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This narrative review explores the diverse representations of epilepsy in art across different historical periods, examining the intersection of artistic expression with evolving cultural, medical, and societal perceptions. Beginning with ancient and medieval depictions intertwined with religious symbolism, the paper progresses through the Renaissance, and Baroque, and transitions into modern and avant-garde movements. Each period reflects changing attitudes towards epilepsy, from divine interpretations, and religious concerns to anatomical realism and, later, explorations of psychological themes. The contemporary lens focuses on inclusive and empathetic portrayals, utilizing digital media to challenge stigmas and foster understanding.
Esta revisão narrativa explora as diversas representações da epilepsia na arte em diferentes períodos históricos, examinando a intersecção da expressão artística com a evolução das percepções culturais, médicas e sociais. Começando com representações antigas e medievais entrelaçadas com simbolismo religioso, o artigo avança através da Renascença e do Barroco, e transita para movimentos modernos e de vanguarda. Cada período reflete mudanças de atitudes em relação à epilepsia, desde interpretações divinas e preocupações religiosas até o realismo anatômico e, mais tarde, explorações de temas psicológicos. A lente contemporânea centra-se em representações inclusivas e empáticas, utilizando meios digitais para desafiar estigmas e promover a compreensão.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Stigmatization, which emerges depending on the sexual behavior of young individuals, leads to negative health and social outcomes, such as shame, social marginalization, violence, and mental health morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to examine the correlation between the level of sexual and reproductive health stigma and gender perception in female university students. DESIGN AND SETTING: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university in Turkey. METHODS: The data of this study were collected from digital media between July and October 2020 from a study population of 385 students. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, including the socio-demographic characteristics of students, the Sexual and Reproductive Health Stigmatization Scale in Young Women and the Perception of Gender Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation test were used to assess the data. RESULTS: It was determined that there was a negative correlation between the Sexual and Reproductive Health Stigmatization Scale in Young Women and the Perception of Gender Scale (r = -0.173, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was determined that as the gender perception in the young women who participated in the study increased, the sexual and reproductive health stigmatization level decreased. The sexual and reproductive health stigmatization levels of the participants were at an above average level, and gender perception was at a medium level.
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The overall burden of cancer is rapidly increasing worldwide, reflecting not only population growth and aging, but also the prevalence and spread of risk factors. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including stomach, liver, esophageal, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, represent more than a quarter of all cancers. While smoking and alcohol use are the risk factors most commonly associated with cancer development, a growing consensus also includes dietary habits as relevant risk factors for GI cancers. Current evidence suggests that socioeconomic development results in several lifestyle modifications, including shifts in dietary habits from local traditional diets to less-healthy Western diets. Moreover, recent data indicate that increased production and consumption of processed foods underlies the current pandemics of obesity and related metabolic disorders, which are directly or indirectly associated with the emergence of various chronic noncommunicable conditions and GI cancers. However, environmental changes are not restricted to dietary patterns, and unhealthy behavioral features should be analyzed with a holistic view of lifestyle. In this review, we discussed the epidemiological aspects, gut dysbiosis, and cellular and molecular characteristics of GI cancers and explored the impact of unhealthy behaviors, diet, and physical activity on developing GI cancers in the context of progressive societal changes.
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Dieta , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Obesidad , Estilo de VidaRESUMEN
RESUMO Este ensaio discute os mecanismos de governança participativa no setor público a partir de teorias sobre liberdades civis, democracias dialógicas, formações burocráticas estatais e reformas de governança pública. O objetivo foi analisar a repercussão desses temas em agendas e alternativas de políticas de governança pública e participativa no Brasil com ênfase nos conflitos entre governantes, políticos, funcionários, grupos de interesses e coalizões civis em disputa nos processos decisórios. O artigo assinala o caráter híbrido da democracia brasileira, em que o universalismo weberiano e a orientação às instituições de Estado de Bem-Estar que foram entrelaçados na matriz constitucional de 1988 operam em competição com duas outras lógicas - por um lado, a herança estamental da burocracia pública e, por outro, as iniciativas de governanças horizontais e participativas. As contradições dinâmicas entre esses quatro eixos definirão a competição pelo aparelho de Estado no contexto atual.
