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PURPOSE: For the treatment of macular edema, in addition to the use of antivascular endothelial growth factors, steroids are also used intravitreally and sub-Tenon. Side effects include among others cataract formation and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). The aim of this retrospective study was to elicit the IOP elevation after administration of various steroidal medication, the time of onset, and the efficacy of the administered IOP-lowering therapies. METHODS: We included 428 eyes with a postoperative (n = 136), diabetic (n = 148), uveitic macular edema (n = 61), and macular edema after retinal vein occlusion (n = 83). These patients were treated with one or more diverse steroidal agents once or multiple times. These drugs included: triamcinolone acetonide (TMC) as intravitreal injection (TMC IVI) or sub-Tenon (TMC ST), as well as dexamethasone (DXM) and fluocinolone acetonide (FA) intravitreally. An increase of IOP of ≥ 25 mmHg was designated as pathological. A steroid response in anamnesis, the time of onset of IOP rise from the first administration, and the therapy administered were documented. RESULTS: Of 428 eyes, 168 eyes (39.3%) had IOP elevation up to a mean of 29.7 (SD ± 5.6) mmHg, which occurred at a median of 5.5 months. Steroids most frequently leading to rise of IOP included DXM (39.1% of all eyes receiving that drug), TMC IVI (47.6%), TMC ST combined with DXM (51.5%), DXM with FA (56.8%), and TMC IVI with DXM (57.4%). A Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Log Rank test showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). IOP rise was treated as follows: 119 conservatively (70.8%), and 21 surgically (12.5%, cyclophotocoagulation 8.3%, filtering surgery 1.8%, in 4 the steroidal drug implant was removed 2.4%), and 28 eyes received no therapy (16.7%). Sufficient IOP regulation was achieved in 82 eyes (68.9%) with topical therapy. In 37 eyes (31.1%) with persistently elevated intraocular pressure, topical therapy had to be continued over the follow-up of 20 ± 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: IOP increases after any type of steroid application are not rare. Results of our study let us suspect that especially therapy with intravitreal dexamethasone, either as a monotherapy or in combination with another steroid, tends to increase IOP more than other steroids. Regular IOP checks are necessary after each steroid administration, with possible initiation of long-term conservative and/or surgical therapy if necessary.

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Purpose: Our aim was to determine the various risk factors for secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil (SO) injection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed on 46 eyes of 42 patients who underwent PPV with SO injection under a single surgeon between January 2020 and July 2021. Complete ophthalmological examination including gonioscopy and Goldmann applanation tonometry was performed preoperatively and on three postoperative visits, that is, day 7, day 30, and day 90. Axial length and lens thickness were measured at baseline using immersion A-scan. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used for measuring anterior chamber depth (ACD) at baseline and at 3 months. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) (>21 mmHg) on day 7 (4.70 ± 7.754 mmHg), day 30 (5.24 ± 7.481 mmHg), and day 90 (2.39 ± 5.659 mmHg) (P<0.01 for all). Age <50 years, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), and pseudophakia had a strong association with short-term OHT on day 7. Preexisting glaucoma was the only independent risk factor for long-term OHT (day 90). Higher baseline IOP and SO emulsification also contributed to long-term OHT. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant elevation in IOP at all postoperative visits. Short-term OHT was associated with younger age (<50 years), RRD, and pseudophakia. Patients with emulsified SO in the anterior chamber, higher baseline IOP, and preexisting glaucoma were at higher risk for long-term OHT.

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Objectives@#We described the demographic and clinical profiles of patients with carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF), determined the prevalence of increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and described the IOP outcomes after endovascular treatment.@*Methods@#This was a single-center, retrospective review of records of patients with clinical signs and radiologic evidence of CCF from January 2012 to December 2017. Outcome measures included the prevalence of increased IOP in those with CCF, mean and range of IOPs, average number of IOP-lowering medications needed, and percentage of eyes with normal, controlled, and uncontrolled IOP before and after endovascular intervention. @*Results@#Ninety-six (96) eyes of 92 patients with radiologic evidence of CCF on 4-vessel cerebral angiography were included. Fifty-nine (59) percent were between the ages of 20 to 39 years. Majority (65%) were males. Direct CCFs accounted for 70% of cases. Increased IOP was the third most common ocular sign with a prevalence of 78%, ranging from 10 to 56 mmHg (mean 20.3 ± 8.0). The average number of antiglaucoma medications for IOP control was 2. Eleven (11) underwent definitive management for CCF. Post-treatment, 33% of 13 eyes had normal, 27% controlled, and 40% uncontrolled IOPs.@*Conclusion@#There was a high prevalence of increased IOP in patients with CCF. Those who did not achieve IOP control should be referred for endovascular intervention to prevent serious complications, including secondary glaucoma.

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We report a case of refractory secondary ocular hypertension after insertion of dexamethasone implant (OZURDEX) for posterior uveitis in a young patient, which necessitated removal of the implant through pars plana vitrectomy along with a trabeculectomy. A young male developed secondary ocular hypertension following dexamethasone implant (OZURDEX) injection for control of posterior uveitis. As the implant was still present in the vitreous cavity, we successfully performed a pars plana removal of the implant along with trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Early intervention is essential to prevent glaucomatous optic neuropathy in young uveitic patients receiving OZURDEX implant.

