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Objective. To determine the effect of a physical exercise training program, "HitSportGame" (HSG), on self-regulation of children with ADHD. Subjects and methods. The participants (N = 44) were children with ADHD aged 8 to 12 years (Mean 10.5 SD 1.4) without comorbidity with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Children were randomized to an experimental group and a wait-list control group. The experimental group participated in the Hit-Sport-Game (HSG) training program thrice a week for 12 weeks. The self-control skills of the participants in both groups were evaluated with the CACIA (Child and Adolescent Self-Control Questionnaire) 1 week before and 1 week after completing the entire intervention. Results. The results showed significant improvements with effect sizes from moderate to large in the scales of personal feedback (P = .003; η2 p = 0.183), criteria self-control (P = .029; η2 p = 0.112), and procedural self-control (P = .015; η2 p = 0.131) after the intervention in the experimental group compared to the control group, which showed no difference on any of these scales. The reward delay scale did not show significant changes associated with the intervention (P = .104; η2 p = 0.059). Conclusions. HitSportGame physical exercise training demonstrated favorable effects on some self-control skills such as personal feedback, criterial self-control and procedural self-control of children with ADHD. However, it did not show any effect on the ability to delay rewards in this population.

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The benefits of allowing learners to control when to receive knowledge of results (KR) compared to a yoked group has been recently challenged and postulated to be mild at best. A potential explanation for such dissident findings is that individuals differentially utilize the autonomy provided by the self-controlled condition, which, in its turn, affects the outcomes. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of self-controlled KR on motor learning focusing on the frequency of KR requests when performing an anticipatory timing task. Self-controlled groups were created based on participants' KR frequency of request (High, Medium, and Low referring to fifth, third, and first quintile) and, then, Yoked groups were created self-control condition pairing the KR request of the Self-controlled groups. We also measured self-efficacy and processing time as means to verify potential correlates. The results supported the expected interaction. While no difference between self-controlled and yoked groups were found for low frequencies of KR, a moderate amount of KR request was related to better results for the self-controlled group. Nonetheless, the opposite trend was observed for high frequencies of KR; the yoked group was superior to the self-controlled group. The results of this study allow us to conclude that the choices made, and not just the possibility of choosing, seem to define the benefits of KR self-control in motor learning.

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OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: Interpersonal relationships, as an important variable affecting the physical and mental health and future development of individuals, were used to construct a structural equation model between physical activity and interpersonal relationships in order to help college students better adapt to society and achieve a high level of mental health. METHODS: SPSS 27.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data, and Amos 28.0 software was used to construct the model between variables. The results showed that physical activity directly predicted the interpersonal relationship status of college students (ß = - 0.108, 95% CI [- 0.210, - 0.005]), and the chain mediating effect of physical activity → self-control → mobile phone addiction tendency → interpersonal relationship distress was significant (ß = - 0.012, 95% CI [- 0.033, - 0.003]). The results of this study suggest that physical activity may be viewed as an effective intervention strategy to mitigate the interpersonal challenges that college students may face in the future.

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BACKGROUND: High levels of stress are frequent in university education, and a lack of sleep has been reported to make students more vulnerable to stress. The mechanisms through which sleep harms students have not been sufficiently clarified; therefore, this study aimed to explore the mediating role of self-control and resilience in the relationship between sleep quality and duration and perceived stress. METHODS: Of 32 first-year college students, 21 (78%) were women, with a mean age of 18.47 (±0.84). They responded to a self-administered survey that included questions on stress, resilience, and sleep quality and recorded their daily sleep duration using a wristband for six days. RESULTS: Perceived stress was significantly correlated with resilience (r = -0.63), self-control (r = -0.46), sleep duration (r = -0.35), and lower sleep quality (r = 0.57). Path analysis revealed that self-control and resilience were partially mediated by sleep quality (R2 = 0.62; p < 0.01) and completely mediated by sleep duration (R2 = 0.46; p < 0.01). In both models, self-control had a direct effect on resilience and had a good-fit index. CONCLUSION: Being resilient seems to play a mediating role in the relationship between sleep and perceived stress; this ability can be favored by self-control, which is directly influenced by sleep.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