ABSTRACT This essay discusses participative governance mechanisms in the public sector grounded on theories of civil liberties, dialogical democracies, patterns of state bureaucracies, and public governance reforms. We aimed to analyze the effects of these issues on political agendas and public and participative governance alternatives in Brazil, emphasizing conflicts among rulers, politicians, civil servants, interest groups, and advocacy coalitions in dispute in decision-making processes. The article signals a hybrid nature of the Brazilian democracy in which Weberian universalism and rules of Welfare State institutions inscribed in the 1988 constitutional matrix operate through competition between two other logic streams - strata inheritance of state bureaucracy on the one hand and initiatives in favor of horizontal and participative governance on the other. The dynamic contradictions among these four issues will define the pattern of current competition for State apparatus.
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RESUMO O artigo apresenta uma análise comparada de dez países selecionados sobre as relações entre governança participativa, perfis socioeconômicos e sistemas de saúde com resultados sanitários e de Indicadores de Governança Global. As fontes principais foram bases de dados produzidas e/ou compiladas pelo Banco Mundial. O modelo analítico se apoia em enfoque institucionalista para tratar de proteção social e governança participativa - esta, como utilizada, recobre as noções de participação social, porosidade governamental e regulação responsiva. Os resultados mostram uma sólida convergência entre perfis socioeconômicos mais distributivos, sistemas sanitários com maior financiamento público e universalismo e melhores indicadores de governança. Esta análise reforça os argumentos sobre trajetórias institucionais socialmente virtuosas e sujeitas a reforços positivos capazes de produzir melhores resultados sociais e políticos ao longo do tempo.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a comparative analysis of ten selected countries regarding the established relationships of participative governance, socioeconomic profiles, and health care systems with health outcomes and Global Governance Indicators. Significant sources were databases produced or compiled by the World Bank. The analytical model adopts an institutionalist approach to address social protection and participative governance - the latter, as used, recovers notions of societal participation, government porosity, and responsive regulation. Outcomes show a solid convergence of more distributive socioeconomic profiles, more universalist health systems with higher government financing, and better governance indicators. This analysis supports the arguments that socially virtuous institutional paths subjected to positive feedback favor better social and political outcomes over time.
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Social norms have long been recognized as an important factor in curtailing antisocial behavior, and stricter prosocial norms are commonly associated with increased prosocial behavior. In this study, we provide evidence that very strict prosocial norms can have a perverse negative relationship with prosocial behavior. In laboratory experiments conducted in 10 countries across 5 continents, we measured the level of honest behavior and elicited injunctive norms of honesty. We find that individuals who hold very strict norms (i.e., those who perceive a small lie to be as socially unacceptable as a large lie) are more likely to lie to the maximal extent possible. This finding is consistent with a simple behavioral rationale. If the perceived norm does not differentiate between the severity of a lie, lying to the full extent is optimal for a norm violator since it maximizes the financial gain, while the perceived costs of the norm violation are unchanged. We show that the relation between very strict prosocial norms and high levels of rule violations generalizes to civic norms related to common moral dilemmas, such as tax evasion, cheating on government benefits, and fare dodging on public transportation. Those with very strict attitudes toward civic norms are more likely to lie to the maximal extent possible. A similar relation holds across countries. Countries with a larger fraction of people with very strict attitudes toward civic norms have a higher society-level prevalence of rule violations.
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Características Culturales , Decepción , Conducta Social , Normas Sociales , Humanos , Principios MoralesRESUMEN
The steel industry is the largest consumer of energy in the world among industrial sectors. It is generally acknowledged that energy and environment are intimately related. Steel production is an energy intensive process that has a significant environmental impact. This paper reviews the progress made on energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption in the steel industry worldwide. The reduction in the availability of fresh water resources combined with the effects of global warming and climate change have increased pressure on industries, especially steel, to reduce its overall pollution, and specifically its water and carbon footprint. The implications of these effects on the value chain is discussed in this review. The contribution of new emerging technologies of iron and steelmaking is also reviewed. Finally, the important issues that contribute to define a sustainable industrial activity such as the recycling of steel and of by-products of steel production are studied. The history of steel industry is full of lessons, one of which is the need to keep the dreams alive. There are indeed expectations to solve problems created by technical progress.
