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This study aimed to describe the development of the Perceived Therapist's Knowledge about Gender Identity Diversity Scale and to preliminarily validate this scale by describing its psychometric properties. This research instrument was constructed based on the existing literature and recommendations for instrument development. Initially, a 36-item scale was devised to assess perceived openness and knowledge about gender identity diversity in therapy. The content validation process involved 12 expert judges, leading to a refined 25-item scale. Participants consisting of 57 trans and non-binary Puerto Rican individuals completed the scale. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure, supporting a single factor named "perceived knowledge about gender identity diversity in therapy." The final scale demonstrated excellent reliability (α = 0.978; Sα = 0.980; ω = 0.979), indicating strong internal consistency. This validated scale contributes to assessing primarily Hispanic trans and non-binary individuals' perceptions of their therapists' knowledge about gender identity diversity.

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BACKGROUND: Thriving from Work is a construct that has been highlighted as an important integrative positive worker well-being indicator that can be used in both research and practice. Recent public discourse emphasizes the important contributions that work should have on workers' lives in positive and meaningful ways and the importance of valid and reliable instruments to measure worker well-being. The Thriving from Work Questionnaire measures how workers' experiences of their work and conditions of work contributes in positive ways to their thriving both at and outside of work. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to translate the Thriving from Work Questionnaire from English to Spanish, and then validate the translated questionnaire in a sample of 8,795 finance workers in Peru and Mexico. We used item response theory models replicating methods that were used for the original validation studies. We conducted a differential item functioning analysis to evaluate any differences in the performance of models between Peru and Mexico. We evaluated criterion validity with organizational leadership, flourishing, vitality, community well-being, and worker's home location socio-economic position. RESULTS: The current study demonstrates that the Spanish (Peru/Mexico) questionnaire was found to be a reliable and valid measure of workers' thriving from work. One item was dropped from the long-form version of the original U.S. questionnaire. Both the long and short form versions of the questionnaire had similar psychometric properties. Empirical reliability was high. Criterion validity was established as hypothesized relationships between constructs was supported. There were no differences in the performance of the model between countries suggesting utility across Latin American countries. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that the Spanish (Peru and Mexico) version of the questionnaire is both a reliable and valid measure of worker well-being in Latin America. Specific recommendations are made for the adaptation of the questionnaire and directions of future research.

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BACKGROUND: Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population. METHOD: The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables. RESULTS: The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale.

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Abstract Background Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct. Objective This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population. Method The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables. Results The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusions The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale.

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Introduction: Culture plays a fundamental role in shaping human behavior, with individualism and collectivism being key cultural dimensions. However, existing scales for measuring these constructs, such as the INDCOL scale, have demonstrated issues when applied in diverse cultural contexts. To address this, we present the translation and adaptation of the Mexican Vertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism Scale (MXINDCOL) into English, aiming to identify both universal and culture-specific elements. Methods: Data were collected from 1124 participants (371 from the United States, 753 from Mexico) using the MXINDCOL and INDCOL scales. Propensity score matching was applied to balance demographic differences between the samples. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) assessed model fit, and cross-cultural measurement invariance was examined. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity were also assessed. Results: The English-translated MXINDCOL scale demonstrated good model fit in both US and Mexican samples, outperforming the INDCOL scale. Reliability values were higher for the MXINDCOL scale compared to INDCOL. Cross-cultural measurement invariance was established, allowing for meaningful comparisons between the two cultures. US participants scored higher on vertical collectivism, while Mexican participants scored higher on horizontal collectivism and horizontal individualism. Discussion: The MXINDCOL scale offers a culturally sensitive measurement of individualism and collectivism, addressing issues found in existing scales. It provides a more accurate assessment of cultural orientations and enriches the understanding of cultural dimensions by incorporating idiosyncratic elements. Further research in diverse cultural contexts is recommended to validate and refine the scale, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of cultural variations in individualism and collectivism.

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The objective of this research was to develop and assess the validity of a scale to measure perceived abortion self-efficacy (PASE). Perceived abortion self-efficacy is defined as an individual's perceived confidence in their ability to carry out the tasks necessary to end a pregnancy safely and successfully. During the first phase of this study between February and April 2018, we conducted qualitative research using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with women in Bolivia, Nepal, and Nigeria to explore domains of PASE. Using the qualitative data, we prepared a draft set of measures with 31 items. In October and November 2018, the second phase of the study included field testing 31 draft items with a convenience sample of approximately 1200 women across the three study countries. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify an appropriate scale structure, resulting in a 15-item, 3-factor model. The three factors represent the concepts of enlisting social resources, accessing information and care, and resilience. In the third and final phase in September and October 2019, the validity of the 15 scale items was assessed. The scale was administered to a new sample of approximately 400 women in each country. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test model fit for the scale structure identified during the second phase. The results from this study suggest that the final PASE scale has considerable potential to be a valid measure of PASE. The new 15-item PASE scale presented in this paper can be used to evaluate programmes or interventions designed to improve women's PASE and to assess the state of PASE in populations.