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Temporal discounting is a phenomenon where a reward loses its value as a function of time (e.g., a reward is more valuable immediately than when it delays in time). This is a type of intertemporal decision-making that has an association with impulsivity and self-control. Many pathologies exhibit higher discounting rates, meaning they discount more the values of rewards, such as addictive behaviors, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, social anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorder, among others; thus, many studies look for the mechanism and neuromodulators of these decisions. This systematic review aims to investigate the association between pharmacological administration and changes in temporal discounting. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Cochrane. We used the PICO strategy: healthy humans (P-Participants) that received a pharmacological administration (I-Intervention) and the absence of a pharmacological administration or placebo (C-Comparison) to analyze the relationship between the pharmacological administration and the temporal discounting (O-outcome). Nineteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most important findings were the involvement of dopamine modulation in a U-shape for choosing the delayed outcome (metoclopradime, haloperidol, and amisulpride). Furthermore, administration of tolcapone and high doses of d-amphetamine produced a preference for the delayed option. There was a time-dependent hydrocortisone effect in the preference for the immediate reward. Thus, it can be concluded that dopamine is a crucial modulator for temporal discounting, especially the D2 receptor, and cortisol also has an important time-dependent role in this type of decision. One of the limitations of this systematic review is the heterogeneity of the drugs used to assess the effect of temporal discounting.

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OBJECTIVE: this study aims to verify the stages of evidence of validity of the voice-adapted present perceived control scale (V-APPCS) in its translated and cross-culturally adapted version for the Brazilian Portuguese "Voice-Adapted Present Perceived Control Scale" and to estimate the psychometric measurements of the properties of its items based on the item response theory (IRT). METHODS: the instrument underwent a process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation for the Brazilian Portuguese, the process was carried out by two qualified translators, native in the destination language, and fluent in the language and culture of origin. The first translated version of the protocol was forwarded to a back-translation, performed by a third bilingual Brazilian translator. The translations were analyzed and compared by a committee composed of five speech therapists who are specialists in voice and with proficiency in the English language. The empirical study used data from 168 individuals, 127 had voice problems and 41 vocally healthy ones. For the stages of validity evidence, the following analyses were performed: Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and IRT. RESULTS: The stages of translation and cross-cultural adaptation allowed linguistic adjustments to be made so that the items were understandable and suitable for use in Brazil. The adequacy, structure, and application of the items were confirmed through the application of the final version of the scale in twenty individuals in a real context. The instrument in its Brazilian version presented good internal consistency, with bifactorial structure the exploratory factor analysis, besides presenting satisfactory values in the adjustment indexes of the model, confirming the structure of the confirmatory factor Analysis. The IT was applied to evaluate the parameters discrimination (a) and difficulty (b) of the items of the instrument; item 5 "I have control over my day-to-day reactions to the voice problem." Presented itself as a more discriminative item and item 8 "My reaction to the voice problem is not under my control." As an item of greater difficulty. CONCLUSION: The V-APPCS, translated, cross-culturally adapted, and validated, is robust and adequate to represent the construct in the Brazilian versions.

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Objective of the study Interpersonal relationships, as an important variable afecting the physical and mental health and future development of individuals, were used to construct a structural equation model between physical activity and interpersonal relationships in order to help college students better adapt to society and achieve a high level of mental health. Methods SPSS 27.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data, and Amos 28.0 software was used to construct the model between variables. The results showed that physical activity directly predicted the interpersonal relationship status of college students (ß= −0.108, 95% CI [−0.210,−0.005]), and the chain mediating efect of physical activity→self-control→mobile phone addiction tendency→interpersonal relationship distress was signifcant (ß= −0.012, 95% CI [−0.033,−0.003]). The results of this study suggest that physical activity may be viewed as an efective intervention strategy to mitigate the interpersonal challenges that college students may face in the future.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la asociación entre estilos de apego adulto y regulación emocional. Participaron 290 estudiantes de 18 a 25 años (M = 21.18; DE = 2.86), procedentes de varias carreras universitarias de dos instituciones de educación superior de Quito (Ecuador), seleccionados por agrupamiento casual. Para la medición se utilizaron dos instrumentos. El primero fue la escala Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), validada en el contexto ecuatoriano, con la que se evaluó el tipo de apego en las relaciones de pareja. El segundo instrumento fue la escala Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), en su versión original traducida al castellano, empleada para evaluar dificultades en regulación emocional. Los resultados demostraron que el apego seguro se presenta en mayor porcentaje en las participantes mujeres (60 %), que no existen diferencias por sexo en los indicadores de regulación emocional (p > .05) y que, en la población estudiada, hay una asociación entre estilos inseguros de apego adulto y desregulación emocional (p < .05). Se concluye que los modelos positivos de sí mismo y de los demás, así como los niveles bajos de ansiedad y evitación, presentes en el estilo de apego seguro, constituyen factores protectores que contribuyen a la regulación emocional.