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Industrias , Acero , Huella de Carbono , Contaminación Ambiental , Recursos HídricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Societal-level volume and pattern of drinking and alcohol control policy have received little attention in the alcohol and injury literature. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between alcohol-related injury, individual-level drinking variables, country-level detrimental drinking pattern and alcohol policy. DESIGN: Probability samples of emergency department (ED) patients from the International Collaborative Alcohol and Injury Study (ICAIS), which includes four collaborative ED studies on alcohol and injury, all using a similar methodology, were analyzed with multi-level modeling of individual-level drinking variables and aggregate-level variables (country drinking pattern and alcohol policy) on alcohol-related injury in 33 ED studies. SETTING: Sixty-two emergency departments in 28 countries covering five regions. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 14 390 injured patients arriving to the ED within 6 hours following injury. MEASURES: Alcohol-related injuries (self-reported drinking prior to the event and causal attribution of injury to drinking) were analyzed in relation to individual-level volume and pattern of drinking, study-level alcohol volume, country detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and an alcohol policy measure, the International Alcohol Policy and Injury Index (IAPII). The IAPII includes four regulatory domains: availability, vehicular, advertising and drinking context. FINDINGS: Controlling for demographic characteristics, individual-level drinking and study-level volume, the IAPII was associated significantly with the proportion of both self-reported drinking [confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-0.99; P < 0.001] and causal attribution (CI = 0.97-0.99; P < 0.01) and DDP had little effect on these associations. All four domains were significantly predictive of self-reported drinking [availability (CI = 0.93-0.98, P < 0.01); vehicular (CI = 0.91-0.97, P < 0.001); advertising CI = 0.82-0.94, P < 0.01); and context (CI = 0.93-0.99, P < 0.01], while only the vehicular domain was significantly predictive of causal attribution (CI = 0.92-0.99; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The more restrictive the alcohol policy in a country, the lower the rate of alcohol-related injury, with country-level drinking pattern having little effect on this relationship.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Política Pública , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología , Adulto , África/epidemiología , Asia/epidemiología , Australasia/epidemiología , América Central/epidemiología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis Multinivel , América del Norte/epidemiología , América del Sur/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Coastal water resources are a worldwide key socio-environmental issue considering the increasing concentration of population in these areas. Here, we propose an integrative transdisciplinary approach of water resource, water management and water access in Recife (NE Brazil). The present-day water situation is conceptualized as an imbricated multi-layered system: a multi-layered water resource, managed by a multi-layered governance system and used by a multi-layered social population. This allows identifying processes of quantitative, qualitative, and sanitary conflicts between governance and population strategies regarding water supply, as well as the institutional and individual denials of these conflicts. Based on this model, we anticipate future water-related problematic fates. Concerning the water resource system, the rapid groundwater level decrease due to unsustainable water predatory strategies, and the very low recharge rate have drastically modified the aquifer system functioning, inducing hydraulic connection between shallow groundwater (contaminated and locally salty) and deep ones (mostly fresh, with local inherited salinity), threatening the deep strategic water resource. Concerning the water governance system, the investments to increase the capacity storage of surface water, the water regulation agencies and the public/private partnership should shortly improve the water supply and wastewater issue. Nevertheless, the water situation will remain highly fragile due to the expected water demand increase, the precipitation decrease and the sea-level increase. Concerning the water access system, the population variably perceives these current and further effects and the possible mitigation policies, and develops alternative individual strategies. Authorities, policymakers and water managers will have to implement a well-balanced water governance, taking into account the specificities of the PPP, public and private groundwater users, and with a strong political willingness for a sustainable water management to ensure water supply for all the population. In other words, an anticipatory and integrated vision is necessary to reduce the discrepancies in this complex system.
