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Introducción: en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), las personas asistidas con patologías relevantes se encuentran bajo sedación, una vez que estas se encuentran bajo los principios de supresión de la sedación, es importante identificar cuáles son las manifestaciones que presentan, propias de las sedaciones. Objetivo: describir las manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome de supresión de la sedoanalgesia presentes en pacientes asistidos en un Hospital Público de la Ciudad de Corrientes de enero a diciembre del 2022. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y observacional. La muestra incluyó pacientes adultos de UCI. El cálculo del tamaño muestral se realizó a través del método probabilístico aleatorio simple resultando de éste una muestra de 100 historias clínicas. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la observación y como instrumento un formulario semiestructurado, de carácter anónimo. Cada formulario contenía datos específicos donde se categorizan las variables en estudio como ser edad, sexo, comorbilidades, tiempo de sedoanalgesia, tipo de sedación, sedoanalgesia utilizada, agitación, confusión, alucinación, diaforesis, taquicardia. Resultados: en cuanto a la edad se obtuvo un promedio de 49 años, el sexo predominante fue el masculino con 52%, en cuanto a las comorbilidades más frecuentes, el 20% presentó Insuficiencia Respiratoria Aguda y el 16% Insuficiencia renal. El motivo de ingreso a UCI en mayor medida con el 33% fue por dificultad respiratoria y Post Quirúrgicos complicados 32%. Los fármacos de mayor elección fueron midazolam 94%, seguido del fentanilo 80%. En cuanto al tiempo de sedación de los pacientes, se encontró una media de 1265 horas. Las manifestaciones clínicas que se observaron en la muestra en mayor medida corresponden a taquicardia 70%, agitación 52%, un 37% confusión e hipertensión y un 24% alucinación. Conclusión: las manifestaciones que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia fueron taquicardia, agitación, confusión, hipertensión y con menor frecuencia alucinación[AU]

Introduction: in the intensive care unit (ICU), people treated with relevant pathologies are under sedation. Once they are under the principles of sedation suppression, it is important to identify the manifestations they present, typical of sedations. Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations of sedation suppression syndrome present in patients treated at a Public Hospital in the City of Corrientes from January to December 2022. Methodology: quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study. The sample included adult ICU patients. The calculation of the sample size was carried out through the simple random probabilistic method, resulting in a sample of 100 medical records. Manifestaciones clínicas post supresión de sedoanalgesia en pacientes adultos de una terapia intensiva. Observation was used to collect data and a semi-structured, anonymous form was used as an instrument. Each form contained specific data where the variables under study were categorized, such as age, sex, comorbidities, sedation time, type of sedation, sedation used, agitation, confusion, hallucination, diaphoresis, tachycardia. Results: regarding age, an average of 49 years was obtained, the predominant sex was male with 52%, regarding the most frequent comorbidities, 20% presented Acute Respiratory Failure and 16% Renal failure. The reason for admission to the ICU to a greater extent with 33% was due to respiratory difficulty and complicated Post-Surgeries 32%. The drugs of greatest choice were midazolam 94%, followed by fentanyl 80%. Regarding the sedation time of the patients, an average of 1265 hours was found. The clinical manifestations that were observed in the sample to a greater extent correspond to tachycardia 70%, agitation 52%, confusion and hypertension 37% and hallucination 24%. Conclusion: the manifestations that occurred most frequently were tachycardia, agitation, confusion, hypertension and, less frequently, hallucination[AU]