O objetivo da presente investigação foi explorar a associação entre estilos de apego adulto e regulação emocional. Participaram 290 alunos com idades entre 18 e 25 anos (M = 21.18; DP = 2.86), provenientes de vários cursos universitários de duas instituições de educação superior de Quito, selecionados por agrupamento ao acaso. Dois instrumentos foram usados para a medição. O primeiro foi a escala Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), validada no contexto equatoriano, que foi utilizada para avaliar o tipo de apego nas relações de casal. O segundo instrumento foi a escala Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), na sua versão original traduzida para o espanhol, que foi utilizada para avaliar as dificuldades na regulação emocional. Os resultados mostraram que o apego seguro está presente em maior porcentagem nas participantes mulheres (60 %), que não há diferenças por sexo nos indicadores de regulação emocional (p > 0,05) e que, na população estudada, há associação entre estilos de apego adulto inseguro e desregulação emocional (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que os modelos positivos de si e dos outros, bem como os baixos níveis de ansiedade e evitação, presentes no estilo de apego seguro, constituem fatores de proteção que contribuem para a regulação emocional.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between adult attachment styles and emotion regulation. Two hundred and ninety students between the ages of 18 and 25 participated (M = 21.18; SD = 2.86), coming from various university careers of two higher education institutions in Quito (Ecuador); they were selected by chance grouping. Two instruments were used for the measurement. The first one was the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) scale, validated in the Ecuadorian context, which was used to evaluate the type of attachment in romantic relationships. The second instrument was the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), in its original version translated into Spanish, used to assess difficulties in emotional regulation. The results showed that secure attachment occurs in a higher percentage of female participants (60 %), that there are no differences by sex in the emotional regulation indicators (p > .05) and that, in the studied population, there is an association between insecure adult attachment styles and emotional dysregulation (p < .05). It is concluded that positive role models of self and of others, as well as low levels of anxiety and avoidance, present in the secure attachment style, are protective factors that contribute to emotional regulation.

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Resumen: Objetivo: Las personas sin hogar tienen significativamente más necesidades de salud y tasas más altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como más hospitalizaciones y/o rehospitalizaciones que la población en general, causadas por factores como la pobreza extrema, el acceso deficiente a la atención médica y los desafíos en la adherencia a los medicamentos, por lo cual el presente estudio se propuso aplicar una intervención educativa sobre la diabetes tipo 2, dirigida a las personas sin hogar residentes en un refugio, con el fin de mejorar las técnicas de autocontrol y autocuidado de esta enfermedad crónica. Materiales y métodos: La intervención educativa fue realizada en un refugio para personas sin hogar de Miami Dade, con 250 participantes y consistió en tres sesiones de autocontrol y autocuidado de la diabetes y una lista de recursos de la comunidad en el idioma de preferencia de la persona (inglés o español). Las evaluaciones incluyeron una encuesta antes y después de la intervención y una evaluación previa y posterior mediante el cuestionario Diabetes Knowledge (DKQ-24). Resultados: Datos demográficos: 88% hombres y 12% mujeres, 40% hispanos, 36% afroamericanos, 26% caucásicos, idioma 64% inglés y 36% español. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la medición antes y después de dos meses de la intervención educativa (p <0,000). Conclusiones: La intervención educativa para mejorar la calidad de vida, el autocontrol y el autocuidado de los pacientes sin hogar con diabetes tipo 2 tuvo un efecto positivo y estos resultados pueden proporcionar la base para intervenciones futuras que ayuden a los profesionales de la salud a identificar las necesidades y abordarlas a través de intervenciones educativas adaptadas al contexto. Aprobación n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME del Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Abstract: Objective: Homeless people have significantly more health needs and higher rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as more hospitalizations and / or rehospitalizations than the general population, caused by factors such as extreme poverty, poor access to medical care and the challenges in adherence to medications, for which the present study set out to apply an educational intervention on type 2 diabetes, aimed at homeless people living in a shelter, in order to improve self-control and self-care techniques of this chronic disease. Materials and methods: The educational intervention was conducted in a Miami Dade homeless shelter with 250 participants and consisted of three diabetes self- management and self-care sessions and a list of community resources in the preferred language of the community. person (English or Spanish). The evaluations included a survey before and after the intervention and a pre- and post-evaluation using the Diabetes Knowledge questionnaire (DKQ-24). Results: Demographic data: 88% male and 12% female, 40% Hispanic, 36% African American, 26% Caucasian, 64% English and 36% Spanish language. There was a significant difference in the measurement before and after two months of the educational intervention (p <0.001). Conclusions: Educational intervention to improve the quality of life, self-control, and self-care of homeless patients with type 2 diabetes had a positive effect and these results may provide the basis for future interventions that help health professionals to identify needs and address them through context-specific educational interventions. Approval n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME of the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