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Estas análises apreendem o esporte como um fenômeno eminentemente intersubjetivo, explorando condições fenomenológicas que pressionam a prática esportiva a seus limites e, em seu extremo, à ruptura do próprio fenômeno esportivo: dá-se a passagem à violência. Evidencia-se a estrutura das tensões intersubjetivas que tanto concorrem para a excelência esportiva como arriscam ocasionar a ruptura do que lhe é próprio. Todo esporte se constitui colocando em disputa um objeto a ser dominado, mediador estruturante da competição. Quando o empenho agressivo atravessa o objeto da disputa e alcança direta e intencionalmente o outro, configura-se o esfacelamento da fronteira do esporte, sua ruptura para a esfera da violência. O conceito, usual em Psicologia do Esporte, de agressão instrumental prova-se impróprio para designar os esportes de combate. A experiência empática de ambos os adversários e de um terceiro, o árbitro, serão decisivas para a interpretação sobre haver ou não tal ruptura. Emerge das análises o conceito de norma de sensibilidade. Mais do que iluminar interações pessoais que, em contexto esportivo ou não, desembocam em violência, o delineamento desse conceito assinala toda uma dimensão corporal estética que funda a experiência de interação intersubjetiva desde a esfera hilética, isto é, aquela da afetividade sensível.
These analyzes grasp sport as an eminently intersubjective phenomenon, exploring phenomenological conditions that force the sports practice to its limits and, at its extreme, to break the sports frontiers: it emerges violence. The structure of inter-subjective tension can both, lead to sporting excellence and leads to break sports limits. Every Sport is constituted by the dispute of na object to be dominated, the structuring agent of the competition. In sports, when the aggressive actpasses through the object of the dispute and reaches directly and intentionally the other, it is given the disintegration of its limits into the sphere of violence. As a usual concept in sport psychology, instrumental aggression proves to be unfit to designate combat sports. The empathic experience of both opponents and a third, the referee, will be decisive for the interpretation of the occurence of a violent phenomena or no. From the analysis, emerges a new concept: sensible norm. More than illuminate personal interactions culminating in violence, in sports context or no, this concept points to a whole aesthetic bodily dimension where is founded the inter-subjective interaction experience from hyletic sphere, that is, the sensible affectivity.
Estos análisis perciben el deporte como un fenómeno sumamente intersubjetivo, explorando las condiciones fenomenológicas que obligan a la práctica deportiva a sus límites y, en su extremo, para romper el propio fenómeno deportivo: se da paso a la violencia. La estructura de la tensión intersubjetiva conduce a la excelência deportiva pero tambien existe el riesgo de rotura de sus fronteras. Cada deporte ponie en juego un objeto a ser dominado, agente estructurante de la competencia. En los deportes, cuando la fuerza agresiva pasa por el objeto de la competencia y alcanza directa e intencionadamente la outra persona, sucede la desintegración de sus fronteras, su rotura en el ámbito de la violencia. La agresión instrumental,concepto habitual em psicologia del deporte, se demuestra como siendo frágil para designar a los deportes de combate. La empatía vivida de los dos oponentes y una tercera, el árbitro, van a determinar la interpretación de si hay o no hay tal ruptura. Emerge de las análisis el concepto de nor-ma de sensibilidad. Más de iluminar las interacciones personales que culminan en la violencia, en deportes o non, este concepto equivale a toda una dimensión coporal estética que hace la fundación de la experiencia de interacción intersubjetiva desde la esfera hilética, es decir, la afectividad sensible.
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Humanos , Violencia , Empatía , Normas Sociales , Psicología del DeporteRESUMEN
El presente artículo explora las posturas enfrentadas sobre el aborto en México, mediante el análisis de contenido de textos y pronunciamientos publicados recientemente y emitidos por actores colectivos nacionales y sus aliados o institutos internacionales. A partir del estudio de las diferencias de significación del aborto en los discursos en pugna en México hoy en día, no solo se pretende identificar las lógicas discursivas diferenciales que los sustentan, sino también situar esta disputa en el contexto de la era actual de transición entre dos modelos estructurales-tecnológicos capitalistas: la modernidad industrial y el postindustrialismo, y de tal manera argumentar que el aborto es emblemático de una contienda contemporánea mayor por la propia naturaleza del Estado y su relación con la religión. En este sentido, el enfrentamiento sobre el aborto es también una disputa por el proyecto societario.