Introdução: na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), as pessoas tratadas com patologias relevantes estão sob sedação. Uma vez sob os princípios da supressão da sedação, é importante identificar as manifestações que apresentam, típicas das sedações. Objetivo: Descrever as manifestações clínicas da síndrome de supressão da sedação presentes em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Público da Cidade de Corrientes no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2022. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal e observacional. A amostra incluiu pacientes adultos internados em UTI. O cálculo do tamanho amostral foi realizado pelo método probabilístico aleatório simples, resultando em uma amostra de 100 prontuários. A observação foi utilizada para a coleta de dados e um formulário semiestruturado e anônimo foi utilizado como instrumento. Cada formulário continha dados específicos onde foram categorizadas as variáveis em estudo, como idade, sexo, comorbidades, tempo de sedação, tipo de sedação, sedação utilizada, agitação, confusão, alucinação, sudorese, taquicardia. Resultados: em relação à idade obteve-se uma média de 49 anos, o sexo predominante foi o masculino com 52%, quanto às comorbidades mais frequentes, 20% apresentavam Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda e 16% Insuficiência Renal. O motivo de internação na UTI em maior proporção com 33% foi por dificuldade respiratória e pós-cirúrgicos complicados 32%. Os medicamentos de maior escolha foram midazolam 94%, seguido de fentanil 80%. Quanto ao tempo de sedação dos pacientes, foi encontrada uma média de 1265 horas. As manifestações clínicas mais observadas na amostra correspondem a taquicardia 70%, agitação 52%, confusão e hipertensão 37% e alucinação 24%. Conclusão: as manifestações que ocorreram com maior frequência foram taquicardia, agitação, confusão, hipertensão e, menos frequentemente, alucinação[AU]

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the use of etonogestrel (ENG) implants for menstrual management (i.e., management of bleeding and symptoms associated with menstruation) in individuals with intellectual disabilities. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed a cohort of individuals with intellectual disabilities who began using ENG implants between 2003 and 2018, in Joinville, Brazil. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, and reproductive data from the medical records, along with information related to ENG implant use. RESULTS: In total, 369 implants were placed in 130 individuals with intellectual disabilities. The median age at the first implant was 20 (interquartile range [IQR], 17-26) years, and 43.8% of the patients were adolescents. By December 2018, 90 patients had received two or more subsequent implants. The median duration of current ENG implant use was 19 (IQR, 12.8-22) months. More than 40% of the patients had comorbidities, with epilepsy being the most common. During the use of the current implant, 80% of the patients had a favorable bleeding profile (no bleeding or ≤1 bleeding episode per month), and 53.8% (70/130) had no bleeding within 3 months before their last medical visit. Among patients experiencing dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 79% (64/81) and 82% (54/66) reported complete improvement, respectively. The premature implant removal rate was 8.9% (33/369). Unfavorable bleeding was the main reason for premature implant removal (20 out 33 removals). CONCLUSIONS: ENG implants might be a suitable option for individuals with intellectual disabilities who require management of menstrual bleeding and symptoms associated with menstruation. Most patients had a favorable bleeding profile and experienced significant improvements in dysmenorrhea and PMS, contributing to the high continuation rates of ENG implants.

