RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto generado por el manejo de agroquímicos en la parte alta de la microcuenca Chorro Hondo en el municipio Marinilla, para el establecimiento de acciones que contribuyan al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida y del ambiente. METODOLOGIA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con análisis univariado y bivariado de encuestas a treinta y cinco campesinos en su respectivo predio y seis proveedores, observaciones directas en predios ubicados en los primeros dos mil metros de la microcuenca y muestras de agua, suelo y aire, donde se analizó la presencia de Clorotalonil y Mancozeb, ingredientes activos más comunes entre los agroquímicos utilizados. RESULTADOS : En los treinta y cinco predios, 86% de los campesinos realizaba alguna actividad agropecuaria y 74% aplicaba agroquímicos, asimismo el 58% conocía los riesgos asociados de los productos utilizados, destacándose la intoxicación (47%), el 42% no usaba traje especial y 31% consideraba que el agua estaba contaminada con agroquímicos. La concentración de los ingredientes activos en agua, aire y suelo fue menor del límite de detección de los métodos. DISCUSION:Marinilla presenta una problemática compleja en el manejo de agroquímicos; el Clorotalonil es cancerígeno y el Mancozeb tiene cancelada la licencia de venta; no se cumplen las condiciones básicas de almacenamiento de agroquímicos, transporte y disposición final de sus residuos; y no se utilizan adecuadamente los elementos de protección personal.
OBJECTIVE: to determine the impact generated by the use of agrochemicals in the upper area of the Chorro Hondo micro watershed in the municipality of Marinilla (Colombia)in order to develop measures contributing to environmental and quality of life improvement. METHODOLOGY: a cross sectional,descriptive study with a univariate and bivariate analysis of the survey sanswered by 6 suppliers and 35 farmers who were located in their respective agricultural lands. Additionally, the study included direct observations of the properties located within the first 2000 meters of the micro watershed. Likewise, water, soil and air samples were analyzed in search of Chlorothalonil and Mancozeb, the most common active ingredients of the agrochemicals used in this area. RESULTS :in all of the 35 properties, 86% of the farmers performed some kind of agricultural activity and 74% used agrochemicals.Similarly, 58% of the farmers knew the risks associated with the use of these products, intoxication being the most common(occurring in 47% of the individuals). Moreover, 42% did not use a special suit and 31% felt that the water was contaminated with agrochemicals. The concentration of the active ingredients in the water, air and soil was below the detection limit of the methods. DISCUSSION:Marinilla has a complex set of problems regarding agrochemical handling; Chlorothalonil is carcinogenic, and the sale license for Mancozeb has been canceled; the farmers do not meet the basic requirements for: agrochemical storage, transportation and waste disposal; finally,the farmer do not usethe appropriate personal protectiongear.
RESUMEN
SUMMARY Micrometeorological afterations caused by low tunnels of black plastic screen with 18, 30, and 50% of solar radiation reduction in central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, was investigated during the summer. The experiment was carried out in the Federal University of Santa Maria, where four plots were cultivated with lettuce. Three plots were covered by low tunnels of black plastic screen and one was left uncovered as a control. The study was conducted in 3 periods: 11/30/90 to 01/17/91, 02/06/91 to 03/25/91, and 12/10/91 to 03/01/92. Soil and air temperature, and soil water consumption decreased with solar radiation reduction. However, air minimum temperature and relative humidity were similar inside and outside, and aiso among different leveis of reduction caused by plastic screen.
RESUMO Foram determinadas alterações micrometeorológicas causadas por tela plástica preta com 18, 30 e 50% de atenuação da radiação solar incidente, durante os meses de verão, em Santa Maria, RS. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, onde foram cultivados quatro canteiros com alface, três deles cobertos com túneis de tela plástica. O estudo foi realizado em 3 períodos: de 30/11/90 a 17/01/91, de 06/02/91 a 25/03/91 e de 10/12/91 a 01/03/92. Mediu-se a radiação solar global, radiação solar na faixa de comprimento de onda do infravermelho e a luminosidade, temperatura diurna do solo, temperatura mínima e diurna do ar e umidade do solo e do ar. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura do solo e do ar e a perda de água do solo são menores sob os túneis do que no exterior. As diferenças cresceram com o aumento da atenuação e a temperatura mínima do ar e a umidade relativa do ar são semelhantes no interior e exterior dos túneis e entre os túneis com diferentes percentagens de atenuação.
RESUMEN
SUMMARY Micrometeorological afterations caused by low tunnels of black plastic screen with 18, 30, and 50% of solar radiation reduction in central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, was investigated during the summer. The experiment was carried out in the Federal University of Santa Maria, where four plots were cultivated with lettuce. Three plots were covered by low tunnels of black plastic screen and one was left uncovered as a control. The study was conducted in 3 periods: 11/30/90 to 01/17/91, 02/06/91 to 03/25/91, and 12/10/91 to 03/01/92. Soil and air temperature, and soil water consumption decreased with solar radiation reduction. However, air minimum temperature and relative humidity were similar inside and outside, and aiso among different leveis of reduction caused by plastic screen.
RESUMO Foram determinadas alterações micrometeorológicas causadas por tela plástica preta com 18, 30 e 50% de atenuação da radiação solar incidente, durante os meses de verão, em Santa Maria, RS. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, onde foram cultivados quatro canteiros com alface, três deles cobertos com túneis de tela plástica. O estudo foi realizado em 3 períodos: de 30/11/90 a 17/01/91, de 06/02/91 a 25/03/91 e de 10/12/91 a 01/03/92. Mediu-se a radiação solar global, radiação solar na faixa de comprimento de onda do infravermelho e a luminosidade, temperatura diurna do solo, temperatura mínima e diurna do ar e umidade do solo e do ar. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura do solo e do ar e a perda de água do solo são menores sob os túneis do que no exterior. As diferenças cresceram com o aumento da atenuação e a temperatura mínima do ar e a umidade relativa do ar são semelhantes no interior e exterior dos túneis e entre os túneis com diferentes percentagens de atenuação.