This article explores the opposing positions on abortion in Mexico, using the content analysis of texts and pronouncements recently published and issued by domestic collective actors and their allies or international institutes. From the study of the differences of significance of abortion in rivaled speeches in Mexico today, not only does this article seek to identify the distinguishing discursive logic that supports them, but also put this dispute in the context of the current era of transition between two capitalist structural-technological models: industrial modernity and post-industrialism, and so argue that abortion is emblematic of a larger contemporary race for the nature of the state and its relationship with religion. As such, it represents a clash over the societal project itself.
O presente artigo explora as posturas enfrentadas sobre o aborto no México, mediante análise de conteúdo de textos e pronunciamentos publicados recentemente e emitidos por atores coletivos nacionais e seus aliados ou institutos internacionais. A partir do estudo das diferenças de significação do aborto nos discursos concorrentes no México de hoje, não apenas objetiva-se identificar as lógicas discursivas diferenciais que os sustentam, mas também colocar tal disputa no contexto da era atual de transição entre dois modelos estruturais-tecnológicos capitalistas: a modernidade industrial e o pós-industrialismo, e de tal forma argumentar que o aborto é emblemático de uma contenda contemporânea maior pela própria natureza do Estado e seu relacionamento com a religião. Neste sentido, o confronto sobre aborto é também uma disputa pelo projeto societário.
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Paleoclimate records indicate a series of severe droughts was associated with societal collapse of the Classic Maya during the Terminal Classic period (â¼800-950 C.E.). Evidence for drought largely derives from the drier, less populated northern Maya Lowlands but does not explain more pronounced and earlier societal disruption in the relatively humid southern Maya Lowlands. Here we apply hydrogen and carbon isotope compositions of plant wax lipids in two lake sediment cores to assess changes in water availability and land use in both the northern and southern Maya lowlands. We show that relatively more intense drying occurred in the southern lowlands than in the northern lowlands during the Terminal Classic period, consistent with earlier and more persistent societal decline in the south. Our results also indicate a period of substantial drying in the southern Maya Lowlands from â¼200 C.E. to 500 C.E., during the Terminal Preclassic and Early Classic periods. Plant wax carbon isotope records indicate a decline in C4 plants in both lake catchments during the Early Classic period, interpreted to reflect a shift from extensive agriculture to intensive, water-conservative maize cultivation that was motivated by a drying climate. Our results imply that agricultural adaptations developed in response to earlier droughts were initially successful, but failed under the more severe droughts of the Terminal Classic period.
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Aclimatación , Agricultura/historia , Sequías/historia , Ecosistema , Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura/tendencias , Civilización/historia , Clima , Cambio Climático , Ambiente , Geografía , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Lípidos/análisis , México , Isótopos de Oxígeno , Plantas/química , Lluvia , Factores de Tiempo , Ceras/análisisRESUMEN
La Comisión de la Verdad en Ecuador (CVE) y el Informe "Sin Verdad no hay Justicia" (2010), se establecieron como medida de reconocimiento del Estado ecuatoriano ante las sucesivas vulneraciones a los derechos humanos que se presentaron desde 1984-88, y posteriormente hasta 2008. En este contexto, se realizó esta investigación que permitió conocer el impacto del trabajo de dicha comisión, además de diversos aspectos psicosociales tales como: el compartir emocional, percepción de clima social, el perdón y crecimiento societal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 387 participantes entre 19 y 79 años, que se distribuyen en víctimas directas, indirectas y población no afectada. Los resultados indican que las víctimas directas presentan mayor conocimiento y una mejor evaluación del trabajo de la CVE, comparten más sus emociones sobre lo sucedido y perciben un mayor crecimiento en la sociedad tras el informe, en comparación con los otros dos grupos. Asimismo, en las víctimas directas se considera la urgencia de abordar en primer lugar la reparación económica, seguida de la judicial y la psicológica. Se analizan estos hallazgos y sus implicaciones en la actual discusión en Ecuador sobre la reparación.