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Introduction Virologic failure due to antiretroviral drug resistance is a threat to efforts to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Understanding the factors that influence the genetic and clinical expression of drug resistance is fundamental for infection control. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted on a cohort of adult HIV patients between 2016 and 2022. The cases were defined as patients with a confirmed diagnosis of virologic failure due to drug resistance, as indicated by a viral genotype result. The control group consisted of patients who had not experienced virologic failure or undergone any documented changes to their antiretroviral treatment. The incidence of virologic failure over a defined period was calculated. The characteristics of each group were documented in frequency tables and measures of central tendency. To identify risk factors, multiple logistic regression models were employed, and post hoc tests were conducted. All calculations were performed with 95% confidence intervals, and p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results The incidence of virologic failure over the seven-year study period was 9.2% (95% CI: 7.5-11.2%). Low CD4 T-lymphocyte count (≤200 cells/mm³) at diagnosis (adjOR 14.2, 95% CI: 3.1-64.5), history of opportunistic infections (adjOR 3.5, 95% CI: 1.9-6.4), and late enrollment into an HIV program after diagnosis (>1 year) (adjOR 9.2, 95% CI: 3.8-22.2) were identified as independent predictors of virologic failure. The drugs with the highest rates of resistance were nevirapine (84.6%), efavirenz (82.4%), emtricitabine (81.3%), lamivudine (81.3%), and atazanavir (6.6%). The most prevalent major mutations identified were K103N, M184V, and M46I/M. Approximately 50% of the secondary mutations were identified in protease regions. Conclusions The incidence of virologic failure was low in the study population. The identified risk characteristics allow for the prediction of the profile of patients susceptible to failure and for the early optimization of treatment regimens.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate, through a systematic review of the literature, whether there are differences in the results of otoacoustic emissions suppression tests in individuals with and without central auditory processing disorder. METHODS: Searches were carried out in the scientific databases Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and Cochrane, as well as the databases of gray literature British Library, OpenGrey.eu and Object View and Interaction Design. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, with the descriptors otoacoustic emissions and auditory perceptual disorders and their synonyms, combined by the Boolean operators AND and OR. The reading of the studies was done by peers independently and in case of disagreement in the inclusion of studies, a third researcher was consulted. Original cross-sectional articles with a comparison group that suppressed transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in individuals with and without central auditory processing disorder were included. RESULTS: Seven studies that evaluated children aged between 7 and 14 years old were included, with methodological variability in the performance and analysis of the exam, the contralateral noise was the most used to elicit suppression. In only three studies did the group with central auditory processing disorder show lower suppression values, however the meta-analysis shows significant differences between the groups, with lower suppression values in the study groups. CONCLUSION: This study points the need for a protocol that standardizes the measurement of OAE suppression and its findings, aiming to reduce the inclusion of results unrelated to the olivocochlear system.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in children. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective, case-control study included all children ≤21 years undergoing COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction testing at a tertiary children's hospital between March 2020 and January 2023. The main exposure was PPI usage. The primary outcome was COVID-19 infection. The secondary outcome was COVID-19 hospitalization. Log-binomial regressions were used to examine associations between PPI use and these outcomes. RESULTS: 116 209 patients age 8.5 ± 6.2 years underwent 234 867 COVID-19 tests. Current PPI use was associated with a decreased risk of COVID-19 test positivity compared with PPI nonuse [RR 0.85 (95% CI 0.76, 0.94), P = .002]; however, there was a significant interaction with time of testing, and an effect of PPIs was no longer seen in the final months of the study following lessening of COVID-19 precautions [RR 1.04 (95% CI 0.0.80, 1.36), P = .77]. PPI use was not associated with risk of hospitalization in patients positive for COVID-19 after adjusting for other hospitalization risk factors [RR 0.85 (95% CI 0.64, 1.13), P = .26]. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find an association between PPI use and increased COVID-19 susceptibility or severity in this pediatric sample. These results provide reassuring evidence that PPIs may not worsen COVID-19 outcomes in children.

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BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation, the process by which individuals manage and modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and responses to adaptively navigate and cope with various situations, plays a crucial role in daily life. Our study investigates the variations in emotion regulation strategies among individuals with different attachment styles (AS). Specifically, we examine how individuals with secure, anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment styles effectively utilize cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to regulate their emotions. METHODS: A total of n = 98 adults were instructed to attend, reappraise, or suppress their emotions while viewing negative and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in an experimental emotion regulation task. After completing the task, participants rated the valence and arousal elicited by the images. Attachment styles were measured using the ECR-12 questionnaire and then categorized into four AS. RESULTS: Our study revealed that individuals with secure AS (n = 39) effectively reduced displeasure through cognitive reappraisal but experienced levels of displeasure with expressive suppression. Anxious AS (n = 16) individuals successfully reduced displeasure using cognitive reappraisal but struggled to regulate arousal and effectively use expressive suppression. Avoidant AS (n = 24) individuals could reduce displeasure with both strategies but experienced high arousal during suppression attempts. Fearful AS (n = 19) individuals effectively regulated both displeasure and arousal using either strategy. However, Secure AS individuals showed superior reappraisal efficacy, significantly reducing arousal levels compared to the Fearful AS group. Both Secure and Avoidant AS groups experienced higher valence during reappraisal relative to a baseline, indicating a decrease in displeasure. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with different AS exhibit variations in the effectiveness of their use of emotion regulation strategies. Our findings reinforce the significance of AS in shaping emotion regulation processes and emphasize the need for tailored approaches to support individuals with different attachment orientations.

