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BACKGROUND: Plates and screws are frequently used for the fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fracture (DIACF). In this study, we compared the outcomes of a modified screw fixation technique with plate fixation via a sinus tarsi approach (STA). METHODS: A series of 187 DIACF patients who were treated via an STA using a plate fixation (n = 81) or a screw fixation (n = 106) were included. Screw fixation was done with two 2.7 mm screws and two 6.5 mm cannulated screws. Outcomes were evaluated radiographically and clinically. Clinical evaluations included pain assessment by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functional assessment by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire and Foot Function Index (FFI). RESULTS: The mean final VAS was smaller in the screw group (P = 0.01). The mean AOFAS and FFI scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.17 and P = 0. 19, respectively). The mean improvement of Bohler's angle, but not the Gissane's angle, was significantly greater in the screw group (P = 0.014 and P = 0.09, respectively). The mean improvement of calcaneal length and height were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.78 and P = 0.22, respectively). The hardware removal rate was 14.8% in the plate group and 3.8% in the screw group (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The modified screw fixation method provides lower pain, better radiographic outcome, and lower rate of hardware removal compared to plate fixation in the treatment of DIACF.

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INTRODUCTION: To analyze recent literature comparing clinical outcomes of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) treated with open reduction and internal fixation using the extensile lateral approach (ELA) vs the minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach (STA), with a focus on wound complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies published between 2013 and 2022, level of evidence (LOE) I-III, head-to-head comparative studies reporting on clinical outcomes after DIACFs treated with ORIF using ELA versus STA, and literature with full-text written in English were included. Data collection included: publication year, study design, number of surgeons, number of participants, demographic data (mean age at time of surgery, percent male, body mass index, medical co-morbidities), preoperative data (mechanism of injury, Sanders classification, time from injury to surgical fixation), intraoperative data, and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes (Böhler angle, angle of Gissane, calcaneal height/length/width). RESULTS: A total of 21 articles (4 randomized control trials, 17 cohort studies) comprising of 2086 patients with calcaneal fractures, treated with either ELA (n = 1129) or STA (n = 957) met inclusion criteria. The risk of postoperative wound-related complications (RR 2.82, 95 % CI: 2.00-3.98, I2=27 %) and the risk of reoperation (RR 1.85, 95 % CI: 0.69-5.00, I2=67 %) was higher in ELA patients comparted to STA patients. However, the increased risk of postoperative wound-related complications with an ELA vs. STA was shown to be trending downward in recent publications. The ELA group also experienced longer time to surgery, extended operative times, and prolonged hospital stays when compared to the STA group. Radiographic measurements at final follow-up, including Böhler angle, angle of Gissane, as well as calcaneal height, length, and width, showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures utilizing the ELA continues to have an increased rate of complications and reoperation when compared to the less invasive STA, yet recent trends in the literature show that this rate is decreasing. Operative treatment of calcaneal fractures via either an ELA or STA can both achieve comparable postoperative radiographic outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III.