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OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship between self-regulation and voice behavior according to national and international literature. METHODS: A literature survey was performed using the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. The search terms used were the following: self-regulation, self-control, combined with voice, voice disorders, and dysphonia, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Articles that addressed self-regulation and voice behavior or voice disorders published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were included, without restriction of date. The variables preselected for the data organization were authors, database, country, impact factor, journal, type of study, sample size, sample characteristics, methods for data collection, group comparison, objective, and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 10,176 articles were identified in the databases, of which 10 were selected based on title, read in full, and kept for data analysis. The studies were found predominantly in American journals and were published between 2013 and 2019. The United States published most articles, and the predominant methodological aspect was observational and cross-sectional. CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of articles, the studies analyzed can show self-regulation as an important factor in vocal behavior and call attention to its performance in voice disorders.

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This study analyzed the effect of confidence in the experimenter on the performance of a group of Costa Rican preschoolers on self-control. In addition, the effect of socioeconomic status on performance on the marshmallow task was analyzed by a comparison of children from both differ-ent schools (public vs private) and different socioeconomic contexts within each school. The sample of participants was 67 children (26 girls, M of age = 63 months, SD = 6.03). Effects were found, both of the confidence in the experimenter and of the socio-economic status in self-control. The implications of this study for future studies with children and families are discussed

Este estudio analizó el efecto de la confianza en la persona experimentadora sobre el desempeño de un grupo de niñas(os) preescolares costarricenses en el autocontrol. Adicionalmente, se analizó el efecto del estatus socioeconómico en el desempeño en la tarea de la golosina por medio de una comparación de niños provenientes tanto de diferentes escuelas (pública vs privada) como de distintos contextos socioeconómicos al interior de cada escuela. La muestra de participantes fue de 67 niños(as) (26 niñas, M de edad = 63 meses, D.T. = 6.03). Se encontraron efectos, tanto de la confianza en la persona experimentadora, como del contexto socioeconómico en el autocontrol. Se discuten las implicaciones de este estudio para futuros trabajos con niñas y niños, y familias.

Este estudo analisou o efeito da confiança no experimentador sobre o desempenho de um grupo de meninas pré-escolares costarriquenhas em autocontrole. Além disso, o efeito do status socioeconômico sobre o desempenho na tarefa do tratamento foi analisado por uma comparação de crianças de escolas diferentes (públicas vs privadas) e diferentes contextos socioeconômicos dentro de cada escola. A amostra de participantes foi de 67 meninos (26 meninas, M de idade × 63 meses, D.T.s 6.03). Foram encontrados efeitos, tanto da confiança na pessoa experiente quanto do contexto socioeconômico no autocontrole. As implicações deste estudo para o futuro trabalho com crianças e famílias são discutidas.