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CONTEXT: The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes diverse cellular components such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and immune cells, among others. MSC have been isolated from different tumors and they favor tumor cell growth; however, their role in pituitary tumors (PTs) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: Herein we report the presence of MSCs in 2 adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting PTs causing Cushing disease (MCU), 2 nonfunctioning adenomas of gonadotrope differentiation (MNF), and 2 nontumoral pituitary glands (MS). METHODS: We have analyzed the transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing and compared MSCs in terms of their immunosuppressive effects against lymphoid T-cell and macrophage populations by means of cocultures and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our transcriptomic analysis revealed molecular differences between MSCs derived from nontumoral pituitaries and MSCs derived from PTs. Two distinct subpopulations of MSC emerged: one displaying immunosuppressive properties and the other with increased proproliferative capabilities, regardless of their origin. MSCs derived from ACTH- and nonfunctioning PTs, but not those derived from nontumoral glands, significantly inhibited the proliferation of activated T cells, favored the generation of regulatory T cells, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Such immunosuppressive effects were correlated with an upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 and intracellular expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-10. Importantly, MSC derived from ACTH-PTs showed a higher immunosuppressive potential than MSC isolated from nonfunctioning tumors. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the presence of at least 2 MSC subpopulations in the pituitary gland and suggests that immunosuppressive effects of MSCs may have important implications in PT growth.

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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematological malignancy with high recurrence and no definitive cure. The current study revisits the role of the IGF1/IGF1R axis in MM, introducing a novel inhibitor, NT157. The IGF1/IGF1R pathway is pivotal in MM, influencing cell survival, proliferation, and migration and impacting patient survival outcomes. NT157 targets intracellular proteins such as IRS and STAT proteins and demonstrates antineoplastic potential in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. In the present study, we assessed IGF1R signaling-related gene expression in MM patients and healthy donors, unveiling significant distinctions. MM cell lines displayed varying expression patterns of IGF1R-related proteins. A gene dependence analysis indicated the importance of targeting receptor and intracellular elements over autocrine IGF1. NT157 exhibited inhibitory effects on MM cell viability, clonal growth, cell cycle progression, and survival. Moreover, NT157 reduced IRS2 expression and STAT3, STAT5, and RPS6 activation and modulated oncogenes and tumor suppressors, fostering a tumor-suppressive molecular profile. In summary, our study demonstrates that the IGF1/IGF1R/IRS signaling axis is differentially activated in MM cells and the NT157's capacity to modulate crucial molecular targets, promoting antiproliferative effects and apoptosis in MM cells. NT157 may offer a multifaceted approach to enhance MM therapy.

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The mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammation upon a pathogenic stimulus are crucial for the maintenance of tissue integrity and organ function. T regulatory cells are one of the main drivers in controlling inflammation. The ability of T regulatory cells to adapt to different inflammatory cues and suppress inflammation is one of the relevant features of T regulatory cells. During this process, T regulatory cells express different transcription factors associated with their counterparts, Th helper cells, including Tbx21, GATA-3, Bcl6, and Rorc. The acquisition of this transcription factor helps the T regulatory cells to suppress and migrate to the different inflamed tissues. Additionally, the T regulatory cells have different mechanisms that preserve stability while acquiring a particular T regulatory cell subtype. This review focuses on describing T regulatory cell subtypes and the mechanisms that maintain their identity in health and diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Transgender women are disproportionately affected by both HIV and gender-based violence (GBV), defined as physical, sexual, or emotional violence perpetrated against an individual based on their gender identity/expression. While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that GBV leads to poor HIV care and treatment outcomes among cisgender women, less research has examined this association among transgender women. We assessed the impact of lifetime experiences of GBV on subsequent retention in HIV care and laboratory confirmed viral suppression among a sample of transgender women living with HIV (TWH) in Brazil. METHODS: A pilot trial of a peer navigation intervention to improve HIV care and treatment among TWH was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil between 2018 and 2019. TWH were recruited and randomized into the intervention or control arm and participated in a baseline and 9-month follow-up survey and ongoing extraction of clinical visit, prescribing, and laboratory data. Generalized linear model regressions with a Poisson distribution estimated the relative risk (RR) for the association of lifetime physical and sexual violence reported at baseline with treatment outcomes (retention in HIV care and viral suppression) at follow-up, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 113 TWH participated in the study. At baseline, median age was 30 years, and the prevalence of lifetime physical and sexual violence was 62% and 45%, respectively. At follow-up, 58% (n = 66/113) were retained in care and 35% (n = 40/113) had evidence of viral suppression. In adjusted models, lifetime physical violence was non-significantly associated with a 10% reduction in retention in care (aRR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.22) and a 31% reduction in viral suppression (aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.11). Lifetime sexual violence was non-significantly associated with a 28% reduction in retention in HIV care (aRR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52, 1.00) and significantly associated with a 56% reduction in viral suppression (aRR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.79). CONCLUSION: Our findings are among the first to demonstrate that lifetime experiences with physical and sexual violence are associated with poor HIV outcomes over time among transgender women. Interventions seeking to improve HIV treatment outcomes should assess and address experiences of GBV among this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03525340.

