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The images we have concerning aging and older people influence our health, well-being, and longevity; however, we do not know which of its aspects (e.g., health, appearance, and personality) positively or negatively affect us. Therefore, to clarify the impact of images of aging on our desire to live long, which impacts our healthy behavior, we conducted an internet survey targeting 1,000 people aged between 30 and 75 years old in Japan in 2018. We tested the following five hypotheses: 1) Respondents who are interested in interacting with older people wish to live longer than those who do not; 2) Respondents who have a positive stereotype about physiological traits of older people wish to live longer than those who do not; 3) Respondents who have a positive stereotype about social relations among older people wish to live longer than those who do not; 4) Respondents who have a positive stereotype about the functioning of older people wish to live longer than those who do not; 5) Respondents who have a positive stereotype about the functioning of older people are likely to engage in healthy behavior and perceive better subjective health than those who do not, which positively affects the age they wish to live to. As a result, we found that only 70-75-year-old participants who had positive images of social relations in old age tended to express a wish to live longer. However, other aspects of images of aging such as appearance, personality, and biological traits did not affect such desire. We conclude that the influence of aging images on the desire to live long may be less apparent among Japanese than other cultures. It is possible that Japanese people are less likely to internalize aging images regarding old age.

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Racial stereotypes are salient to Black adolescents and to the academic domain of mathematics; however, few studies have examined the socio-cognitive mechanisms through which racial stereotypes impact math achievement. This 2-year longitudinal study (N = 790 Grade 6, 8, and 10 students during Year 1; 50.7% girls and 49.3% boys) investigated (a) the extent to which the endorsement of positively and negatively biased racial stereotypes predicted Black adolescents' math performance through their cognitive engagement and ability mindset and (b) whether gender and ethnic-racial identity moderated these links. Results suggested that endorsement of negatively biased stereotypes was associated with diminished cognitive engagement and lower math scores across 2 years (p < .05). Additionally, adolescents' ethnic-racial identity commitment moderated the negative links between stereotype endorsement and math cognitive engagement in Year 2 (p < .05). When considering the mediating role of math ability mindsets, the endorsement of both positively and negatively biased racial stereotypes operated on math performance via its links to stronger fixed ability mindset beliefs in both years (p < .05). Gender also moderated the effects of racial stereotype endorsement on math mindset beliefs in Year 1 (p < .01). This study's findings advance the field's understanding of the psychosocial mechanisms through which racial stereotypes operate, thus enabling educators to develop tailored practices that facilitate equitable access to math learning opportunities.

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One might think that the representation of the ageing body in film has evolved over the years, reflecting certain cultural and societal changes, as well as advances in the understanding of ageing. However, regardless of gender, older people are more likely than any other group to appear in film as comic antidotes to ageing, cultivating stereotypes of physical, cognitive and even sexual inefficiency.

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Introduction: Stereotype threat can lead older adults to perceive their experiences in a biased manner, giving rise to interfering thoughts and negative emotions that generate stress and anxiety. Negative beliefs about aging may serve as an additional factor that increases the need for attentional demand, potentially resulting in a performance level below their actual capabilities. In the present study, we asked whether negative aging stereotypes influence a dynamic balance task and explored the means to counteract them in healthy elderly participants. Methods: The performance of balance was compared in two groups of participants aged 65 to 75 years (n = 22) under stereotype threat or reduced-threat situation. Balance abilities were tested under dynamic conditions, requiring participants to maintain balance on a moving platform and using a gradient of difficulty (with eyes open or closed, without or with foam). Postural performance was evaluated by means of posturographic evaluation of the center of pressure displacement and motion analysis. Additionally, we investigated the effects of stereotype threat on a preferred walking speed task and on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results: Participants under stereotype threat showed poorer balance, particularly in challenging conditions (eyes closed, on foam), with less effective body segments stabilization. Their postural stabilization on foam was worse compared to a solid surface. Conversely, those in the reduced threat condition maintained better body segment stabilization across all conditions, indicating consistent postural control regardless of the presence of foam. Stereotype threat did not affect preferred walking speed or the time to complete the "Time Up and Go" test. Discussion-conclusion: This study provides the first description of age-based stereotype threat effects on a dynamic balance task and how to counteract them in healthy older adults. We suggest that the decrease in postural performance observed in participants exposed to stereotype threat can be attributed to a split in attentional focus between negative intrusive thoughts and the attention needed for maintaining balance. These findings open new perspectives on how to overcome negative expectations when evaluating and training physical abilities, thereby contributing to fall prevention among older adults.