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The aim of this study was to compare the radiological and functional outcomes of the extended lateral and sinus tarsi approaches for managing displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. This retrospective study involved 44 patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. The patients were treated with either the extended lateral or sinus tarsi approach and followed up for at least a year. The radiological and clinical outcomes were compared between the approaches. The waiting time for surgery was shorter and the complication rate was lower in the sinus tarsi approach group than in the other group. There were no significant differences in the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score, Foot Function Index, or visual analog scale score between the groups. In both groups, the radiological outcomes (Böhler angle, calcaneal width, and calcaneal height) were better postoperatively than preoperatively. The sinus tarsi approach is a safe and effective alternative to the extended lateral approach for managing displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. It is associated with a lower complication rate and a shorter waiting time for surgery than the extended lateral approach, with similar functional and radiological outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: Optimal surgical fixation for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) remains a subject of debate, particularly regarding the superiority between screw fixation and plate fixation via the sinus tarsi approach (STA). This review aims to determine the preferred treatment for DIACF and compare the outcomes of minimally invasive surgery options. METHODS: Our study involved thorough searches across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science, to identify all relevant publications on distal intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus (DIACFs) that were fixed using cannulated screws or plates via STA. Through a comprehensive meta-analysis, we evaluated several outcomes, including post-operative function, radiological measurements, and complications. RESULT: A total of 728 patients from 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 435 patients underwent screw fixation via STA, and 373 patients underwent plate fixation via STA. The study found no statistically significant differences between the screw fixation and the plate fixation via sinus tarsi approach (STA) in terms of AOFAS scores, Bohler's angle, Gissane's angle, sural nerve injury, secondary subtalar arthrodesis and reoperation. Compared with screw fixation, plate fixation via STA can reduce reduction loss of Bohler's angle (WMD = - 1.64, 95% CI = [- 2.96, - 0.31], P = 0.06, I2 = 59%), lower the incidence of fixation failure (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.81], P = 0.78, I2 = 0%), and decrease intra-articular step-off (WMD = - 0.52, 95% CI = [- 0.87, - 0.17], P = 0.66, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Plate fixation demonstrates superior capability in restoring calcaneal width, maintaining Bohler's angle, and minimizing intra-articular step-off, thereby maintaining better reduction of the subtalar articular surface. In addition, plate fixation exhibits the modest complication rate and a low incidence of fixation failure. Therefore, we recommend the use of plate fixation through the STA, especially for complex and comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

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Background: The traditional lateral extensile approach to the calcaneus allows for excellent visualization but is associated with high wound complication rates. The sinus tarsi approach has been shown to produce similar radiographic outcomes with much lower rates of wound complications. The purpose of this study is to prospectively determine clinical and radiographic outcomes in calcaneus fractures treated with a sinus tarsi approach. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with 30 calcaneus fractures underwent operative fixation through a sinus tarsi approach and were prospectively evaluated. Routine pre- and postoperative radiographs were obtained, in addition to computed tomography (CT) scans at 6 weeks and 12 months after surgery. Patient-reported outcomes including American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12), and Foot Functional Index (FFI) were recorded. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year postoperation. Results: Twenty-one patients with 22 calcaneus fractures completed 1 year of follow-up. At 12 months postoperation, 20 of 22 patients (91%) had 0 to 2 mm of fracture displacement at the posterior facet on CT scans whereas 2 of 22 patients had 2 to 4 mm of fracture displacement. There was no significant change in posterior facet fracture displacement comparing 6-week and 12-month postoperative CT scans (P > .99). Mean postoperative Bohler angle was 26.1 degrees compared to 13.2 degrees preoperatively. All patients had complete union of fracture site. There were no major wound complications. Four of 22 patients (18.2%) had minor wound complications. AOFAS, FFI, and VAS pain scores improved postoperatively but were not found to correlate with Bohler angle or critical angle of Gissane. Conclusion: We found that in select patients excellent anatomic alignment and good clinical outcomes with low wound complication rates can be achieved when fixing calcaneus fractures through the sinus tarsi approach. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study.