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OBJECTIVE: Pre-treatment (PT) therapies in IVF are known to be used as pre-stimulation modality to improve cycle outcomes. This study aims to assess whether PT in GnRH antagonist cycles triggered with GnRH-agonist impact oocyte maturation response. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected for patients who underwent GnRH antagonist cycle with agonist triggering with and without PT. The patients were allocated to groups according to their PT status. The primary outcome evaluated was suboptimal maturation response. Suboptimal maturation to trigger was defined as no oocyte upon retrieval when adequate response was expected. RESULTS: The study population included 196 patients who underwent GnRH antagonist cycle with agonist triggering. The study group included 69 patients who received PT. The control group included 127 patients with no PT. In univariate analysis, the PT group significantly displayed suboptimal response compared to the controls (p = 0.008). All the patients in the study group with suboptimal response (with or without hCG re-triggering) were treated with GnRH-agonist as PT. Basal and pre-trigger LH values were significantly lower in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that PT with GnRH agonist was a significant predictor for suboptimal response. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment, and particularly the use of GnRH-agonist as PT in antagonist cycles triggered with agonist, increases the risk of suboptimal response to GnRH-agonist trigger. This might be explained by prolonged pituitary suppression, which lasts beyond the PT cessation.

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Strategies to improve the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for patients with HIV in Trinidad and Tobago, including the adoption of the "Test and Treat All" policy, have accompanied an increase in the number of patients with pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) in the country. However, the scale of this public health problem is not well established. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PDR and evaluate its impact on viral suppression among patients with HIV receiving care at a large HIV treatment center in Trinidad and Tobago. We retrospectively analyzed data from the Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago of patients newly diagnosed with HIV who had HIV genotyping performed. PDR was defined as having at least one drug-resistant mutation. We assessed the impact of PDR on achieving viral suppression within 12 months of ART initiation, using a Cox extended model. Among 99 patients, 31.3% had PDR to any drug, 29.3% to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 3.0% to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and 3.0% to a protease inhibitor. Overall, 67.1% of the patients who initiated ART (n = 82) and 66.7% (16/24) of patients with PDR achieved viral suppression within 12 months. We found no significant association between PDR status and achieving viral suppression within 12 months [adjusted hazard ratio: 1.08 (95% confidence interval: 0.57-2.04)]. There is a high prevalence of PDR in Trinidad and Tobago, specifically driven by NNRTI resistance. Although we found no difference in virologic suppression by PDR status, there is an urgent need for an effective HIV response to address the many drivers of virologic failure. Accelerating access to affordable, quality-assured generic dolutegravir and adopting it as the preferred first-line ART therapy are critical.

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Exosomes are 30-120nm bio particles transferred from donor to recipient cells leading to modification in their regulatory mechanisms depending upon the coded message in the form of loaded biomolecule. Cancer cells derived exosomes the true representatives of the parent cells have been found to modify the tumor surrounding/distinct regions and participate in metastasis, angiogenesis and immune suppression. Tis study was aimed to study the effects of tumor mice derived exosomes on the normal mice spleen isolated T cells by using co-culture experiments and flow cytometer analysis. We mainly focused on some of the T cells population and cytokines including IFN-γ, FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and KI67 (proliferation marker). Overall results indicated random changes in different set of experiments, where the cancer derived exosomes reduced the IFN-γ expression in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, similarly the Treg cells were also found decreased in the presence of cancer exosomes. No significant changes were observed on the Ki67 marker expression. Such studies are helpful in understanding the role of cancer exosomes in immune cells suppression in tumor microenvironment. Cancer exosomes will need to be validated in vivo and in vitro on a molecular scale in detail for clinical applications.