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Sexual assault affects many people of all gender identities, yet most cases do not result in conviction. This may be due to common, inaccurate misperceptions juries hold about how sexual assault is perpetrated and how victims respond to sexual assault. Research has examined misperceptions relating to cisgender victims, yet little is known about the unique misconceptions and stereotypes that may unfairly disadvantage transgender victims or whether courts are attempting to safeguard against them. This article presents a literature review of empirical research on (mock) jurors' perceptions of transgender victims and a review of judicial instructions about gender identity. We find that empirical research is extremely limited with mixed findings, but many jurisdictions allow for judicial instructions warning jurors against prejudice based on gender identity. Further research is urgently needed to identify common misperceptions jurors may have that are specific to transgender victims to inform legal safeguards and improve justice outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: Chronic and highly contagious, trachoma is a condition characterized by recurrent bacterial infection with ocular strains of Mycoplasma trachoma. It spreads through fingers, flies, and fomites, especially in situations where there is overcrowding. If untreated, the illness may result in blindness. Trachoma is an ancient disease and has previously been a significant public health problem in many areas of the world, including parts of Europe and North America. There are at least 400 million cases of active trachoma in the world, 8 million of which have resulted in blindness. Trachoma is a serious public health issue that is very common in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the determinants of active trachoma among rural children aged 1-9 years old in Aw-bare woreda, Somali region of Ethiopia. METHOD: A cross-sectional community-based study involving children aged 1-9 who lived in six selected rural kebeles in the Awbare woreda Somali region and carried out using an ordinal logistic regression model. The study comprised 377 children in total. Our sample youngsters were chosen through a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Then also chose our sample kebeles by simple random sampling. The main environmental, personal, and demographic factors that influenced the outcomes of active trachoma status were modeled using partial proportional odds modeling and descriptive statistics. RESULT: The study showed that the prevalence of active trachoma was found to be 47.7%. The covariate secondary level of education of mother OR = 1.357; 95% CI (1.051, 1.75), P-value = 0.0192, Inside house cooking place of children family OR = 0.789:95% CI (0.687, 0.927), P-value = 0.0031, children stay at home OR = 2.203:95%CI (1.526, 3.473), P-value = 0.0057,rich income family OR = 1.335:95%CI(1.166,1.528),P-value = 0.0001,Amount of water fetched per day OR = 2.129,95%CI(1.780,2.547),P-Vaue = 0.0001 were significant effect on active trachoma. PPOM represents the best fit as it has the smallest AIC and BIC. It is also more parsimonious. CONCLUSION: The mother's educational level, the location where the children spent the majority of their time indoors cooking, the fly density during the interview, the family's income, the child's age in years, the distance to the water source, the quantity of water fetched daily, and the number of people sharing a room have all been found to be significant predictors of the child's active trachoma status. Thus, increasing maternal education, access to clean water, and socioeconomic position are all crucial measures in preventing trachoma. Preventing trachoma also involves reducing the number of kids in a room and enhancing activities linked to personal cleanliness, such as giving kids a thorough facial wash to remove debris and discharge from their eyes.

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Introduction: Age-based stereotype threat (ABST), the concern of being judged according to a negative age stereotype may lead to underperformance in the stereotype domain. The present study aims to replicate the negative effect of ABST on episodic memory. Importantly, we further examine openness to experience as a potential buffer of the ABST effect as well as the role that different memory strategies may play in episodic memory performance. Method: Seventy-five older adults were randomly assigned to the ABST condition or the control condition before taking a word-stem cued recall memory task. They learned word-lists with either a repetition strategy, low resource demanding but less efficient, or a mental imagery strategy, high resource demanding but more efficient. Openness was measured with the Big-5 personality questionnaire. Results: ABST reduced memory performance and disrupted more the recall of words learned with the imagery strategy. The results also showed that openness predicted recall performance associated with the imagery strategy only in the threatened group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a high level in openness may disrupt the negative effect of ABST by improving the capacity of threatened people to execute efficient, resource demanding memory strategies. This finding supports the idea that contextual factors as well as individual characteristics such as personality, need to be considered when assessing episodic memory in aging.