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PURPOSE: To report a case of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with blood in Schlemm's canal following strabismus surgery. OBSERVATIONS: A 43-year-old female presented with acquired comitant esotropia. The patient had undergone an uneventful bilateral medial rectus recession and right lateral rectus resection operation under general anesthesia. Routine post-operative follow-up at day 3 detected a marked chemosis at the temporal side of the conjunctiva, an elevated IOP of 30 mmHg, and the presence of blood in Schlemm's canal in the temporal angle of the right eye. Episcleral venous outflow impairment was hypothesized to be the cause of secondary ocular hypertension in this patient. IOP was controlled with anti-glaucoma drops. Conjunctival chemosis, IOP, and blood in Schlemm's canal gradually decreased, and all topical medications were ceased at 11 weeks after the surgery. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: An IOP elevation can be an early complication after strabismus surgery. The presence of blood in Schlemm's canal suggests that the cause is impairment of episcleral venous flow. Although the episode can be transient, this report underlines the importance of IOP examination during the early post-operative period.

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PURPOSE: To report a case of recurred iris cyst 11 years after treatment with endodiathermy, which was treated with laser photocoagulation and cystotomy followed by intraocular pressure elevation and underwent anterior chamber irrigation. CASE SUMMARY: A 46-year-old female presented to our department with decreased vision in her left eye that had persisted for several months. The patient had a history of surgical removal of an iris cyst with endodiathermy 11 years ago. Slit lamp examination showed an iris cyst adjacent to the nasal corneal limbus. The cyst was filled with turbid fluid. It distorted the pupil and threatened visual axis. Iris cystotomy (diameter larger than 500 microm) was done with diode laser photocoagulation and a neodymiumdoped yttrium aluminium garnet laser. At the same day, the patient's intraocular pressure elevated to 50 mm Hg in spite of maximal conservative treatment and went through anterior chamber irrigation. After six months, the iris cyst was adhered to corneal endothelium and disappeared. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure was within normal range. CONCLUSIONS: An iris cyst can recur after treatment with endodiathermy. Recurred iris cyst can be successfully treated with laser photocoagulation and cystotomy. However, turbid fluid inside the cyst may outflow to the anterior chamber and cause secondary ocular hypertension after treatment, so careful observation is needed.

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La queratoplastia endotelial no estß exenta de complicaciones y hasta el momento ha demostrado ser un tratamiento efectivo para la disfunci¾n endotelial. Se presenta una paciente femenina, blanca, de 76 a±os de edad, con antecedente patol¾gico personal de hipertensi¾n arterial controlada. Se le realiz¾ queratoplastia endotelial con pelado de la descemet asistida con lßser de excÝmero. Se obtuvo buena transparencia corneal y recuperaci¾n visual en ojo derecho. Al mes siguiente acudi¾ a consulta y refiri¾ dolor ocular intenso. En el examen oftalmol¾gico presentaba edema palpebral, inyecci¾n cilioconjuntival, edema corneal ligero, cßmara anterior muy estrecha y contacto iridocorneal en periferia temporal con cifras de presi¾n ocular aumentada.(AU)

Endothelial keratoplasty is not complication-free and it has so far proved to be an effective treatment for endothelial dysfunction. This is a Caucasian female patient aged 76 years, who has personal pathological history of controlled blood hypertension. She underwent Descemet stripping with Excimer laser endothelial keratoplasty. Good corneal transparency and visual recovery in her right eye were achieved after surgery. One month later, she went to the ophthalmologist´s again and complained about intense ocular pain. The eye examination yielded palpebral edema, cilioconjunctival injection, mild corneal edema, very narrow anterior chamber, iridocorneal contact in temporal periphery and high ocular pressure figures.(AU)

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La queratoplastia endotelial no está exenta de complicaciones y hasta el momento ha demostrado ser un tratamiento efectivo para la disfunción endotelial. Se presenta una paciente femenina, blanca, de 76 años de edad, con antecedente patológico personal de hipertensión arterial controlada. Se le realizó queratoplastia endotelial con pelado de la descemet asistida con láser de excímero. Se obtuvo buena transparencia corneal y recuperación visual en ojo derecho. Al mes siguiente acudió a consulta y refirió dolor ocular intenso. En el examen oftalmológico presentaba edema palpebral, inyección cilioconjuntival, edema corneal ligero, cámara anterior muy estrecha y contacto iridocorneal en periferia temporal con cifras de presión ocular aumentada.

Endothelial keratoplasty is not complication-free and it has so far proved to be an effective treatment for endothelial dysfunction. This is a Caucasian female patient aged 76 years, who has personal pathological history of controlled blood hypertension. She underwent Descemet stripping with Excimer laser endothelial keratoplasty. Good corneal transparency and visual recovery in her right eye were achieved after surgery. One month later, she went to the ophthalmologist´s again and complained about intense ocular pain. The eye examination yielded palpebral edema, cilioconjunctival injection, mild corneal edema, very narrow anterior chamber, iridocorneal contact in temporal periphery and high ocular pressure figures.

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PURPOSE: To reduce complications and provide proper management for better clinical outcomes in the treatment of macular edema through a large-scale analysis of the incidence and risk factors for complications of intravitreal triamcinolone injection. METHODS: The medical records of 490 eyes that received intravitreal triamcinolone (4.0 mg) injection for treatment of macular edema caused by various diseases were retrospectively reviewed, and relevant parameters were included in a multivariate regression model. RESULTS: Vitrectomized (p < 0.001) and pseudophakic (p = 0.054) eyes were less likely to exhibit an intraocular pressure increase, but glaucoma (p < 0.001) and young age (p = 0.073) were found to be significant risk factors for this complication. Vitrectomized eyes (p = 0.011), diabetic macular edema (p < 0.001), secondary ocular hypertension (p = 0.029) and old age (p = 0.059) were associated with cataract progression. Three consecutive case of sterile endophthalmitis, which differs from bacterial endophthalmitis in clinical course and prognosis, occurred during the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors and the incidence of complications after intravitreal triamcinolone injection should be evaluated through regular follow-up evaluation to ensure proper management and a better prognosis.

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