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Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in Uruguay, yet less than half of the eligible population is up to date with screenings. Research is hampered because no measures exist to assess psychosocial factors that influence screening decisions in this population. To address this gap, we report on the development and psychometric validation of the Colorectal Cancer Literacy Scale-Uruguay Version, a scale based on the health literacy model. We developed an item pool based on the extant literature, obtained feedback from experts, and conducted focus groups with community participants and health care providers. After revision, we conducted a psychometric validation with a national community sample of 405 participants. Through an exploratory factor analysis, we identified four factors that were collapsed into two for theoretical and pragmatic reasons, representing (a) disposition toward cancer prevention and (b) attitudes, beliefs, and emotions about cancer. A third factor, knowledge about colorectal cancer, was examined separately given its distinct focus. Subsequently, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining sample participants using Rasch measurement theory for validation purposes and to further assess the scales' psychometric properties. The resulting 44-item scale presented a good model fit with adequate EAP reliabilities and good initial discriminant validity. Further criterion-related validity analyses should be performed when additional measures are available. The Colorectal Cancer Literacy Scale-Uruguay Version is a theoretically based measure that can bring to light barriers and facilitative factors in an underscreened population at risk. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.

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An implementation proposal that seeks to globalize the scope of the sustainable technologies developed in the University laboratories is presented. This approach uses the generation of triple-impact projects placing people at the center of technological development to bring technical and scientific knowledge into a service design oriented to global sustainable solutions. This research is an approach to what a hub for scientific research, technological implementation, and human needs would look like by designing common environments in which to interact and expand knowledge in an iterated way through the experience of all the actors involved in technological implementation. As a control case, a new technology developed at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, consisting of using sustainable materials as tubular reactor fillers for water treatment was chosen. Based on data obtained within the framework of a University extension project, in which the water quality diagnosis for human consumption was carried out and cross-examined with the mathematical analysis of sorption, design parameters of the reactor, participatory design, and open source concepts application, different virtual environments were generated with distinct objectives: i) open design environment: publishing and mapping of installed sorption reactors, reactor model plans, and useful information related to drinking water quality (aimed at contributors of the open source design environment); ii) platform for academic actors linking: connecting data between prototyping lab for participatory design of sorption reactors (aimed at university research users); iii) information disclosure page: space where the implemented technology impact is displayed and shows options to contact researchers and request a reactor design diagnosis for another community (aimed at beneficiary users). A technological service designed to link the University with the community was proposed, by resolving one of the main gaps related to the possibility for communities to access public financing for self-managed improvement projects, increasing the appropriation of the adopted technology and democratizing public investment, making it sustainable over time.

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U.S.-Mexico border residents experience pervasive social and ecological stressors that contribute to a high burden of chronic disease. However, the border region is primarily composed of high-density Mexican-origin neighborhoods, a characteristic that is most commonly health-promoting. Understanding factors that contribute to border stress and resilience is essential to informing the effective design of community-level health promotion strategies. La Vida en La Frontera is a mixed-methods, participatory study designed to understand factors that may contribute to border resilience in San Luis, Arizona. The study's initial qualitative phase included interviews with 30 Mexican-origin adults exploring community perceptions of the border environment, cross-border ties, and health-related concepts. Border residents described the border as a Mexican enclave characterized by individuals with a common language and shared cultural values and perspectives. Positive characteristics related to living in proximity to Mexico included close extended family relationships, access to Mexican food and products, and access to more affordable health care and other services. Based on these findings, we co-designed the 9-item Border Resilience Scale that measures agreement with the psychosocial benefits of these border attributes. Pilot data with 60 residents suggest there are positive sociocultural attributes associated with living in border communities. Further research should test if they mitigate environmental stressors and contribute to a health-promoting environment for residents.