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PURPOSE: Altering the curriculum of a program can have negative repercussions for the student experience, including peer mentorships and interclass relationships. This study investigated the effect of curriculum reform on students' emotional and social well-being in a predoctoral dental program. We explored if any of these consequences could be related to stereotype threat. METHODS: We utilized a quasi-experimental design with two different treatments, New Curriculum Treatment (New-CT, n = 44) and Past Curriculum Treatment (Past-CT, n = 43). Quantitative data were collected through surveys to assess students' perceptions of curriculum changes and their impacts on anxiety, confidence, and clinical performance. Qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews to explore personal experiences of stereotype threat and its implications on peer relationships and mentorship dynamics. RESULTS: The findings suggest significant effects of curriculum changes on interpersonal relationships. Past-CT viewed New-CT as overconfident, while New-CT felt heightened performance pressure. Thematic and interview analyses revealed deep-rooted tensions, with New-CT feeling mistrusted and Past-CT resenting New-CT's perceived accelerated competence. Stereotype threat was identified as a key factor worsening these inter-group tensions and affecting clinical performance and relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Curriculum changes in dental education can significantly affect students' well-being, with stereotype threat playing a critical role in these dynamics. When making changes to the structure, sequencing, or content of a program, administrators need to be aware of the potential ramifications these changes could have on students' relationships with their peers.

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Implicit biases are those we are unwilling to admit, yet they influence our behavior in ways that impact our experience in the workplace. Literature demonstrates that implicit bias influences career choice and limits success within a chosen career. Discrimination in the veterinary workplace is pervasive and has a negative impact that is responsible for financial loss. It can also influence client communication, patient-care, and be inadvertently perpetuated by well-meaning community clinics. Strategies can be employed to acknowledge implicit bias and to foster behavioral change, which results in a healthier workplace and improved client and patient-care.

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OBJECTIVE: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a strongly stigmatized condition and is often complicated by weight stigma. Research on the intersection between BED and weight stigma is scarce especially in Chinese populations. The present study examined BED stigma in Chinese, whether BED stigma was independent from weight stigma, and whether diagnostic labeling and etiological explanations influenced the degree of BED stigma. METHOD: Using a between-subject experimental vignette study, 642 participants (mean age = 29.74 years, SD = 11.34) were randomly assigned to read one of the 18 vignettes, describing a character with information on BED symptoms, weight status, diagnostic labeling, and etiological explanations, followed by measures of stigma and help-seeking intentions. RESULTS: The character with BED symptoms was ascribed more negative personality characteristics, elicited more negative affective reactions, and triggered greater desired social distance compared to the character without BED symptoms. No evidence for weight stigma was found nor for its interaction with BED stigma. The Cantonese diagnostic label of BED, kwong sik zing, was associated with lower levels of volitional stigma and greater help-seeking intentions than the diagnostic label of eating disorders, jam sik sat tiu, and the absence of labeling. The effect of etiological explanations was only significant in the univariate test, indicating that providing either a psychosocial or a biogenetic etiological explanation lessened the negative evaluations of personality characteristics. DISCUSSION: The present study provided first evidence for BED stigma in Chinese. BED stigma appeared to be attributable to the presence of disordered eating behavior rather than the BED diagnosis.

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BACKGROUND: An earlier study in a school in England found that a series of brief values affirmation writing exercises, performed over the course of a school year by students aged 11-14, increased the mathematics attainment of students of low socioeconomic status (SES). AIMS: This pre-registered follow-up of the original study aims to investigate the long-term effects of values affirmation on low-SES students' attainment. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of all students in the analytical sample of the original study who remained at the school and for whom the necessary data were available, N = 409 (95 low-SES). METHODS: The students' results in high-stakes national standardized assessments at age 16, taken two to four years after the affirmation, were analysed. RESULTS: The evidence did not support the pre-registered hypotheses that values affirmation would raise the attainment of low-SES students in mathematics and English. However, exploratory analyses suggested that for low-SES students in two of the three-year groups, the intervention increased Attainment 8, a broad policy-relevant measure of academic attainment, and increased the attainment of boys in English (in particular English Literature) but reduced the corresponding attainment of girls. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the benefits of values affirmation can differ by student cohort and by school subject and that they might be time-limited in some circumstances. This suggests a set of hypotheses that future research could test in order to advance understanding of when values affirmation is, and is not, successful for school students over a sustained period.