Os exossomos são biopartículas de 30-120 nm transferidas de células doadoras para células receptoras, levando à modificação em seus mecanismos reguladores, dependendo da mensagem codificada na forma de biomolécula carregada. Verificou-se que exossomos derivados de células cancerosas ­ os verdadeiros representantes das células-mãe ­ modificam as regiões circundantes / distintas do tumor e participam da metástase, angiogênese e imunossupressão. Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de exossomos derivados de camundongos com tumor nas células T isoladas de baço de camundongos normais, usando experimentos de cocultura e análise de citômetro de fluxo. Concentrou-se, principalmente, em algumas populações de células T e citocinas, incluindo IFN-γ, células T reguladoras FOXP3 + (Treg) e KI67 (marcador de proliferação). Os resultados gerais indicaram mudanças aleatórias em diferentes conjuntos de experimentos, em que os exossomos derivados de câncer reduziram a expressão de IFN-γ em células T CD4 e CD8, da mesma forma que as células Treg também foram encontradas diminuídas na presença de exossomos de câncer. Nenhuma mudança significativa foi observada na expressão do marcador Ki67. Esses dados são úteis para a compreensão do papel dos exossomos do câncer na supressão de células do sistema imunológico no microambiente tumoral. Exossomos de câncer precisarão ser validados in vivo e in vitro em escala molecular com detalhes para aplicações clínicas.

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Abstract Exosomes are 30-120nm bio particles transferred from donor to recipient cells leading to modification in their regulatory mechanisms depending upon the coded message in the form of loaded biomolecule. Cancer cells derived exosomes the true representatives of the parent cells have been found to modify the tumor surrounding/distinct regions and participate in metastasis, angiogenesis and immune suppression. Tis study was aimed to study the effects of tumor mice derived exosomes on the normal mice spleen isolated T cells by using co-culture experiments and flow cytometer analysis. We mainly focused on some of the T cells population and cytokines including IFN-, FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and KI67 (proliferation marker). Overall results indicated random changes in different set of experiments, where the cancer derived exosomes reduced the IFN- expression in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, similarly the Treg cells were also found decreased in the presence of cancer exosomes. No significant changes were observed on the Ki67 marker expression. Such studies are helpful in understanding the role of cancer exosomes in immune cells suppression in tumor microenvironment. Cancer exosomes will need to be validated in vivo and in vitro on a molecular scale in detail for clinical applications.

Resumo Os exossomos são biopartículas de 30-120 nm transferidas de células doadoras para células receptoras, levando à modificação em seus mecanismos reguladores, dependendo da mensagem codificada na forma de biomolécula carregada. Verificou-se que exossomos derivados de células cancerosas os verdadeiros representantes das células-mãe modificam as regiões circundantes / distintas do tumor e participam da metástase, angiogênese e imunossupressão. Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de exossomos derivados de camundongos com tumor nas células T isoladas de baço de camundongos normais, usando experimentos de cocultura e análise de citômetro de fluxo. Concentrou-se, principalmente, em algumas populações de células T e citocinas, incluindo IFN-, células T reguladoras FOXP3 + (Treg) e KI67 (marcador de proliferação). Os resultados gerais indicaram mudanças aleatórias em diferentes conjuntos de experimentos, em que os exossomos derivados de câncer reduziram a expressão de IFN- em células T CD4 e CD8, da mesma forma que as células Treg também foram encontradas diminuídas na presença de exossomos de câncer. Nenhuma mudança significativa foi observada na expressão do marcador Ki67. Esses dados são úteis para a compreensão do papel dos exossomos do câncer na supressão de células do sistema imunológico no microambiente tumoral. Exossomos de câncer precisarão ser validados in vivo e in vitro em escala molecular com detalhes para aplicações clínicas.