The Truth Commission in Ecuador (CVE), and the report No Truth No Justice (2010), was established as a measure of recognition of the Ecuadorian State to successive violations human rights that occurred since 1984-88, and thereafter until 2008. In this context, this research seeking to find out the impact of the work of the committee, as well as psychosocial aspects such as: emotional sharing, perceived social climate, forgiveness and societal growth. The sample was conformed of 387 participants between 19 and 79 years in direct, indirect and non-affected population victims. Direct victims have greater knowledge and a better evaluation of the work of the CVE, socially shared her emotions about what happened and receive further growth in the company following the report that the other two groups. Also, the direct victims are considered the urgency of addressing primarily economic repair, followed by judicial and psychological. These findings and their implications for the current debate in Ecuador on the repair are analyzed.
A Comissão da Verdade no Equador (CVE) e o Relatório sim Verdade não há Justiça (2010), foram estabelecidas como medida de reconhecimento do Estado equatoriano ante as sucessivas violações dos direitos humanos ocorridas desde 1984-88 e depois disso, até 2008. Neste contexto, foi realizada esta pesquisa que permitiu conhecer o impacto do trabalho da comissão, além de vários aspectos psicossociais tais como: o partilhar emocional, percepção do clima social, o perdão e acrescimento da sociedade. A amostra foi constituída por 387 participantes entre 19 e 79 anos, que estão distribuídos em vítimas diretas, indiretas e população não afetada. Os resultados indicam que as vítimas diretas apresentam maior conhecimento e uma melhor avaliação do trabalho da CVE, compartilham mais suas emoções sobre o que aconteceu e percebem um maior conhecimento na sociedade após o relatório, em comparação com os outros dois grupos. Também, nas vítimas diretas considera-se a urgência de enfrentar em primeiro lugar a reparação econômica, seguido da judicial e a psicológica. São analisados estes achados e suas implicações para o debate em curso no Equador sobre a reparação.
La Commission de vérité en Equateur (CVE) et le rapport "Sans Vérité No Justice" (2010), ont été mis en place en tant que mesure reconnaissance de l'Etat équatorien successives violations des droits humains qui se sont produites à partir de 1984-1988 puis jusqu'en 2008. Dans ce contexte, Il a mené cette recherche a donné des informations sur l'impact des travaux du comité, ainsi que divers aspects psychosocial telle perception partagée émotionnelle climat social, le pardon et la croissance de la société. L'échantillon était composé de 387 participants entre 19 et 79, qui, les victimes directes et indirectes distribués et la population touchés. Les résultats indiquent que les victimes directes Ils ont plus de connaissances et une meilleure évaluation des travail de CVE, partagent leurs émotions plus sur ce que des événements et de percevoir une plus grande croissance dans la société après signaler, par rapport aux deux autres groupes. Aussi dans les victimes directes, il envisage l'urgence d'aborder la première reparation économique, suivie judiciaire et psychologique. Ces résultats sont analysés et leur implications pour le débat actuel en Equateur sur la réparation.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude of a group of cardiologists on the ethical conducts they would accept or adopt when encountered with different hypothetical situations of medical practice. Between August and September of 2011, 700 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed in situations which posed ethical dilemmas in the patient-physician relationship, among colleagues or involving financial agreements with employers or the pharmaceutical industry. Ethical conflicts were evidenced in a series of inappropriate conducts such as differential fees, trips and meals sponsored by laboratories, splitting fees, overbilling, self-referral, charging for patient referral, financial compensation for ordering medical procedures, and various situations derived from the relationship with employers. In general, financial compensation from the pharmaceutical industry was more accepted than the conflictive situations which directly involved patients, colleagues or employers. The rejection of these conducts, the physicians' deontological education and the improvement of financial and organizational conditions in medical practice will help to encourage better medical professionalism and avoid unseemly behaviors.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Cardiólogos/economía , Cardiólogos/ética , Conflicto Psicológico , Industria Farmacéutica , Honorarios y Precios/ética , Relaciones Médico-Paciente/ética , Adulto , Anciano , Argentina , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/ética , Empleo/economía , Empleo/ética , Ética Médica , Femenino , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derivación y Consulta/economía , Derivación y Consulta/éticaRESUMEN
Iceland and Trinidad and Tobago are small open, high-income island economies with very specific resource-use patterns. This article presents a material flow analysis (MFA) for the two countries covering a time period of nearly five decades. Both countries have a narrow domestic resource base, their economy being largely based on the exploitation of one or two key resources for export production. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, the physical economy is dominated by oil and natural gas extraction and petrochemical industries, whereas Iceland's economy for centuries has been based on fisheries. More recently, abundant hydropower and geothermal heat were the basis for the establishment of large export-oriented metal processing industries, which fully depend on imported raw materials and make use of domestic renewable electricity. Both countries are highly dependent on these natural resources and vulnerable to overexploitation and price developments. We show how the export-oriented industries lead to high and growing levels of per capita material and energy use and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from large amounts of processing wastes and energy consumption in production processes. The example of small open economies with an industrial production system focused on few, but abundant, key resources and of comparatively low complexity provides interesting insights of how resource endowment paired with availability or absence of infrastructure and specific institutional arrangements drives domestic resource-use patterns. This also contributes to a better understanding and interpretation of MFA indicators, such as domestic material consumption.
