RESUMEN
Worldwide only 8% of the biomass from harvested cacao fruits is used, as cacao beans, in chocolate-based products. Cacao mucilage exudate (CME), a nutrient-rich fluid, is usually lost during cacao beans fermentation. CME's composition and availability suggest a potential carbon source for cellulose production. CME and the Hestrin and Schramm medium were used, and compared, as growth media for bacterial cellulose (BC) production with Gluconacetobacter xylinus. CME can be used to produce BC. However, the high sugar content, low pH, and limited nitrogen sources in CME hinder G. xylinus growth affecting cellulose yields. BC production increased from 0.55 ± 0.16 g L-1 up to 13.13 ± 1.09 g L-1 after CME dilution and addition of a nitrogen source. BC production was scaled up from 30 mL to 15 L, using lab-scale experiments conditions, with no significant changes in yields and production rates, suggesting a robust process with industrial possibilities.
Asunto(s)
Cacao/metabolismo , Celulosa/biosíntesis , Medios de Cultivo/química , Gluconacetobacter xylinus/metabolismo , Polisacáridos , Fermentación , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Microbiota, intestine, and brain interact one with another through the afferent fibers of the vagus nerve, which is the major linkage of this one. It has been established that long-term dietary habits influence gut bacterial diversity and are capable of inducing changes in hypothalamic energy homeostasis. The biological effects are mediated by microglial activation, systemic inflammation, and vagal afferent nerve signaling, culminating in neuroinflammation. It has been emphasized the need for a further approach regarding the influence of the dietary factors as well as their direct impacts or outcomes on the gut dysbiosis. This review aimed to understand the role of some dietary triggers of neuroinflammation on changes in the gut microbiota. Each of the diets significantly altered the microbial composition in distinct ways, leading to neuroadaptations. Hyperlipidic diets (SFA and MUFA) can stimulate TLR4 inflammatory pathway by increased LPS translocation and LBP activation and modulate brain functions, mainly in the center of feeding. Overconsumption of sucrose seems to be more detrimental for metabolic alterations, whereas fructose has a more pronounced effect on gut barrier dysfunction and subclinical inflammation; nevertheless, sucrose absorption favors fructose bioavailability, contributing to adiposity and sugar addiction.