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ABSTRACT Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare and potentially devastating bilateral diffuse granulomatous panuveitis. It is caused by surgical or non-surgical eye injuries and is an uncommon and serious complication of trauma. It is diagnosed clinically and supported by imaging examinations such as ocular ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography. Its treatment consists of immunosuppressive therapy with steroids and sometimes steroid-sparing drugs, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil. Fast and effective management with systemic immunosuppressive agents allows for disease control and achievement of good visual acuity in the sympathizing eye. By contrast, enucleation should be considered only in situations where the injured eye has no light perception or in the presence of severe trauma. In addition to a bibliographic review of this topic, we report six cases involving different immunosuppressive and surgical treatment modalities.

RESUMO A oftalmia simpática consiste em uma panuveíte granulomatosa bilateral rara e potencialmente devastadora, ocorrendo geralmente após trauma ocular cirúrgico ou não cirúrgico. O diagnóstico é baseado em aspectos clínicos e apoiado por exames de imagem, como ultrassonografia ocular e tomografia de coerência óptica. O tratamento consiste em terapia imunossupressora com esteróides e, eventualmente, drogas poupadoras de esteróides, como ciclosporina, azatioprina, ciclofosfamida e micofonato de mofetila. O manejo rápido e eficaz com agentes imunossupressores sistêmicos permite o controle da doença e a obtenção de boa acuidade visual no olho simpatizante. A enucleação, por outro lado, poderia ser considerada apenas em situações em que o olho lesado não tem percepção luminosa ou há trauma grave. Além de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, foi relatada uma série de 6 casos com diferentes modalidades de tratamento imunossupressor e cirúrgico.

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BACKGROUND: Disease suppressiveness of soils to fungal root pathogens is typically induced in the field by repeated infections of the host plant and concomitant changes in the taxonomic composition and functional traits of the rhizosphere microbiome. Here, we studied this remarkable phenomenon for Bipolaris sorokiniana in two wheat cultivars differing in resistance to this fungal root pathogen. RESULTS: The results showed that repeated exposure of the susceptible wheat cultivar to the pathogen led to a significant reduction in disease severity after five successive growth cycles. Surprisingly, the resistant wheat cultivar, initially included as a control, showed the opposite pattern with an increase in disease severity after repeated pathogen exposure. Amplicon analyses revealed that the bacterial families Chitinophagaceae, Anaerolineaceae and Nitrosomonadaceae were associated with disease suppressiveness in the susceptible wheat cultivar; disease suppressiveness in the resistant wheat cultivar was also associated with Chitinophagaceae and a higher abundance of Comamonadaceae. Metagenome analysis led to the selection of 604 Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs), out of a total of 2,571 identified by AntiSMASH analysis, that were overrepresented when the soil entered the disease suppressive state. These BGCs are involved in the biosynthesis of terpenes, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, aryl polyenes and post-translationally modified peptides. CONCLUSION: Combining taxonomic and functional profiling we identified key changes in the rhizosphere microbiome during disease suppression. This illustrates how the host plant relies on the rhizosphere microbiome as the first line of defense to fight soil-borne pathogens. Microbial taxa and functions identified here can be used in novel strategies to control soil-borne fungal pathogens.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe time to cessation of menses in adolescent and young adult transgender males with testosterone and/or other hormonal therapies DESIGN: Retrospective chart review SETTING: Tertiary children's hospital PARTICIPANTS: Patients, aged 10-24, who began gender-affirming hormonal therapy between January 2013 and January 2019 (n = 220) INTERVENTION(S): None MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Time to cessation of menses RESULTS: Most patients identified as transgender male or transmasculine (211/220, 95.9%), with an average age of 15.8 (±1.9) years. Approximately 53.6% (118/220) of patients reported regular menstrual cycles; 18.2% (40/220) reported irregular cycles. Median time to cessation of menses for all patients was 182 days. Patients treated with testosterone alone (n = 105) reported a median time to cessation of menses of 151 days. Patients who concurrently began testosterone and norethindrone acetate (NETA) (n = 5) had a median time to cessation of menses of 188 days, compared with 168 days for those on testosterone and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, n = 15). In 15 patients who began testosterone, a progestin therapy was later added to induce menstrual suppression, and the median time to cessation of menses was 168 days (+DMPA, n = 4) or 56 days (+NETA, n = 11). Patients treated with NETA (n = 14) or depot leuprolide (n = 11) reported a median time to cessation of menses of 78 days or 77 days, respectively. Considerable variability in prescribing patterns was noted in the remaining 36.4% of patients (n = 80). CONCLUSION: Patients used a variety of different hormonal regimens for menstrual suppression. Less than half achieved cessation of menses within 6 months. NETA and depot leuprolide users reported the most rapid cessation of menses.