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BACKGROUND: The extensile lateral approach (ELA) and sinus tarsi approach (STA) are commonly utilized for surgically treating calcaneal fractures. This study compared the outcomes of ELA and STA in the management of calcaneal fractures and assessed the influence of postoperative quality of reduction on functional and pain scores. METHODS: The study included 68 adults with Sanders type-II and type-III calcaneal fractures who underwent either ELA or STA surgery. Pre- and postoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans were analyzed, and functional and pain scores were evaluated using the Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and Visual Analogue Score (VAS) during follow-up visits. RESULTS: Out of the total patients, 50 underwent ELA surgery while 18 underwent STA surgery. The anatomic (excellent) reduction was achieved in 33 (48.5%) patients. There were no significant differences between the ELA and STA groups concerning functional scores, pain scores, the proportion of excellent reduction, and complications. Additionally, anatomic reduction, compared to near or non-anatomic (good, fair, or poor) reduction, demonstrated a decrease in MOXFQ (unstandardized ß coefficient: -13.83, 95% CI: -25.47 to -2.19, p = 0.021), an increase in AOFAS (unstandardized ß coefficient: 8.35, 95% CI: 0.31 to 16.38, p = 0.042), and a reduction in VAS pain (unstandardized ß coefficient: -0.89, 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.16, p = 0.095) scores. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found no significant differences regarding complications, excellent reduction, and functional scores between STA and ELA surgeries. Therefore, STA may be an effective alternative for the treatment of calcaneal fractures in Sanders type II and type III calcaneal fractures. Furthermore, the anatomic reduction of the posterior facet correlated with improved functional scores, emphasizing the importance of achieving it for restoring foot function regardless of surgery type or time between injury and surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fractures via a minimally invasive approach. INDICATIONS: Intra-articular dislocated calcaneus fractures. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Fracture older than 14 days; poor soft tissue quality in the surgical area. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Patient in lateral position. Identifying the anatomic landmarks. Incision (3-5 cm) from the tip of the fibula to metatarsal IV. Preparation through the subcutis. Retraction of the peroneal tendons. Preparation of the lateral calcaneal wall and later plate position via raspatory. Placement of a Schanz screw in the calcaneal tuberosity from lateral or posterior as a reduction aid for restoring of the calcaneal length and reduction of the hindfoot varus. Reduction of the sustentaculum fragment with the help of fluoroscopy from lateral. Elevation of the subtalar articular surface. Positioning of the calcaneal plate and fixation of the sustentaculum fragment by placing a cannulated screw through the long hole. Afterwards, definite internal fixation of the reduction with locking screws. Completion of the operation with final X­rays and, if available, an intraoperative computed tomography. Wound closure with closing of the peroneal sheath. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Lower leg-foot orthoses. Mobilization with partial weight-bearing of the injured foot with 15 kg for 6-8 weeks; subsequently increased load bearing. RESULTS: Due to the smaller incision and the associated lower soft tissue trauma, the risk of wound healing complications can be reduced. Radiographic and functional outcomes are comparable to the outcomes of calcaneal fractures treated via the extended lateral approach.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate emergency surgery of calcaneal fractures using the sinus tarsi approach (STA) with modified reduction technique in terms of complication rates, iconography results and functional outcome. METHODS: We evaluated the outcomes of 26 patients treated in an emergency using STA with modified reduction technique. For that, we assessed Böhler´s angle, Gissane angle, reduction of the calcaneal body, and posterior facet, the visual analog scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, complications, preoperative time, operative time, and in-hospital time. RESULTS: Recovery of calcaneal anatomy and articular surface were found at final follow-up. The mean Böhler´s angle at final follow-up were 30.68° ± 3.69°, of which was 15.02° ± 3.88° preoperatively (p < 0.001). The mean Gissane angle at final follow-up were 114.54° ± 11.16° of which was 88.86° ±10.96° preoperatively (p < 0.001). All cases had the varus/valgus angle of the tuber within 5 degrees. At the final follow-up, the mean AOFAS score was 89.23 ± 4.63, and the VAS score was 22.73 ± 6.5. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency surgery using STA with modified reduction technique is reliable, effective, and safe for treatment of calcaneal fractures. This technique can bring good clinical outcomes and a low rate of wound complications, reducing the in-hospital time, costs, and accelerating rehabilitation.

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Background: Calcaneal fractures are serious injuries that mainly affect young, active people. As a result, these fractures may cause long-term impairment and have a major socioeconomic impact. The current updated systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the functional outcomes, re-operative risk, and complications associated with the treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal. Methodology: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to conduct this meta-analysis. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the EMBASE databases with the appropriate keywords. Results: A total of 13 studies were included in this review. The follow-up months were diverse, ranging between 12 and 65 months in sinus tarsi approach (STA) and 12 to 76 months in extended lateral approach (ELA) methods. Time to surgery was shorter for the STA when compared to ELA (MD: 3.48; 95% CI 2.43 to 4.53; p < 0.00001). No significant difference was observed in functional outcomes between STA and ELA (MD: 0.34; 95% CI: -0.37 to 1.04; p = 0.35 > 0.05; I2 = 88%). In comparison to the ELA, the STA has significantly less wound healing complications (RR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.36; p 0.00001; I2 = 0%). Conclusion: In conclusion, the STA technique in treating calcaneal fractures was significantly safer and more effective when compared to the ELA methods. The STA method of treatment was found to have a lower risk of complications and an infection rate, as well as a shorter operating and recovery time.