Cette étude a analysé l'effet de la confiance dans l'expérimentateur sur la performance d'un groupe de filles d'âge préscolaire costariciennes sur la maîtrise de soi. En outre, l'effet du statut socio-économique sur le rendement sur la tâche de la gâterie a été analysé par une comparaison des enfants des deux écoles (publiques vs privées) et des contextes socio-économiques différents au sein de chaque école. L'échantillon de participants était de 67 garçons (26 filles, moyenne d'âge = 63 mois, D.S. = 6.03). Des effets ont été constatés, tant de la confiance dans la personne expérimentée que du contexte socio-économique dans la maîtrise de soi. Les implications de cette étude pour le travail futur avec les enfants et les familles sont discutées.

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RESUMEN La Autorregulación (AR) y la Autocompasión (AC) emergen como recursos psicológicos efectivos para la promoción de salud. Objetivo: Describir conductas promotoras de salud y conductas de riesgo de universitarios en Chile y establecer su asociación con la AR y AC. Material y Método: Estudio de carácter correlacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pregrado (n=544) respondió un cuestionario sobre conductas de salud y de riesgo, y las escalas Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire y Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Se observó baja frecuencia de conductas promotoras de salud y presencia de conductas de riesgo como consumo de tabaco (22,6%), de drogas (41,3%) y consumo problemático de alcohol (20,3%). El control de impulsos de la AR se asoció a mayor probabilidad de conducta alimentaria saludable (OR=1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p< 0,01) y mejor calidad de sueño (OR=1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p<0,01). El mindfulness, componente de la AC, se asoció a menor actividad física regular (OR=0,69; IC:0,49-0,95; p<0,05) y menor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=0,54; IC:0,32-0,91; p<0,05), y el autojuicio a mayor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p< 0,05). Conclusión: El control de impulsos se asocia a la regulación de la alimentación y sueño, ambos dominios alterados en la etapa universitaria; la AC se relaciona con menor probabilidad de consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción. Tanto la AR como la SC emergen como recursos potencialmente útiles hacia la promoción de hábitos saludables y prevención de conductas de riesgo para la salud.

ABSTRACT Self-regulation (SR) and Self-compassion (SC) emerge as effective psychological resources for promoting health. Objective: To describe health-promoting and risk-taking behaviors of university students in Chile and establish their relationship with SR and SC. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. A sample of Chilean undergraduate students (n=544) responded to a health questionnaire and the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Self-Compassion Scale. Results: Low frequency of health-promoting behaviors and presence of risk-taking behaviors such as tobacco use (22.6%), drug use (41.3%) and problematic alcohol use (20.3%) were observed. SR impulse control was associated with a higher probability of healthy eating behavior (OR=1.56; CI 95%: 1.12-2.19; p <0.01) and better sleep quality (OR=1,7; CI: 1.24-2.38; p <0.01). Mindfulness, a component of SC, was associated with less regular physical activity (OR=0.69; CI: 0.49-0.95; p <0.05) and lower consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=0.54; CI: 0.32-0.91; p <0.05), and self-judgment was related to a higher consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=1.83; CI: 1.03-3.28; p <0.05). Conclusion: Impulse control influences both eating and sleep regulation, which are domains that tend to be altered among university students. SC is related to a lower probability of consuming non-prescription drugs. Both SR and SC emerge as potentially useful resources for promoting healthy habits and preventing risk behaviors.

RESUMO A Autorregulação (AR) e a Autocompaixão (AC) surgem como recursos psicológicos eficazes para a promoção da saúde. Objetivo: Descrever os comportamentos promotores da saúde e os comportamentos de risco de estudantes universitários no Chile e estabelecer sua relação com o AR e AC. Materiais e Método: Estudo correlacional descritivo transversal. Uma amostra de estudantes universitários chilenos (n = 544) respondeu a um questionário sobre saúde e aos Self-Regulation Questionnaire e Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Observou-se baixa frequência de comportamentos promotores de saúde e presença de comportamentos de risco como o consumo de tabaco (22,6%), uso de drogas (41,3%) e uso problemático de álcool (20,3%). O controle do impulso da AR foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de comportamento alimentar saudável (OR = 1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p <0,01) e melhor qualidade do sono (OR = 1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p < 0,01). O componente mindfulness da AC foi associado a menor atividade física regular (OR = 0,69; IC: 0,49-0,95; p <0,05) e menor consumo de medicamentos não prescritos (OR = 0,54; IC: 0,32-0,91; p <0,05), e o autojulgamento foi relacionado a um maior consumo de medicamentos não controlados (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p <0,05). Conclusão: O controle dos impulsos influencia a regulação da alimentação e do sono, que são domínios que tendem a ser alterados na fase universitária. A AC está relacionada a uma menor probabilidade de consumir medicamentos sem receita médica. Tanto a AR como a AC surgem como recursos potencialmente úteis para a promoção de hábitos saudáveis e prevenção de comportamentos de risco para a saúde.

