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Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy is a common issue that significantly affects the health of both the mother and her child. Globally, anemia is a major public health concern, affecting both developing and developed countries, with approximately 1.3 billion people affected. Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable to anemia. Objective: To assess the magnitude and risk factors of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Shashemene Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 391 pregnant women in Shashemene Town in April 2022. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires, along with laboratory examinations of blood and stool samples. The data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Bivariate logistic regression was performed, and variables with a p-value of <0.25 were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with anemia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CIs were calculated, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Finally, the results are presented using narration, descriptive statistics, such as tables, graphs, and charts. Results: The prevalence of anemia was found to be 30.9% (95% CI: 26.4, 35.4%). Factors significantly associated with a reduced risk of anemia included high dietary diversity (AOR = 0.217, 95% CI: 0.105-0.451), no history of excessive menstrual bleeding (AOR = 0.162, 95% CI 0.076-0.345), age 25-34 years (AOR = 0.391, 95% CI 0.173-0.883), and age ≥ 35 years (AOR = 0.068, 95% CI 0.011-0.444). Conversely, a mild upper arm circumference (MUAC) of <23 cm (AOR = 4.939, 95% CI 2.330-10.469), no use of contraceptives (AOR = 4.935, 95% CI 2.207-11.032), and no iron supplementation use (AOR = 3.588, 95% CI 1.794-7.175) were significantly associated with an increased risk of anemia. Conclusion: According to the WHO classification, anemia in this study was found to be a moderate public health issue. High dietary diversity, no previous excessive menstrual bleeding, and age were significantly associated with a reduced risk of anemia, whereas a MUAC of <23 cm, no contraceptive use, and no iron supplementation were significantly associated with an increased risk of anemia. Therefore, promoting diverse diets among pregnant women, providing counseling on the benefits of family planning and iron-folic acid supplements, and improving women's education and empowerment are essential.

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Anemia , Atención Prenatal , Humanos , Femenino , Etiopía/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Embarazo , Anemia/epidemiología , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Prevalencia , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Instituciones de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Mujeres Embarazadas , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/epidemiología

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Background: The early termination of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) raises issues for the healthcare system and has the potential to affect public health. Long-acting reversible contraception has now become more widely available and used, although a sizable percentage of women still do not use it. Therefore, this study aims to assess the factors associated with the discontinuation of the LARC method among female users of health facilities in Shashemene town in Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shashemene town involving 410 study participants from nine facilities. The study participants were selected by using a systematic sampling method. The data were collected by using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires, entered into EpiData version 4.6.0.2, and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the association between independent variables and LARC discontinuation. The results were presented using the odds ratio at 95% CI. p < 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Result: The overall prevalence of women who discontinued the LARC method before the due date was 57.2%. Having an occupation as a housewife, desire for pregnancy, unwarned side effects, effectiveness, and dissatisfaction with the service provided were the factors positively associated with the discontinuation of the contraception. Conclusion: The prevalence of the discontinuation of LARCs was high. Pre-insertion, effective counseling about the benefits, follow-up care, management of side effects, and client reassurance are recommended.

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Background: Hypertension is public health challenge worldwide. It is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP), systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication in adults older than 18 years. The aim of this study was to assess blood pressure control and associated factors among hypertensive patients attending the outpatient department of Shashemene Referral Hospital. Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted to determine level of blood pressure control and associated factors among hypertensive patients on medical follow-up. A medical chart review and interview was conducted from July 1 to October 31 2018. Result: A total of 325 participants were included in this study with response rate of 320 (98.5%). More than half of study participants were males 171 (53.4%). The mean age of the respondents was 55.10 (SD ± 12.7) years and majority of the respondents 191 (59.7%) were within age of less than 60 years old. The mean Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 131.80 mmHg (SD ± 20.92) while the mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 82.30 mmHg (SD ± 10.52). About 51.30% of study participants had a controlled SBP and 54.7% had a controlled DBP. The overall control of BP was achieved in 40.3% of the study participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, experience of side effects, frequency of BP measuring, number of antihypertensive drugs used, duration on antihypertensive, source of medication and physical exercise showed significant association with blood pressure control. Conclusion: Blood pressure control level among chronic hypertensive patients at outpatient department was low. Age of patients, educational level, experience of side effects, and number of antihypertensive drugs used were important determinant factors associated with blood pressure control among study participants.

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BACKGROUND: Anemia is an adverse outcome and common complication in chronic kidney disease patients. This is usually associated with iron deficiency, inflammation and blood loss. However, little is known about the prevalence of anemia and its predictors among chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine anemia and its predictors among adult non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 chronic kidney disease patients from February to April 2019. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaires and medical records. Adjusted hemoglobin was taken to define anemia using the level of Hgb <13 mg/dL for males and <12 mg/dL for females; and blood films and serum ferritin were done for anemic participants. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data analysis. Frequency distribution tables and graphs were used to describe descriptive statistics. A bivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors; p <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of anemia was 44.0% (95% CI: 39.0%, 48.9%); of which 7.1%, 62.1% and 30.8% of anemic patients had mild, moderate and severe anemia, respectively. The prevalence of anemia increased from 20.6% in stage 2 to 100% in stage 5. Morphologically, normocytic normochromic anemia was the most predominant type. Cardiovascular disease (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.35, 4.16), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.08, 7.14), stage 3b chronic kidney disease (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.31, 5.73) and stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease patients (AOR = 7.11, 95% CI: 3.22, 15.72) showed significant association with anemia. CONCLUSION: Anemia was a severe public health problem and associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and stages of chronic kidney disease. Thus, early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anemia are recommended.

