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RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social, Perú. Metodología: Se planteó la metodología cuantitativa. La población estuvo comprendida por los adolescentes que acuden al centro hospitalario Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019, el cual se conformó por una población de 400 adolescentes, cuya muestra fue de 190 madres adolescentes con amenaza de aborto. En conclusión: Existe relación significativa del embarazo en la adolescencia con las implicancias biológicas y su influencia con el entorno social de las madres adolescentes que acuden al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima 2019. Es necesario que se realicen coordinaciones con las instituciones respectivas de salud locales con el fin de promover, fomentar y desarrollar comportamientos sexuales(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used. The population consisted of adolescents attending the Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019 National Hospital, with a population of 400 adolescents. The sample consisted of 190 adolescent mothers with threatened abortion. In conclusion: There is a significant relationship between adolescent pregnancy and the biological implications and its influence on the social environment of adolescent mothers attending the Hipólito Unanue Hospital, Lima 2019. It is necessary to coordinate with the respective local health institutions in order to promote, encourage and develop sexual behaviors(AU)
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Describir las implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social, Perú. Metodología: Se planteó la metodología cuantitativa. La población estuvo comprendida por los adolescentes que acuden al centro hospitalario Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019, el cual se conformó por una población de 400 adolescentes. Cuya muestra fue de 190 madres adolescentes con amenaza de aborto. En conclusión: Existe relación significativa del embarazo en la adolescencia con las implicancias biológicas y su influencia con el entorno social de las madres adolescentes que acuden al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima 2019. Es necesario que, se realicen coordinaciones con las instituciones respectivas de salud locales con el fin de promover, fomentar y desarrollar comportamientos sexuales.
To describe the biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used. The population consisted of adolescents attending the Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019 National Hospital, with a population of 400 adolescents. The sample consisted of 190 adolescent mothers with threatened abortion. In conclusion: There is a significant relationship between adolescent pregnancy and the biological implications and its influence on the social environment of adolescent mothers attending the Hipólito Unanue Hospital, Lima 2019. It is necessary to coordinate with the respective local health institutions in order to promote, encourage and develop sexual behaviors.
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BACKGROUND: Exergaming is potentially useful to promote physical activity in children; however, long-term effectiveness is unclear. MobileKids Monster Manor (MKMM) is a mobile exergame developed with the help of young advisors. The game wirelessly transmits physical activity data from an accelerometer to a mobile device. Players' steps are redeemed for in-game rewards, for example, new characters. OBJECTIVE: First, to evaluate whether increased physical activity previously observed in a 1-week intervention is sustained over a 2-week intervention and 1-week follow-up, and second, to compare impact in schools within different socioeconomic environments. METHODS: Thirty-seven elementary school students participated in a 4-week randomized controlled study (1-week baseline; 2-week intervention [with only the Game group receiving MKMM]; and 1-week follow-up). All participants wore a Tractivity® accelerometer throughout. Linear mixed models were applied to assess sustainability; a second 42-children-based dataset and age-/sex-adjusted linear regression models were used to compare effect across socioeconomic environments. RESULTS: In the first week of intervention, the Game group compared to the Control group showed a greater increase in physical activity (of 1,758 steps/day [95% confidence interval, CI = 133-3,385] and 31 active minutes/day [95% CI = 4-59]), relative to baseline (13,986 steps/day; 231 active minutes/day). However, this was not sustained in the second intervention week or follow-up. The school within a lower socioeconomic status environment showed lower baseline activity and the 1-week intervention resulted in a greater increase relative to baseline (3,633 steps/day more [95% CI = 1,281-5,985]). CONCLUSION: MKMM could be a useful short-term physical activity promotion tool; however, effectiveness may decrease as novelty diminishes.
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Ejercicio Físico , Juegos de Video/normas , Acelerometría/métodos , Colombia Británica , Niño , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas/organización & administración , Instituciones Académicas/tendencias , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hospital-based data on the impact of socioeconomic environment on long-term survival after myocardial infarction (MI) are lacking. We compared outcome and quality of secondary prevention in patients after MI living in three different socioeconomic environments including patients from three tertiary-care teaching hospitals with similar service population size in Switzerland, Poland and Ukraine. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of patients with a first MI in three different tertiary-care teaching hospitals in Bern (Switzerland), Gdansk (Poland) and Lutsk (Ukraine) during the acute phase in the year 2010 and follow-up of these patients with a questionnaire and, if necessary, telephone interviews 3.5 years after the acute event. The study cohort comprises all consecutive patients hospitalised in every one of the three study centres during the year 2010 for a first MI in the age ≤75 years who survived ≥30 days. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was high in Gdansk (Poland) (80%) and in Lutsk (Ukraine) (74%), while the ratio of STEMIs to non-STEMIs was nearly 50:50 in Bern (Switzerland) (50.6% STEMIs). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was the first choice therapy both in Bern (Switzerland) (100%) and in Gdansk (Poland) (92%), while it was not performed at all in Lutsk (Ukraine). We found substantial differences in treatment and also in secondary prevention interventions including cardiac rehabilitation. All-cause mortality at 3.5 year follow-up was 4.6% in Bern (Switzerland), 8.5% in Gdansk (Poland) and 14.6% in Lutsk (Ukraine). CONCLUSION: Substantial differences in treatment and secondary prevention measures according to low-income, middle-income and high-income socioeconomic situation are associated with a threefold difference in mortality 3.5 years after the acute event. Countries with low socioeconomic environment should increase efforts and be supported to improve care including secondary prevention in particular for MI patients. A greater number of PCIs per million inhabitants itself does not guarantee lower mortality scores.