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Este artículo propone una discusión sobre los factores psicosociales que influyen en la manera en que los seres humanos toman decisiones relacionadas con el autocontrol, enfatizando en la forma en que lo hacen los niños preescolares en situaciones de postergación de recompensas. Para ello, toma como punto de partida el test de la golosina puesto en contexto social, para analizar la forma en la cual aspectos tales como la racionalidad, las emociones, la condición socioeconómica y particularmente la confianza en los demás influyen en cómo se toman decisiones y cómo se ejerce o no el autocontrol en relación con el postergar recompensas inmediatas para obtener, posteriormente, otras mayores.

Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre os fatores psicossociais que influenciam a maneira em que os seres humanos tomam decisões relacionadas ao autocontrole, enfatizando o que fazem as crianças pré-escolares em situações de adiamento de recompensa. Para isso, tomamos como ponto de partida o teste do marshmallow aplicado ao contexto social, para analisar a forma pela qual aspectos como a racionalidade, as emoções, a condição socioeconômica, e particularmente a confiança nos outros influenciam em como as decisões são tomadas e como se exerce ou não o autocontrole em relação ao adiamento de recompensas imediatas para obter, posteriormente, outras maiores.

This article proposes a discussion of psychosocial factors that influence how humans make decisions related to self-control, emphasizing how preschoolers make those decisions in delayed reward situations. To this end, it takes as a starting point the marshmallow test placed in social context, to analyze how aspects such as rationality, emotions, socioeconomic status, culture and particularly trust in others influence how decisions are made and how self-control is exercised in relation to the delay of immediate rewards to obtain, subsequently, more beneficial results.

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Resumen A través de un estudio correlacional, esta investigación explora la influencia de posibles beneficios sociales y sus variables asociadas en la adopción de Comportamientos Urbanos Responsables (CUR). Teniendo en cuenta la complejidad del problema y el número de variables a explorar, se empleó el modelo de Teoría de Facetas. Además, se diseñó un cuestionario derivado de una "frase mapa" que presenta en forma de viñetas situaciones urbanas hipotéticas que exploran las variables en estudio. Participaron 177 individuos que estimaron la probabilidad de que un individuo involucrado en una viñeta adopte o no un CUR, a partir de variables como la distancia temporal y la magnitud del beneficio, la saliencia del anuncio de este beneficio, y la aprobación social y el reproche. Un análisis de distancias mínimas (SSA) mostró que los participantes reconocen estas variables a la hora de optar por un CUR. La distancia temporal para obtener el beneficio y la magnitud grande del beneficio resultaron estar altamente correlacionadas con la mayor estimación sobre la probabilidad de que un individuo elija un CUR. Se sugiere formular estrategias educativas y políticas públicas que conduzcan al desarrollo de la cooperación, la responsabilidad y la autorregulación, con el fin de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida urbana y la convivencia en el medio urbano.