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BACKGROUND: Operative fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is considered the gold standard, for which multiple fixation methods are available. This study compares the (functional) outcome of screw fixation (SF), plate fixation (PF), and anatomical plate fixation (APF) via the sinus tarsi approach (STA). METHODS: A total of 239 patients (265 fractured calcanei) who received surgical treatment of a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture via STA between 2011 and 2022 were included. RESULTS: Böhler angle (BA) measured immediately postoperatively (BA post-OR) and the decrease in BA at 1 year (∆BA) differed significantly in favor of PF/APF compared with SF (BA post-OR: SF vs PF P = .010 and SF vs APF P = .001; ∆BA: SF vs PF P = .032 and SF vs APF P = .042). Implant removal surgery was performed significantly less in the APF group as compared to the SF/PF groups (APF vs SF/PF; 9.9% vs 22.9%/23.7%, P = .015). Surgical site infections and secondary arthrodesis of the subtalar joint occurred equally in the 3 groups. Furthermore, the mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale, Foot Function Index score, and EuroQOL-5D-index / visual analog scale score, did not differ notably between SF, PF, and APF. CONCLUSION: The results show that both PF and APF are favored over SF because of an improved correction of BA measured directly postoperatively, a lower secondary loss of BA and, for APF, a lower implant removal rate. There was no difference in the rate of surgical site infections, need for secondary arthrodesis, nor functional outcome scores between different implants using the STA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

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INTRODUCTION: Management of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures continues to challenge surgeons. Use of the extensile lateral surgical approach (ELA) had been standard practice however wound necrosis and infection have become deterrents. The sinus tarsi approach (STA) has gained popularity as a less invasive technique to optimize articular reduction while minimizing soft tissue injury. Our aim was to compare wound complications and infections following calcaneus fractures treated using ELA versus STA. METHODS: Retrospective review of 139 displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (AO/OTA 82C; Sanders II-IV injuries) treated operatively at 2 level-I trauma centers using STA (n = 84) or ELA (n = 55) over a 3-year period with minimum 1-year follow up was performed. Demographic, injury, and treatment-related characteristics were collected. Primary outcomes of interest included wound complications, infection, reoperation, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle and hindfoot scores. Univariate comparisons between groups were conducted using Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney, and independent sample t-tests at the p < 0.05 significance level, where appropriate. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for poor outcomes. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were homogenous between cohorts. Most sustained falls from height (77%). Sanders III fractures were most common (42%). Patients treated with STA went to surgery earlier (6.0 days STA vs 13.2 ELA, p < 0.001). No differences were seen in restoration of Bohler's angle, varus/valgus angle, or calcaneal height, yet the ELA significantly improved calcaneal width (-2 mm STA vs -13.3 mm ELA, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in wound necrosis or deep infection based on surgical approach (12% STA vs 22% ELA, p = 0.15). Seven patients underwent subtalar arthrodesis for arthrosis (4% STA vs 7% ELA). No differences in AOFAS scores were seen. Risk factors for reoperation included Sanders type IV patterns (OR = 6.6, p = 0.001), increasing BMI (OR = 1.2, p = 0.021), and advanced age (OR = 1.1, p = 0.005), not surgical approach. CONCLUSION: Despite prior concerns, use of ELA versus STA for fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures was not associated with more complication risk, illustrating both are safe when indicated and executed appropriately.

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BACKGROUND: To assess whether delaying operative fixation through the sinus tarsi approach resulted in a decreased wound complications rate or could hinder the quality of reduction in subjects with Sanders type II and III displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures. METHODS: From January 2015 to December 2019, all polytrauma patients were screened for eligibility. We divided patients into two groups: Group A, treated within 21 days after injury; Group B, treated more than 21 days after injury. Wound infections were recorded. Radiographic assessment consisted of serial radiographs and CT scans: postoperatively (T0) and at 12 weeks (T1) and at 12 months after surgery (T2). The quality of reduction of the posterior subtalar joint facet and calcaneal cuboid joint (CCJ) was classified as anatomical and non-anatomical. A post hoc power calculation was performed. RESULTS: A total of 54 subjects were enrolled. Four wound complications (three superficial, one deep) were identified in Group A; two wound complications (one superficial one deep) were identified in Group B. According to "mean interval between trauma and surgery" and "duration of intervention", there was a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between Groups A and B in terms of wound complications or quality of reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The sinus tarsi approach is a valuable approach for the surgical treatment of closed displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures in major trauma patients who need delayed surgery. The timing of surgery did not negatively influence the quality of the reduction and the wound complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: level II, prospective comparative study.