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Angiografía Coronaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapéutico , Infarto del Miocardio , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevención Secundaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Terapia Trombolítica/estadística & datos numéricos , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Comorbilidad , Angiografía Coronaria/economía , Femenino , Fibrinolíticos/economía , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/prevención & control , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/economía , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria , Polonia/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/economía , Prevención Secundaria/economía , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tasa de Supervivencia , Suiza/epidemiología , Terapia Trombolítica/economía , Ucrania/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Many studies have shown that American culture has become more individualistic over time. However, it was unclear whether other cultures, especially East Asian cultures, have also shifted toward greater individualism. Therefore, this article reviewed studies investigating temporal changes in individualism in Japan and their ramifications on psychology and behavior. Japan has experienced rapid and dramatic economic growth and urbanization and has adopted more social systems based on individualistic concepts in various contexts (e.g., workplace, school). Recent studies have suggested that, along with these socioeconomic changes, Japanese culture has become more individualistic over time. Specifically, the divorce rate increased and household size decreased. Moreover, people give more unique names to their children and dogs, and individualistic words such as "individual" and "uniqueness" appear more frequently in newspapers. Furthermore, social values became more individualistic. Yet, it has also been shown that some collectivistic values still remain. As a result, people have difficulty in adapting to this coexistence, which injures interpersonal relationships and well-being. This paper discussed how Japanese culture changed over time and how such changes affected Japanese psychology and behavior.
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Background: About 2/3 of the Europeans reside in cities. Thus, we must expand our knowledge on how city characteristics affect health and well-being. Perceptions about cities' resources and functioning might be related with health, as they capture subjective experiences of the residents. We characterized the health status of 74 European cities, using all-cause mortality as indicator, and investigated the association of mortality with residents' dissatisfaction with key domains of urban living. Methods: We considered 74 European cities from 29 countries. Aggregated data on residents' dissatisfaction was obtained from the Flash Eurobarometer, Quality of life in European cities (2004-2015). For each city a global dissatisfaction score and a dissatisfaction score by domain (environment, social, economic, healthcare, and infrastructures/services) were calculated. Data on mortality and population was obtained from the Eurostat. Standardized Mortality Ratios, SMR, and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The association between dissatisfaction scores and SMR was estimated using Generalized Linear Models. Results: SMR varied markedly (range: 73.2-146.5), being highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in the South and Western European cities. Residents' dissatisfaction levels also varied greatly. We found a significant association between city SMR and residents' dissatisfaction with healthcare (ß = 0.334; IC 95% 0.030-0.639) and social environment (ß = 0.239; IC 95% 0.015-0.464). No significant association was found with the dissatisfaction scores related with the physical and economic environment and the infrastructures/services. Conclusions: We found a significant association between city levels of mortality and residents' dissatisfaction with certain urban features, suggesting subjective assessments can be also used to comprehend urban health.
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BACKGROUND: Neighborhood attributes are modifiable determinants of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). We tested whether the objectively-assessed built and social environment was associated with PA and SB in Swiss youth and whether sex, age and the socioeconomic position (Swiss-SEP) modified such associations. METHODS: We combined data of 1742 youth (ages 4 to 17) from seven studies conducted within Switzerland between 2005-2010. All youth provided accelerometer data and a home address, which was linked to objective environmental data and the Swiss-SEP-index. Associations between neighborhood attributes and PA were analyzed by multivariable multilevel regression analyses. RESULTS: The extent of green areas and building density was positively associated with PA in the total sample (p < 0.05). Factors representing centrally located areas, and more schoolchildren living nearby tended to increase PA in secondary schoolchildren, boys and those from lower-ranked socioeconomic areas. In primary schoolchildren, the extent of green areas was positively associated with PA (p = 0.05). Associations between neighborhood attributes and PA were more pronounced in youth from low socioeconomic areas. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that some associations between neighborhood attributes and PA differ by age, sex and socioeconomic area. This should be taken into account when planning interventions to increase childhood PA.
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The socioeconomic inequality in pupils' risk behaviors has been the topic of many studies with quite contradictory findings. Furthermore, the role of socioeconomic environment has been analyzed much less often than the role of individual socioeconomic status (SES). This study examined the association between school/area-level socioeconomic environment and Croatian pupils' risk behaviors (tobacco use, drunkenness, cannabis use, early sexual initiation and fighting). Data from the WHO-Collaborative 'Health Behavior in School-aged Children' study conducted in Croatia in 2006 (1601 secondary schools' pupils, aged 15) and census data were used. Multilevel logistic regression analyses, adjusted by gender, were performed. The individual level of SES explained the majority of differences in all risk behaviors among adolescents. Differences in tobacco use, early sexual initiation and fighting were more closely attributed to school level than area level, which was more closely associated with differences in adolescent drunkenness and cannabis use. At the individual level, high individual SES was associated with higher probability for tobacco use and drunkenness compared to low individual SES. Furthermore, school heterogeneity (compared to school homogeneity) and medium school-level SES (compared to low school-level SES) were associated with higher probability for cannabis use. Compared to the most advanced schools (gymnasiums), attending the least advanced schools (industrial and crafts schools) was associated with higher probability for fighting. Compared to low area-level SES, medium area-level SES was associated with higher probability for cannabis use and fighting. Conclusively, it was found that low SES at individual, school and area levels, school homogeneity and advanced school attendance play a protective role against risk behaviors. To reduce inequalities in pupils' risk behaviors, there is a need for community and school-based programs that take into consideration not only individual SES but also school- and area-level socioeconomic circumstances.