Abstract Through a correlational study, this research explores the influence of possible social benefits and associated variables on the adoption of Responsible Urban Behaviors (RUB). Considering the complexity of the problem and the number of variables to be explored, the Facet Theory model was used. Also, a questionnaire was created, which presented hypothetical urban situations in the form of vignettes that explored the variables under study. A total of 177 individuals participated and estimated the likelihood of an individual involved in a vignette adopting or not an RUB, based on variables such as the time and magnitude of the benefit, salience of the advertisement of such benefit, and social approval and criticism. The smallest space analysis showed that participants recognize these variables when it comes to opting for an RUB. The time to obtain the benefit and the magnitude of the benefit turned out to be highly correlated with the highest estimate of the likelihood of an individual choosing an RUB. This research suggests formulating educational strategies and public policies that lead to the development of cooperation, responsibility, and self-regulation, to help improve the quality of urban life and coexistence in the urban environment.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the effects of several psychological factors (self-esteem, self-control, and emotional stability) over lifestyle-related variables (time spent on leisure activities) and the levels of satisfaction (family, friends, work, and leisure satisfaction) experienced during the COVID-19 outbreak. Data for this article were retrieved as part of a cross-sectional international study conducted in eleven Spanish-speaking countries between March and September 2020. The analyses were conducted using the responses of 9500 persons (65.95% women, 34.05% men). Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and indirect effects of the psychological variables on satisfaction variables mediated by the time engaged in leisure activities. Our model indicated that psychological factors significantly predicted the amount of time spent in leisure activities and satisfaction. Overall, results indicate that self-esteem is a relevant psychological factor to consider in the development of psychological interventions directed at promoting healthy lifestyles. Nevertheless, further research is needed to validate the direction of the associations found in this study.

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BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (ED) are associated with internalized problems (INTP), such as depression and anxiety. Evidence shows that ED and INTP are associated with comorbidities. The relationship between these variables has not been the focus of studies on young people from Northern Chile. Children and adolescents are considered as an at-risk group, since they have been found to experience greater vulnerability to psychological problems than other age groups within the population and given the scarcity of studies in Chile, it is necessary to study the relationship between these variables. METHODS: This study analyzed the relationship between ED and INTP in Chilean high school students aged 12 to 18 years using Pearson's correlation. This is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study. We included 2277 students belonging to the public, government-subsidized, and private educational establishments in Northern Chile. The Child and Adolescent Evaluation System [Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes (SENA)] was used to detect a range of INTP, as well as ED. The Brief Self-Control Scale was used in this study. RESULTS: A strong and direct correlation of the eating disorder variable with depression and anxiety was found. Additionally, significant differences were observed with sex, highlighting females with a higher presence of INTP and ED. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to establish strategies in the school setting for detecting frequent symptomatology in adolescents with INTP and ED to achieve a timely and accessible intervention. Since the symptomatology of ED is more prevalent in adolescents, this research evaluated relationships between ED and INTP in young people from Northern Chile. This research is relevant because the evidence on this topic in Chile is scarce and the relationships found could be the first research on the subject and serve to design an intervention plan at the school level in the medium and long terms. It is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study because all variables were measured at a single moment, and it sought to establish relationships between variables without assuming causality. The sample of secondary school students consisted of 2277 students, belonging to the public, subsidized, and private schools. Strong relationships were observed between INTP and ED, the strongest correlations being with the variables depression and anxiety. In addition, female participants presented greater problems in ED and INTP.

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BACKGROUND: Self-control (SC) has been consistently found associated with diverse health risk behaviors (HRBs), but little research refers to low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, there is evidence that some HRBs tend to aggregate, however studies with the specific purpose of addressing the relation between SC and multiple health risk behaviors (MHRBs) are rare. The objective of this study is to analyze these associations and provide evidence to help filling these gaps. METHODS: A sample of 2106 9th grade students from the city of São Paulo responded a self-administered questionnaire in 2017. We tested the association of SC measured as an ordinal variable with four levels (higher, high, medium and low) with six HRBs (binge drinking, marijuana use, smoking, high consumption of ultra-processed food, sedentary behavior and bullying perpetration), in both separated and aggregated forms (MHRBs), controlling for potential confounders. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association between exposure (SC) and single outcomes. In order to analyze the association of SC with MHRBs, multinomial logistic regression was employed. RESULTS: SC was associated with five of six HRBs investigated and with MHRBs. The effect size of the association of SC and MHRBs increased in a steep pattern with accumulation of more HRBs. CONCLUSION: Low self-control is associated with most HRBs investigated and the magnitude of the association increases when more than two or three HRBs are accumulated. There seems to be a group of adolescents in a position of pronounced vulnerability for MHRBs. This should be considered when designing public policy and prevention programs. In contexts of limited or scarce resources and public funds, interventions focusing the most vulnerable groups, instead of universal interventions, should be considered.