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Anemia , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Adulto , Anemia/complicaciones , Anemia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Estudios Transversales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología

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Fossil fuel resources become scarce, and their combustion is a major pollutant in the environment. As a result, scientists are eager to find alternatives to fossil fuels, and biomass could be one of them. One method of turning biomass into biogas is anaerobic digestion (AD). One of the organic waste kinds used to generate biogas is abattoir waste. In developing countries, managing abattoir waste streams is a significant concern. Using these wastes to produce biogas and biofertilizers could help Ethiopia reduce its environmental hazard while also solving energy and fertilizer-related issues. Given that, the researchers in this study intend to investigate the biogas and bio-fertilizer production potential of abattoir waste in Shashemene Municipality Abattoir (SMA), Ethiopia. To this aim, the production potential of biogas, energy, biofertilizer, and Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction was examined. The study showed about 688,755 kg (kg) per year of slaughterhouse waste is produced from 13,505 cattle, and anaerobic digestion may create approximately 206.63 × 103 m3/year of biogas. As a result, it can generate 1,018.98 Kilowatt-hour (kWh)/day and 371,927.7 kWh/year. On an annual basis, the biogas output (206.63 103 m3) can replace the 211.8 tons of energy consumed by LPG, kerosene, charcoal, furnace oil, petrol, and diesel. Moreover, the anaerobic digester has the potential to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) by 952.4 tons CO2 eq per year. Furthermore, biogas has the potential to generate 43,184.9 kg of dry bio-fertilizer per year. Therefore, while biogas technology is the long-term solution for ensuring environmental safety and public health, proper disposal was one of the short-term options.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common and yet potentially life-threatening acute complication of diabetes that progresses rapidly to death and requires immediate medical intervention. OBJECTIVE: To assess the DKA management and treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality and its predictors among hospitalized patients with DKA at the Medical ward of Shashemene Referral Hospital (SRH). METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted at the Medical Ward of SRH from 01 February 2015 to 31 January 2017. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects based on the inclusion criteria. Thus, of 236 reviewed charts, only 225 patients with DKA fulfilled inclusion criteria. Treatment outcome was considered good for patients who have shown improvement at discharge, while poor for patients who left against medical advice or died in the hospital. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictors for treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality using SPSS version 20 with statistical significant at P ⩽ .05. RESULTS: Of 225 patients with DKA, 124 (55.1%) were male. Regular insulin was prescribed to all patients and antibiotics were administered to 87 (38.7%). Potassium supplementation was given only for 28 (12.4%). Non-adherence to insulin treatment (n = 91; 40.4%) and infection (n = 66; 29.3%) were the principal DKA precipitating factors. Even though 73.8% of hospitalized patients with DKA have shown good treatment outcomes, DKA contributed 12% in-hospital mortality. The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis shown that hypoglycemia is the only independent predictor for in-hospital mortality[P = .03]. Moreover, the independent predictors for poor DKA treatment outcome were found to be smoker [P = .04], Urinary tract infection (UTI) relative to other co-morbid condition [P < .001], severe hypokalemia which increase risk of poor treatment outcome by around 4 times [P = .02], and use of Metronidazole as a concurrent medication relative to other concurrent medication [P = .03]. CONCLUSION: There was a high in-hospital mortality rate due to correctable causes. This mortality is unacceptable as it was majorly related to the poor practice of potassium supplementation and hypoglycemia due to insulin. Thus, clinicians and stakeholders should have to focus on modifiable factors (hypokalemia, UTI, and hypoglycemia) to reduce poor treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality.

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OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to estimate relative proportions of medication use according to different pregnancy risk categories (A, B, C, D, X) among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) visits at Shashemene Referral Hospital. METHODS: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Shashemene referral hospital from February 2016 to February 2017. Structured data collection form was used to capture data from patient medication cards. SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze the results after entering and importing from MS-Excel. RESULTS: A total of 317 pregnant women cards were collected and assessed during the study period in May, 2017. Most, 208(65.6%), of the pregnant women were in their second trimester of pregnancy followed by third trimester, 78(24.6%). Tetanus prevention in pregnancy, 274(86.4%), was the most common reason for drug use. Number of medications prescribed was highest, 384(68.2%), in second trimester followed by third trimester, 130(23.1%). More than half, 305(54.2%), of the drugs prescribed were under category C, tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine alone accounting for 274 (89.8%) of them, followed by 36.8% from category A. CONCLUSION: Vaccines, vitamins and minerals were the most frequently prescribed medications. The overall drug use condition during pregnancy in this study was inappropriate as more than half of the prescribed medications were from category C. On the other hand, category X medications were not prescribed.