RESUMEN
Urinary schistosomosis is a serious public health problem prevalent in low-income rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including coastal part of Kenya. Praziquantel administration to school-aged children is the prevailing tool of schistosomosis control in these regions. The aim of our study was to find out if this control strategy can lead to interruption of parasite trasmission and disease elimination. During February and March 2018, the occurrence of urinary schistosomosis in volunteers of primary health care facilities in Kwale County, Kenya was examined and the occurrence of infected intermediate hosts Bulinus globosus in local water resources was monitored. Participants completed a questionnaire concerning source of water for household purposes, type of housing and health status and were asked to provide urine samples. Diagnosis of urinary schistosomosis was established by detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine specimens microscopically, using filtration method. Infected B. globosus snails were detected using cercaria shedding tests. From the hemolymph of snails, prepatent period of infection was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of urinary schistosomosis was detected in 15.07 % (69 out of 451) of study participants. Cercaria shedding test was positive in 2 particular sites of river Pengo and Tsanganyiko. Genetic material (haemolymph) of 68 B. globosus snails tested by DraI PCR revealed 7 Schistosoma spp. positive samples. Six of seven DraI positive snails were infected by S. haematobium, as it was detected by Sh110/SmS1 PCR. The study revealed, that the disease was still present in the region studied and the transmission was not interrupted. The rate of infection was significantly influenced by the water supplies used for household purposes and the type of housing.
RESUMEN
Intestinal schistosmosis caused by Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum is an important snail borne trematode infection that adversely affects the production and productivity of bovines in India. The present communication reports the high seroprevalence of infection among dairy cattle and buffaloes, under field conditions, utilizing a sensitive and specific excretory-secretory antigen based ELISA. Comparison of ELISA with copro-PCR, microscopy and post-mortem mesentery examination revealed the diagnostic superiority of ELISA. Seroprevalence of infection was mapped for the first time in India with special emphasis to agro- ecological zones. Anti-schistosome antibodies were detected in 34.96% of dairy cattle and buffaloes in the state with the evidence of significant influence of topography on the prevalence of infection. The study also highlighted the need to trace endemic pockets of infection in the country through efficient ante-mortem surveillance and to initiate anti-schistosome therapy prior to animal transport.
Asunto(s)
Búfalos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Schistosoma/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , India/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Schistosoma/aislamiento & purificación , Esquistosomiasis/epidemiología , Esquistosomiasis/parasitología , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Schistosomosis is a common parasitic infection in animals prevalent in cattle in Asia and Africa, where it is estimated that at least 165 million animals are infected. Out of the 10 species reported to naturally infect cattle only Schistosoma nasale and Schistosoma spindale have received particular attention, because of their recognized veterinary significance. Although animal schistosomes may, under rare conditions favouring intensive transmission, act as important pathogens in endemic areas occur at a subclinical level, causing significant losses due to long term effects on animal growth and productivity. The detection of Schistosoma antigens in serum or stool could be more valuable in diagnosis, hence early treatment before irreparable damage. In this study, fresh adult worms of S. spindale were collected from the mesenteric blood vessels, whole worm antigen was prepared. These were immunized to rabbit and guinea pig to raise antibodies against S. spindale. Polyclonal antibodies of rabbit are further used as primary capture antibodies to coat ELISA plates. The capture of antibodies of guinea pig was conjugation with horse reddish peroxidase was used as secondary antibodies. Sandwich ELISA was performed to detect Schistosoma antigens in faecal samples collected from a total of 86 infected cattle and buffaloes. The working dilutions of capture antibody, detecting antibody and conjugate were found to be 1:32, 1:20 and 1:5,000 respectively by checker board titration method. The dilution of faecal supernatant antigens of S. spindale antibodies was 1:80. Out of 86 faecal samples, 77 samples were positive by Sandwich ELISA indicating 89.54 % infection. Where as in control samples none of the samples was positive. In mixed infection out of 20 samples positive for fasciola, amphistome and hydatid, Out of 20 samples 2 samples were positive indicating 10 % infection rate. The overall sensitivity of this test is 88.65 % and specificity was 90.90 %. It could be concluded that sandwich ELISA is a rapid, easy and sensitive assay for diagnosis of S. spindale infection in bovines.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o fluxo sangüíneo portal na esquistossomose hepato-esplênica e o efeito tardio do tratamento cirúrgico na hemodinâmica portal. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 64 pacientes por Doppler dúplex: grupo I (pacientes com hipertensão portal esquistossomótica); grupo II (pacientes submetidos a desconexão ázigo-portal com esplenectomia) e grupo III (pacientes submetidos derivação esplenorrenal distal). RESULTADOS: O fluxo da veia porta foi maior no grupo I (1954,46 ± 693,73ml/min) e foi menor no grupo III (639,55 ± 285,86ml/min), neste correlacionou-se com o tempo pós-operatório (r=-0,67, p=0,0005). O fluxo sangüíneo portal do grupo II (1097,18 ± 342,12ml/min) foi semelhante ao de indivíduos normais. As mesmas alterações foram verificadas com relação ao diâmetro da veia porta nos grupos I, II, e III (cm): 1,46 ± 0,23; 1,12 ± 0,22; 0,93 ± 0,20, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados sugerem que: 1) Existe hiperfluxo portal na fisiopatologia da hipertensão portal esquistossomótica; 2) o tratamento cirúrgico interferiu na hemodinâmica portal, diminuindo o fluxo sangüíneo da veia porta; 3) Esta redução do fluxo sangüíneo portal correlacionou-se com o tempo de seguimento pós-operatório no grupo III mas não no grupo II.
BACKGROUND: Assessment of the portal blood flow in hepatoesplenic schistosomosis and the late effect of surgical treatment on portal hemodynamics. METHOD: Were studied 64 patients by duplex scan: group I (patients with schistosomal portal hypertension); group II (patients who underwent esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy); group III (patients who underwent distal splenorenal shunt). RESULTS: Portal vein blood flow was the highest in group I (1954.46 ± 693.73 ml/min) and the lowest in group III (639.55 ± 285.86 ml/min) which correlated with follow-up time (r=-0.67, p=0.0005). Group II portal flow (1097.18 ± 342.12 ml/min) was similar to control. The same changes were seen in portal vein diameter in groups I, II, III (cm): 1.46 ± 0.23, 1.12 ± 0.22, 0.93 ± 0.20, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that: 1) there is portal overflow in the physiopathology of schistosomal portal hypertension; 2) surgical treatment has interfered in hemodynamic reducing portal venous blood flow; 3) portal venous blood flow reduction correlated with follow-up time in group III but not in group II.