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Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la estructura factorial de la Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister y Boone, 2004) aplicada como autorreporte a una muestra de 151 participantes en Colombia (edad promedio de 8.2 años, 50.33 % niñas y 49.66 % niños) y 115 participantes en Chile (edad promedio de 7.3 años, 53.04 % niñas y 49.95 % niños). La escala también fue respondida a modo de heterorreporte por 80 madres de los participantes colombianos y las 115 madres de los participantes chilenos. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) arrojó soluciones bifactoriales en todas las muestras y reportó valores de consistencia interna aceptables, aunque la composición de los factores difirió notablemente entre países y entre madres e hijos(as). Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de las diferencias culturales, en la socialización del autocontrol y el desarrollo de la capacidad de autorregulación en los primeros años de la escuela primaria. Se concluye que la medición del autoncontrol en este grupo etáreo mediante la BSCS requiere ajustes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the factor structure of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister and Boone, 2004) used as self-report with a sample of 151 participants in Colombia (mean age 8.2 years, 50.33 % girls and 49.66 % boys) and 115 participants in Chile (mean age 7.3 years, 53.04 % girls and 49.95 % boys). The scale was also answered as a hetero-report by 80 mothers of the Colombian participants and the 115 mothers of the Chilean participants. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed bifactor solutions in all samples and reported acceptable internal consistency values, although the composition of the factors differed markedly between countries and between mothers and children. The findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences, in the socialization self-control and development of self-regulation skills in the early elementary school years. According to these findings, the measurement of self-control in this age group using the BSCS requires adjustments.

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O estudo buscou evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna (CFA) e na relação com variáveis externas para o Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF) e analisou o impacto da aquiescência. Participaram 234 pessoas, com idades entre 18 e 68 anos (M= 31,66; DP=11,75). Foram utilizados o IPSF e Escala Baptista de Depressão-Versão Triagem (EBADEP-Triagem), a Escala de Percepção do Suporte Social-Adulto (EPSUS-A) e a Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Adulto (EARE-AD). Foram acrescentados itens inversos ao IPSF para aquiescência. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura bifator foi que melhor se ajustou aos dados. Além disso, a aquiescência impactou tanto nos índices de ajuste quanto nas cargas fatoriais do fator geral. As correlações do IPSF foram positivas com EPSUS-A e EARE-AD e negativas com a EBADEP-Triagem. Estes resultados indicam evidências de validade para o IPSF e indica que o controle da aquiescência pode impactar escores obtidos com a aplicação da escala.

El estudio buscó evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna (CFA) y la relación con variables externas para el Inventario de Percepción de Apoyo Familiar (IPSF) y analizó el impacto de la aquiescencia. Participaron 234 personas, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 68 años (M = 31.66; DE = 11.75). Se utilizaron IPSF y la Escala de Versión de Detección de Depresión Baptista (EBADEP-Screening), la Escala de Percepción de Apoyo Social para Adultos (EPSUS-A) y la Escala de Autorregulación Emocional de Adultos (EARE-AD). Se han agregado elementos inversos a la IPSF para aquiescencia. Los resultados indicaron que la estructura bifactor se ajusta mejor a los datos. Además, la aquiescencia impactó tanto en los índices de ajuste como en las cargas de factores del factor general. Las correlaciones de IPSF fueron positivas con EPSUS-A y EARE-AD y negativas con EBADEP-Screening. Estos resultados indican evidencia de validez para el IPSF e indican que el control de aquiescencia puede afectar los puntajes obtenidos al aplicar la escala.

The study sought evidence of validity based on internal structure (CFA) and relationship to external variables for the Family Support Perception Inventory (IPSF) and analyzed the impact of acquiescence. Participants were 234 people, aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 31.66; SD = 11.75). The IPSF, the Baptista Depression Scale - Screening Version (EBADEP-Screening), the Adult Social Support Perception Scale (EPSUS-A) and the Adult Emotional Self-Regulation Scale (EARE-AD) were used. Inverse items were added to the IPSF to check for acquiescence. The results indicated that the bifactor structure fits the data best. Also, acquiescence had an impact on both the fit indices and the factor loadings of the general factor. The IPSF correlations were positive with the EPSUS-A and EARE-AD and negative with the EBADEP-Screening. These results indicate evidence of validity for the IPSF and show that acquiescence control can impact the scores obtained when applying the scale.