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O objectivo deste artigo é discutir alguns dos obstáculos com que se tem vindo adeparar o desenvolvimento das pesquisas em representações sociais (RS) e procurar esboçar possíveis vias para os ultrapassar, sublinhando a importância de apostar nas potencialidades teóricas e nas características específicas desta teoria. Começa por se assinalar o grandedesenvolvimento dos estudos em RS ao longo de mais de meio século, referindo o contraste entre a actual situação na Europa e na América Latina. No primeiro caso, uma certa estagnação; no segundo caso, uma proliferação. Uma constatação que suscita dois tipos de questões: 1) as razões dessa pausa dos estudos em RS na Europa; 2) a falta de robustez teórica e metodológica que, por vezes, também tem sido uma marca dos estudos neste domínio. Este quadro está longe de corresponder a uma era das representações sociais (Moscovici, 1986) e não parece favorável ao aprofundamento e rejuvenescimento em termos teóricos e metodológicos nosestudos em RS. Todavia, neste artigo defende-se que continuam a existir boas razões que podem levar os investigadores a trabalhar com a teoria das representações sociais e procede-se a uma análise das suas caraterísticas distintivas que podem fomentar esse processo.
This article aims to discuss some of the obstacles which the development of social representations (SR) research has faced. It also seeks to outline possible paths to overcome them, highlighting the importance of investing in the theoretical potentialities and the specific characteristics of this theory. It begins by marking the great development and vitality of studiesin SR over more than a half century, referring to the contrast between the current situation in Europe and Latin America. In the first case, a certain stagnation, in the second, proliferation. This finding raises two types of questions: 1) the reasons for this "pause" in studies of SR in Europe; 2)the lack of theoretical and methodological robustness which sometimes has also been a trademark of studies in this field. This framework is far from corresponding to an "era of social representations" (Moscovici, 1986) and it does not seem to favour the theoretical and methodological deepening and rejuvenation of SR studies. However, this article argues that there are still good reasons that may lead researchers to work with social representations theory andproceeds to an analysis of its distinctive features that can foster this process.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Psicología Social , Europa (Continente) , América LatinaRESUMEN
O objectivo deste artigo é discutir alguns dos obstáculos com que se tem vindo adeparar o desenvolvimento das pesquisas em representações sociais (RS) e procurar esboçar possíveis vias para os ultrapassar, sublinhando a importância de apostar nas potencialidades teóricas e nas características específicas desta teoria. Começa por se assinalar o grandedesenvolvimento dos estudos em RS ao longo de mais de meio século, referindo o contraste entre a actual situação na Europa e na América Latina. No primeiro caso, uma certa estagnação; no segundo caso, uma proliferação. Uma constatação que suscita dois tipos de questões: 1) as razões dessa pausa dos estudos em RS na Europa; 2) a falta de robustez teórica e metodológica que, por vezes, também tem sido uma marca dos estudos neste domínio. Este quadro está longe de corresponder a uma era das representações sociais (Moscovici, 1986) e não parece favorável ao aprofundamento e rejuvenescimento em termos teóricos e metodológicos nosestudos em RS. Todavia, neste artigo defende-se que continuam a existir boas razões que podem levar os investigadores a trabalhar com a teoria das representações sociais e procede-se a uma análise das suas caraterísticas distintivas que podem fomentar esse processo. (AU)
This article aims to discuss some of the obstacles which the development of social representations (SR) research has faced. It also seeks to outline possible paths to overcome them, highlighting the importance of investing in the theoretical potentialities and the specific characteristics of this theory. It begins by marking the great development and vitality of studiesin SR over more than a half century, referring to the contrast between the current situation in Europe and Latin America. In the first case, a certain stagnation, in the second, proliferation. This finding raises two types of questions: 1) the reasons for this "pause" in studies of SR in Europe; 2)the lack of theoretical and methodological robustness which sometimes has also been a trademark of studies in this field. This framework is far from corresponding to an "era of social representations" (Moscovici, 1986) and it does not seem to favour the theoretical and methodological deepening and rejuvenation of SR studies. However, this article argues that there are still good reasons that may lead researchers to work with social representations theory andproceeds to an analysis of its distinctive features that can foster this process. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Psicología Social , Europa (Continente) , América LatinaRESUMEN