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BACKGROUND: Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures are challenging injuries, and there is debate regarding the best method of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2018 and January 2021, a prospective study was conducted on 46 patients with 56 displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures that were treated with minimally invasive fixation using Kirschner wires (KWs) through the sinus tarsi approach. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 22.36 months. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was adopted as a method of clinical evaluation; the mean AOFAS score was 78.4. All cases showed radiographic evidence of adequate healing, with no collapse till the final follow-up. Complications included persistent pain, subtalar arthritis, deep infection and superficial pin site infection. CONCLUSION: The use of the sinus tarsi approach and percutaneous KWs represents a minimally invasive approach which expands the indications of surgery for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with fewer treatment-related complications. Level of evidence (4) case series. Trial registration This study has been approved by the ethical research committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, under the code: 35901/10/22.

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PURPOSE: A novel percutaneous distractor with the advantage of axial and direct distraction was designed for the minimally invasive treatment of calcaneal fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical results and complications of a novel distractor combined with sinus tarsi approach (STA) in treatment of the joint depression-type of calcaneal fractures. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with the depression-type of calcaneal fractures (30 Sanders type II, 22 Sanders type III, 2 Sanders type IV) who were subjected to the novel distractor combined with STA were retrospectively assessed. Calcaneal height, width, and length; Bohler's angle; and the Gissane angle were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores from the last follow-up. Complications were also recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients achieved an average follow-up of 24.3 months (range 18 to 34 months), and two patients were lost to follow-up six months post-operatively. There was significant difference between pre-operative and post-operative calcaneal height, width, and length; Bohler's angle; and Gissane angle (p < 0.01), but no significant difference was detected between the post-operative and normal side Bohler's angle (p > 0.05). The AOFAS ankle and hind foot score was 88.4 ± 6.6, and the VAS score was 1.9 ± 0.7 at the last follow-up. Nine (17.3%) patients developed complications: One experienced skin necrosis and two had screws loosening; three patients developed early degenerative changes of the subtalar joint; two had no symptoms; one had light pain around the subtalar joint without medical treatment; complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) developed in one patient after seven months post-operatively; and two developed transient ankle stiffness. CONCLUSION: The novel distractor combined with the STA effectively reconstructs the facet depression-type of calcaneal fractures (sanders type II and III) with minimal complications.

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INTRODUCTION: The minimally invasive approach for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is significantly reducing postoperative wound complications. One minimally invasive method, the sinus tarsi approach (STA) has been increasingly widely used. STA is, however, challenging due to its technical demands and the risk of injury to the sural nerve (SN). The purpose of this study was to identify the SN and its branches including their anatomical relationship to the STA as well as to describe an anatomical windows technique for STA including determination of the safe angle for screw insertion into the sustentaculum tali fragment. METHODS: Thirty-two adult cadaveric legs were disarticulated at the knee and unpaired. STA was performed on each specimen. The anatomy and distribution of the sural nerve and its branches were identified in relation to the incision. Three surgical windows were identified and selected. Kirshner wires were inserted in pairs via each of the windows towards the center of the sustentaculum tali. The safe angle for wire insertion in relation to the SN or its branches was then measured as well as the appropriate intraoperative drilling angle. RESULTS: The plantar branch presented in the distal window in none of the samples, while the dorsal branches presented in 37.5% and the main SN presented in only 6.25%. In the middle window, the dorsal branch presented most often (43.75%) followed by the plantar branch (25.00%) and the SN (21.88%). In the proximal window, the SN presented in 100% of the samples, while the dorsal branch presented in none and the plantar branch presented in about 15.63% of the specimens. All three windows had their own acceptable average angle for screw insertion towards the sustentaculum tali. CONCLUSIONS: The distal window is the safest for surgical approach and for calcaneal surgery screw fixation in terms of avoiding sural nerve injury. In addition, that window provides a wide working angle for screw fixation.