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Belief in gendered social power imbalance (i.e. males are more powerful than females) leads to undesirable gender disparities, but little is known about the developmental origins of this belief, especially in Eastern cultures. We investigated the development onset of this belief by focusing on 4-7-year-old Japanese children while considering another belief (females are nicer than males) for comparison. In the dyadic context tasks, children saw pairs of animated characters depicting powerful-powerless or kind-unkind postures and judged the characters' gender (boy or girl). Results suggested both 'nice = female' and 'powerful = female' gender stereotypes in children. In the collective context tasks, children were presented with stories in occupational contexts, including multiple unspecified people and verbal cues, describing more explicitly the powerful and nice traits of the protagonists. The results replicated the 'nice = female' gender stereotype. Moreover, early 'powerful = male' gender stereotypes were seen in 6-year-old boys but not among girls in general. These findings demonstrate that Japanese children's beliefs regarding gender differences in power vary depending on the context in which male-female interactions are presented. Additionally, the study reveals that signs of the 'powerful = male' social power gender stereotype emerge around the age of 6.

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Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, the etiology of which has not been clearly determined yet. There is increasing evidence that synaptic and dendritic changes are involved in the etiology of ASD. The aim of this study is to determine whether serum Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 differ between ASD patients and healthy controls. This study also investigates possible correlations between clinical symptomatology of ASD and serum Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 levels. Method: A total of 44 children with ASD and 21 healthy controls under 6 years of age were included in the study. Symptom severity and behavioral problems among children with ASD were evaluated by using Childhood Autism Rating Scale and Abnormal Behavior Checklist. Serum levels of Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 were measured by using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Result: No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of serum Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 levels. In addition, no correlation was determined between Thrombospondin-2 levels and clinical symptomatology and severity of ASD. However, the Thrombospondin-1 level was found to negatively correlated with the total score of Childhood Autism Rating Scale, inappropriate speech and stereotype subscale scores of Aberrant Behavior Checklist scale. Conclusion: Thrombospondin-1 might have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. Further studies are required to clearly elucidate the association between Trombospondin-1 and ASD.

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The ChatGPT technology is increasingly becoming a part of our daily lives and is starting to be utilized in various decision-making contexts. The current study builds upon prior research, demonstrating that people's moral decision-making is influenced by ChatGPT across three perspectives, as evidenced by two studies (total n = 1925). The findings suggested that ChatGPT advice impacted decision-making similarly to expert advice, although not all decisions were susceptible to influence, particularly those based on negative emotions. Additionally, ChatGPT advice affected decisions beyond moral judgments, but no effect was observed when the advice recommended immediate low rewards. Moreover, individuals with a higher tendency for personal fear of invalidity were more likely to be influenced by both expert and AI advice, but this was not related to trust in AI.

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AIM: There is concern that the provision of the clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) label is stigmatizing. Prior research suggests people have nuanced reactions to feedback involving the CHR label, including a positive experience receiving feedback and improvement in negative emotions (e.g., shame), while also exhibiting concerns about self-perception and perceptions from others related to the label. The current pilot study aimed to evaluate whether individuals at CHR showed changes in emotional and stigma-related experiences following a CHR psychoeducation intervention, BEGIN: Brief Educational Guide for Individuals in Need. METHOD: Participants at CHR (N = 26) identified via the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes completed the Mental Health Attitudes Interview measuring symptom-related and CHR label-related stigma at pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Stigma did not increase and participants had greater positive emotions (e.g., feeling hopeful and relieved), post-BEGIN. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that standardized CHR psychoeducation does not increase stigma in individuals at CHR.

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Judgments about social groups are characterized by their position in a representational space defined by two axes, warmth and competence. We examined serial dependence (SD) in evaluations of warmth and competence while measuring participants' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, as a means to address the independence between these two psychological axes. SD is the attraction of perceptual reports towards things seen in the recent past and has recently been intensely investigated in vision. SD occurs at multiple levels of visual processing, from basic features to meaningful objects. The current study aims to (1) measure whether SD occurs between non-visual objects, in particular social groups and (2) uncover the neural correlates of social group evaluation and SD using EEG. Participants' judgments about social groups such as "nurses" or "accountants" were serially dependent, but only when the two successive groups were close in representational space. The pattern of results argues in favor of a non-separability between the two axes, because groups nearby on one dimension but far on the other were not subject to SD, even though that other dimension was irrelevant to the task at hand. Using representational similarity analysis, we found a brain signature that differentiated social groups as a function of their position in the representational space. Our results thus argue that SD may be a ubiquitous cognitive phenomenon, that social evaluations are serially dependent, and that reproducible neural signatures of social evaluations can be uncovered.