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Certain classes of antibiotics show "concentration dependent" antimicrobial activity; higher concentrations result in increased bacterial killing rates, in contrast to "time dependent antibiotics", which show antimicrobial activity that depends on the time that antibiotic concentrations remain above the MIC. Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are still widely used concentration-dependent antibiotics. These antibiotics are not hydrolyzed by beta-lactamases and are less sensitive to the inoculum effect, which can be defined as an increased MIC for the antibiotic in the presence of a relatively higher bacterial load (inoculum). In addition, they possess a relatively long Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE), which can be defined as the absence of bacterial growth when antibiotic concentrations fall below the MIC. These characteristics make them interesting complementary antibiotics in the management of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria and/or (neutropenic) patients with severe sepsis. Global surveillance studies have shown that up to 90% of MDR Gram-negative bacteria still remain susceptible to aminoglycosides, depending on the susceptibility breakpoint (e.g., CLSI or EUCAST) being applied. This percentage is notably lower for fluoroquinolones but depends on the region, type of organism, and mechanism of resistance involved. Daily (high-dose) dosing of aminoglycosides for less than one week has been associated with significantly less nephro/oto toxicity and improved target attainment. Furthermore, higher-than-conventional dosing of fluoroquinolones has been linked to improved clinical outcomes. Beta-lactam antibiotics are the recommended backbone of therapy for severe sepsis. Since these antibiotics are time-dependent, the addition of a second concentration-dependent antibiotic could serve to quickly lower the bacterial inoculum, create PAE, and reduce Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP) expression. Inadequate antibiotic levels at the site of infection, especially in the presence of high inoculum infections, have been shown to be important risk factors for inadequate resistance suppression and therapeutic failure. Therefore, in the early phase of severe sepsis, effort should be made to optimize the dose and quickly lower the inoculum. In this article, the authors propose a novel concept of "Inoculum Based Dosing" in which the decision for antibiotic dosing regimens and/or combination therapy is not only based on the PK parameters of the patient, but also on the presumed inoculum size. Once the inoculum has been lowered, indirectly reflected by clinical improvement, treatment simplification should be considered to further treat the infection.

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The community adherence support group (CASG) was one of the first differentiated service delivery (DSD) models introduced in Mozambique. This study assessed the impact of this model on retention in care, loss to follow-up (LTFU), and viral suppression among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated adults in Mozambique. A retrospective cohort study included CASG-eligible adults enrolled between April 2012 and October 2017 at 123 health facilities in Zambézia Province. Propensity score matching (1:1 ratio) was used to allocate CASG members and those who never enrolled in a CASG. Logistic regressions were performed to estimate the impact of CASG membership on 6- and 12-month retention and viral load (VL) suppression. Cox proportional regression was used to model differences in LTFU. Data from 26,858 patients were included. The median age at CASG eligibility was 32 years and 75% were female, with 84% residing in rural areas. A total of 93% and 90% of CASG members were retained in care at 6 and 12 months, respectively, while 77% and 66% non-CASG members were retained during the same periods. The odds of being retained in care at 6 and 12 months were significantly higher among patients receiving ART through CASG support (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.19 [95% confidence interval; CI: 3.79-4.63], p < .001, and aOR = 4.43 [95% CI: 4.01-4.90], p < .001, respectively). Among 7,674 patients with available VL measurements, the odds of being virally suppressed were higher among CASG members (aOR = 1.14 [95% CI: 1.02-1.28], p < .001). Non-CASG members had a significantly higher likelihood of being LTFU (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.45 [95% CI: 3.20-3.73], p < .001). While Mozambique rapidly scales up multi-month drug dispensation as the preferred DSD model, this study emphasizes the continued importance of CASG as an efficacious DSD alternative, especially among patients residing in rural areas, where CASG acceptability is higher.

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