Com foco nos jovens da América Latina, discutem-se os paradoxos societais que incidem fortemente sobre eles na atualidade. Um dos paradoxos importantes diz respeito, de um lado, à transformação contemporânea das significações sociais da juventude, nas quais o ser jovem passa a ser uma referência central para todas as faixas etárias e, de outro, às limitações da realidade concreta e objetiva que reduz o campo de possibilidades de realização dos jovens na vida profissional e social. Associado a isso, vê-se o desenvolvimento de um processo discursivo na sociedade atual, que revela a vontade de punir os jovens. Vontade associada a dois movimentos articulados entre si: a passagem do Estado-Providência para o Estado Penal; a política global da sociedade de controle. Como desdobramento desses processos, evidencia-se o paradoxo do poder e da multiplicidade - controles e resistências. Ao final, enfatiza as experimentações sociais positivas de determinados grupos de jovens na atualidade.(AU)
This article focuses on young people in Latin America. It discusses the societal paradoxes reflecting heavily on them today. An important paradox concerns on one hand, to the contemporary changes of the social meanings of being youth stands as a central reference of excellence to the entire society and, on the other, the limitation of objective and concrete reality which reduces the range of possibilities for realization in professional and social life. Associated with this, the development of a discursive process in today's society that reveals the will to punish the youth is also analyzed. This analysis is connected with two articulated processes: the transition from Welfare State to the Penal State; the overall policy of the society of control. The paradox of power and multiplicity - controls and resistances - are the consequence of these processes. Finally, the article emphasizes the positive social experimentations of certain groups of young people today.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Control Social Formal , CastigoRESUMEN
Com foco nos jovens da América Latina, discutem-se os paradoxos societais que incidem fortemente sobre eles na atualidade. Um dos paradoxos importantes diz respeito, de um lado, à transformação contemporânea das significações sociais da juventude, nas quais o ser jovem passa a ser uma referência central para todas as faixas etárias e, de outro, às limitações da realidade concreta e objetiva que reduz o campo de possibilidades de realização dos jovens na vida profissional e social. Associado a isso, vê-se o desenvolvimento de um processo discursivo na sociedade atual, que revela a vontade de punir os jovens. Vontade associada a dois movimentos articulados entre si: a passagem do Estado-Providência para o Estado Penal; a política global da sociedade de controle. Como desdobramento desses processos, evidencia-se o paradoxo do poder e da multiplicidade - controles e resistências. Ao final, enfatiza as experimentações sociais positivas de determinados grupos de jovens na atualidade.
This article focuses on young people in Latin America. It discusses the societal paradoxes reflecting heavily on them today. An important paradox concerns on one hand, to the contemporary changes of the social meanings of being youth stands as a central reference of excellence to the entire society and, on the other, the limitation of objective and concrete reality which reduces the range of possibilities for realization in professional and social life. Associated with this, the development of a discursive process in today's society that reveals the will to punish the youth is also analyzed. This analysis is connected with two articulated processes: the transition from Welfare State to the Penal State; the overall policy of the society of control. The paradox of power and multiplicity - controls and resistances - are the consequence of these processes. Finally, the article emphasizes the positive social experimentations of certain groups of young people today.