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The present research aimed to explore whether negative stereotypes and domain identification moderate novice participants' performance on a soccer-dribbling task, using a novel statistical procedure to explore within-subjects moderation effects. Fifty-four women with no soccer experience (Mage = 19.92, SDage = 1.0) were recruited and assigned to a negative stereotype condition or a nullified-stereotype condition and performed a soccer-dribbling task as fast as possible. Using moderation analyses for repeated measures, results showed (i) that inducing a negative stereotype did not moderate participants' performance, and (ii) that domain identification did not moderate participants' performance in a stereotype threat situation. In conclusion, the novice participants performance did not depend on the value of domain identification and the stereotype condition. More research is nonetheless needed to disentangle the question of how and why novice participants can be impacted by a stereotype threat situation.

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Personalized recommendations that use digital technologies to predict user interests and preferences and give guiding conclusions have become a widely used digital marketing tool on e-commerce platforms. Given that existing consumer behavior research has not reached a consensus on the relationship between age and the adoption of innovative products, whether recommendation novelty can stimulate older consumers' acceptance of innovative products remains uncertain. Grounded in the aging and social influence literature, this experimental study investigated the moderating role of individual cognitive age on the impact of recommendation novelty on consumer perceptions regarding stereotype threat and receptiveness to innovativeness. An experiment involving 239 online shoppers was conducted to investigate the experiences of cognitively younger and older adults while using low or high levels of recommendation novelty designed for this study. Results reveal the tension for older adults when using highly recommended novelty, as they perceive these to be more of a stereotype threat, but they also have a higher level of receptiveness to innovativeness. This finding is contrary to the common belief that "the older the consumer, the less receptive to innovativeness", providing novel insight into the information systems literature. Theoretically, this research shows how increasing the level of recommended novelty affects stereotype threat and receptiveness to innovativeness (of consumers of different cognitive ages). For practitioners, the results provide important guidelines on the kind of personalized recommendations that are appropriate for consumers with different cognitive ages.

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The workforce is aging with the population aging. How to effectively manage and motivate older workers is significant for elderly human resources development and the sustainable development of enterprises in organizations. Age stereotypes of older workers refer to people's beliefs and expectations about a specific group of 45-65-year-olds in the workplace. This paper examines the effect of age stereotypes of older workers on job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention. This study carried out two research designs, a questionnaire survey and an experimental study, to explore the effects of positive and negative age stereotypes of older workers on job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention within an organizational context and underlying mediating mechanisms. The results showed that positive stereotypes of older workers significantly positively affected job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention. In comparison, negative stereotypes of older workers significantly negatively affected job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention, and self-perception of aging substantially mediates the effects. This study broadens the research field on the impact of positive and negative age stereotypes on older workers in organizational contexts. This study guides organizations in reducing age discrimination, creating an inclusive workplace environment, and achieving the successful aging of older workers.

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This paper aims to investigate the role of stereotype threat and the moderating role of gender stigma consciousness on women's leadership aspiration, leadership career goal, social self-esteem, and negative affect across two experimental studies in Türkiye. We expected the detrimental effects of streotype threat to be experienced by those with high gender stigma consciousness. The first study, involving 130 female undergraduates (Mage = 20.7, SD = 4.4), presented implicit stereotype threat and showed that the threat increased the interest of team membership and women low in stigma consciousness reported higher leadership career goals than those high in stigma consciousness. The second study, conducted with 90 female undergraduates (Mage = 20.6, SD = 1.6), presented explicit stereotype threat and showed that the explicit threat had negative effect on leadership aspiration, and women high in stigma consciousness felt more negative affect and less social self-esteem due to threat than those who were low. The present research contributes to the women's leadership literature by identifying for the first time the role of stigma consciousness in the motivational and affective consequences of stereotype threat.