, while the difference in number was smaller in emergency surgeries. The greater impact in terms of number of patients operated involved first year residents. Discussion and conclusions: globally, the pandemic caused a significant reduction in the number of elective surgeries. This study demonstrated an important decrease in the number of assisted surgeries for the general surgery residents. Therefore, if the health emergency measures were extended, it would be important to evaluate the need to set goals and alternative forms of learning.

Resumo: Introdução: em todo o mundo, a pandemia de COVID-19 determinou uma redução significativa na quantidade de cirurgias eletivas. Há preocupação por parte de gerações de residentes cirúrgicos pelas consequências em sua formação. Embora o treinamento alcance outros aspectos que vão além da prática cirúrgica, esta ainda é um pilar fundamental. Objetivo: quantificar o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 na quantidade de atendimento de residentes de cirurgia geral em um serviço universitário. Método: estudo observacional, retrospectivo e analítico. A quantidade de cirurgias e de cuidados dos residentes de cirurgia geral no período de 13/03/2020 a 13/12/2020, após o início da pandemia de COVID-19, foi comparado com a quantidade registrada em um período similar anterior à pandemia. Resultados: todos os residentes participaram de menos cirurgias. O maior impacto foi na participação de cirurgias de coordenação, sendo menores as diferenças nas cirurgias de emergência. O maior impacto em termos de quantidade de pacientes operados foi para o residente do primeiro ano. Discussão e conclusões: em todo o mundo, a pandemia determinou uma diminuição acentuada na quantidade de cirurgias eletivas. Este trabalho demonstrou uma diminuição significativa na quantidade da atenção cirúrgica do residente de cirurgia geral; se as medidas de saúde forem prolongadas, seria fundamental avaliar a necessidade de se projetar objetivos e instâncias alternativas de aprendizagem.

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RESUMEN Antecedentes: el uso de la colangiografía intraoperatoria dinámica (CIOd) durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica (Colelap) sigue siendo un tema en discusión. Objetivos: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y evaluar la curva de aprendizaje y los hallazgos en la CIOd durante las colecistectomías laparoscópicas realizadas por residentes de Cirugía General, incluyéndola como herramienta para una colecistectomía segura, así como entrenamiento para el de sarrollo de habilidades y destrezas. Material y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con indicación de colecistectomía laparoscópica pro gramada o de urgencia. En las cirugías se realizó tracción según Hunter, visión crítica de seguridad y CIOd sistemática, por un residente mayor y la CIOd por un residente inferior, tutorizado por cirujano de planta. Se evaluaron curva de aprendizaje, tiempos operatorios, relación del tiempo de CIOd con el tiempo de duración de la Colelap (CIO/CX), redisección del cístico y litiasis cística y coledociana. Resultados: se operaron 456 pacientes durante un año (2017-2018). Se observó que, independiente mente de quien realice la CIOd, los residentes pudieron mejorar su curva de aprendizaje, objetiván dose tiempos más cortos para la Colelap, CIOd y la relación CIO/CX. Los coeficientes de aprendizaje fueron mejores en cirugías más complejas en relación con el semestre. El 5,26% presentó litiasis cole dociana (n = 24); de estas, 66,7% tenían litiasis cística (n = 16) y 25% colecistitis (n = 6) asociadas. Todas se resolvieron por vía transcística. No hubo conversiones y se realizó CIOd en el 100%. Conclusión: la CIOd es un procedimiento ideal para ser practicado de manera sistemática durante la Residencia, porque da el entrenamiento necesario para el manejo de la vía transcística, permite evitar una lesión quirúrgica de vía biliar mayor y el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis.

ABSTRACT Background: The use of dynamic intra-operative cholangiography (dIOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap Chole) remains a topic under discussion. Objectives: This study aims to describe and evaluate the learning curve and findings in the dIOC during laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by Residents of General Surgery, including it as a tool for a safe cholecystectomy, as well as training for the development of skills and abilities. Material and methods: Patients with indication of scheduled or emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. In the surgeries, traction was performed according to Hunter, critical safety vision and systematic dIOC, by a senior Resident and the dIOC by a less trained resident, tutored by a staff surgeon. Learning curve, operative times, dIOC time relationship with Lap Chole duration time (IOC/LC), repeated cystic dissection, cystic lithiasis and choledocholithiasis were evaluated. Results: 456 patients were operated for one year (2017-2018). It was observed that regardless of who performs the dIOC, they were able to improve their learning curve, objectifying shorter times for Lap Chole, dIOC and the IOC/LC relationship. The learning coefficients were better in complex surgeries in relation to the semester. 5.26 % had choledocholithiasis (n = 24), of these, 66.7% had cystic lithiasis (n = 16) and 25% associated cholecystitis (n = 6). All were resolved trancystically. There were no conversions and dIOC was performed in 100% of cases. Conclusion: The dIOC is an ideal procedure to be practiced systematically during residency. Because it gives the necessary training for the management of the transcystic pathway, allows avoiding an upper bile duct injury and the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the websites of general surgery residency programs in the United States and Puerto Rico. METHODS: Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) websites (n = 254) were accessed between October 2016 and January 2017 and evaluated for content, including: education, resident and faculty information, program environment and specific recruitment incentives. RESULTS: General information, such as conference information, rotations, and faculty information were available for more than 80% of programs. However, specific details about residents, faculty, and applicant information were noticeably lacking. This included resident biographical data and research, faculty names and research endeavors, alumni locations and fellowship placement. Applicant information, specifically board score requirements, were present in less than half of websites nationally. Regionally, websites from the Midwest were the most detailed in the information they provided, while those from the Northeast were the least informative. CONCLUSIONS: As a primary information source for potential future residents, general surgery programs need to maximize the content and utility of their websites in order to attract prospective residents to their programs.

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BACKGROUND: Global surgery and volunteerism in surgery has gained significant interest in recent years for general surgery residents across the country. However, there are few well-established long-term surgical programs affiliated with academic institutions. The present report discusses the implementation process and challenges facing an academic institution in building a long-term sustainable global surgery program. METHODS: As one of the pioneer programs in global surgery for residents, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai global surgery rotation has been successfully running for the last 10 years in a small public hospital in the Dominican Republic. The present report details many key components of implementing a sustainable global surgery program and the evolution of this program over time. FINDINGS: Since 2005, 80 general surgery residents have rotated through Juan Pablo Pina Hospital in the Dominican Republic. They have performed a total of 1239 major operations and 740 minor operations. They have also participated in 328 emergency cases. More importantly, this rotation helped shape residents' sense of social responsibility and ownership in their surgical training. Residents have also contributed to the training of local residents in laparoscopic skills and through cultural exchange. CONCLUSIONS: As interest in global surgery grows among general surgery residents, it is essential that supporting academic institutions create sustainable and capacity-building rotations for their residents. These programs must address many of the barriers that can hinder maintenance of a sustainable global surgery experience for residents. After 10 years of sending our residents to the Dominican Republic, we have found that it is possible and valuable to incorporate a formal global surgery rotation into a general surgery residency.

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