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BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) is controversial. This study compared the fixation stability of screws and locking plates in DIACF treated via the sinus tarsi approach (STA). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 118 DIACF cases treated via STA and extracted data that could affect treatment outcomes. Loss of Böhler's angle after surgery was measured to compare fixation stability. RESULTS: The loss of Böhler's angles was significantly smaller in the locking plate group than in the screw group (2.6 ± 2.7º vs. 5.6 ± 5.3º, P < 0.01). There was no difference in the clinical outcomes between the groups. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, screw fixation was significantly associated with loss of Böhler's angle by> 10º (odds ratio, 8.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-64.4; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Locking plate fixation is more reliable than screw fixation for preventing correction loss in DIACF treated via STA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

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BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive treatments for calcaneous fractures have the same outcomes and fewer complications. However, they are technically demanding, and there are a lack reduction tools. To overcome these problems, a calcaneous interlocking nail system was developed that can make reduction and fixation minimally invasive and effective. We retrospectively studied the calcaneous fracture variables intraoperatively and followed up to evaluate the outcomes of patients treated with the calcaneous interlocking nail system. METHODS: All patients in 7 institutions between October 2020 and May 2021 who had calcaneous fractures treated with calcaneous interlocking nails were retrospectively analyzed. The patient characteristics, including age, sex, injury mechanism, Sanders type classification, smoking status, and diabetes were recorded. The calcaneous interlocking nail and standard surgical technique were introduced. The intraoperative variables, including days waiting for surgery, surgery time, blood loss, incision length, and fluoroscopy time, were recorded. The outcomes of complications, AOFAS scores and VAS scores were recorded and compared with other similar studies. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were involved in this study; 54 were male; 5 were female; and they had an average age of 47.5 ± 9.2 years (range 25-70). 2 of these fractures were Sanders type I, 28 of these fractures were Sanders type II, 27 of these fractures were Sanders type III, and 2 of these were Sanders type IV. The surgery time was 131.9 ± 50.5 (30-240) minutes on average. The blood loss was 36.9 ± 41.1 (1-250) ml. The average incision length was 3.5 ± 1.8 (1-8) cm; 57 were sinus tarsi incisions; and 2 were closed fixations without incisions. The average fluoroscopy time was 12.3 ± 3.6 (10-25) seconds during the surgery. The VAS score of patients on the day after surgery was 2.4 ± 0.7 (1-3). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score in patients who had a follow-up of at 12 months was 93.3 ± 3.6(85-99). During the follow-up, all patients' functional outcomes were good. One patient had a superficial infection. The rate of complications of the 59 patients was 1.7% (1/59). CONCLUSION: The calcaneous interlocking nail system can have satisfactory reduction and fixation in calcaneous fractures, even in Sanders type IV. The outcomes of follow-up showed good function. The calcaneous interlocking nail could be an alternative method for minimally invasive calcaneous fracture fixation.

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Purpose: Though research exists regarding calcaneal fractures, the treatment approach for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) remains controversial. The most common approach, the extensile lateral approach (ELA), for the treatment of DIACFs has high rates of wound complications reported. In contrast, the sinus tarsi approach (STA) is becoming more popular due to its minimally invasive technique. The objective of this retrospective study is to investigate the incidence of wound complications in high-risk patients with DIACF following operative fixation via the STA. Methods: Following IRB approval, a retrospective chart review was performed between 2007 and 2013 to assess high-risk patients for the presence of wound complications, including deep infections and delayed wound healing, following the use of STA for the management of DIACF's (n = 36). Demographics, risk factors, and secondary outcomes such as time to surgery were recorded. Results: Of the 36 high-risk patients included in our study, seven had post-operative complications following operative fixation via the STA. Specifically, four patients had delayed wound healing, and three developed deep infections. Time to surgery had the greatest negative effect on postoperative complications and was influenced by age, sex, and the presence of a concomitant injury. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the STA is a viable option for high-risk patients with displaced intra-articular fractures. Additionally, time to surgery should be minimized, when possible, to reduce risks of post-operative complications, including infections and delayed wound healing.