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With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in fields such as medical treatment, while the threat of artificial intelligence has also received extensive attention. However, this topic has been only limitedly explored in China. To provide a measurement tool for AI threat research in China, this study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI) in two Chinese samples of adults (N1 = 654, N2 = 1483). Results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested that the one-factor model of TAI as the best fitting model. Furthermore, the Chinese TAI was significantly related to Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, proving good criterion-related validity of the Chinese TAI. In sum, this study suggested the Chinese version of the TAI as a reliable and effective tool in assessing AI threat in the Chinese context. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

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Abstract With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in fields such as medical treatment, while the threat of artificial intelligence has also received extensive attention. However, this topic has been only limitedly explored in China. To provide a measurement tool for AI threat research in China, this study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI) in two Chinese samples of adults (N1 = 654, N2 = 1483). Results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested that the one-factor model of TAI as the best fitting model. Furthermore, the Chinese TAI was significantly related to Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, proving good criterion-related validity of the Chinese TAI. In sum, this study suggested the Chinese version of the TAI as a reliable and effective tool in assessing AI threat in the Chinese context. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

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Background: Medication adherence is a crucial component in the management of patients with chronic diseases needing a long-term pharmacotherapy. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, degenerative disease with complex drug treatment that poses challenging barriers to patient adherence. The adoption of best practices of scale development can contribute to generate solid concepts and, in the long run, a more stable knowledge base on the underlying constructs of medication adherence in PD measured by the items of the first scale to be created for this purpose. Purpose: To present the development process and clinimetric testing plan of the Parkinson's Disease Medication Adherence Scale (PD-MAS). Method: We adopted a hybrid approach plan based on the United States Food and Drug Administration and Benson and Clark Guide that will create a patient-reported outcome instrument. We presented an overview of consecutive and interrelated steps, containing a concise description of each one. International research centers from Brazil and United States were initially involved in the planning and implementation of the methodological steps of this study. Results: We developed a four-phase multimethod approach for the conceptualization and the clinimetric testing plan of the PD-MAS. First, we describe the development process of the conceptual framework of the PD-MAS underpinning the scale construct; second, we formalized the development process of the first version of the PD-MAS from the generation of item pools to the content validation and pre-testing; third, we established the steps for the first pilot testing and revision; fourth, we describe the steps plan for the first pilot testing and revision, to finally describe its clinimetric testing plan and validation. Conclusion: The overview presentation of the development phases and the clinimetric testing plan of the PD-MAS demonstrate the feasibility of creating an instrument to measure the multidimensional and multifactorial components of the medication adherence process in people with PD.

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Resumo O objetivo é apresentar uma proposta de mensuração do nível de urbanicidade das cidades brasileiras com dados do censo 2010. Estudo ecológico que usou a classificação oficial do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) - urbano rural - e a de Veiga (2002) - Pequeno, Médio e Grande porte. Utilizou-se árvore de classificação para predição com Validação Cruzada. Testaram-se dois modelos de análise. No modelo 1, as variáveis independentes foram as características físicas e sociais das cidades, e o desfecho a classificação no critério IBGE. No modelo 2, além das variáveis usadas no modelo 1, incluiu-se como covariável o critério de Veiga (2002). Construída a árvore, calcularam-se a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia. O modelo 2 apresentou ganhos estatisticamente significante na predição do nível de urbanicidade, aumentando as estimativas de sensibilidade e acurácia nos conjuntos usados para teste. Municípios de grande porte foram classificados automaticamente como urbano no modelo 2. Mas, para predizer a urbanicidade das demais cidades houve a combinação dos critérios de Veiga (2002) com outras características físicas e sociais das cidades. A combinação de indicadores no modelo 2 permitiu definir critérios quantitativos para criar tipologias de classificação do urbano rural para o territorial municipal brasileiro.

Abstract The scope of this study is to present a proposal for measuring the level of urbanicity in Brazilian cities based on data from the 2010 census. It is an ecological study, which used the official (urban rural) classification of IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, in portuguese) and that of small, medium and large cities of Veiga (2002). A classification tree was used for prediction with Cross Validation. Two models of analysis were tested. In model 1, the independent variables were the physical and social characteristics of the cities, and the outcome was classification in accordance with IBGE criteria. In model 2, in addition to the variables used in model 1, the Veiga (2002) criterion was included as a covariate. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were then calculated. Model 2 showed statistically significant gains in the prediction of the level of urbanicity, increasing the sensitivity and accuracy estimates in the sets used for testing. Large cities were automatically classified as urban in model 2. However, to predict the urbanicity of other cities, Veiga (2002) criteria were combined with other physical and social characteristics of cities. The combination of indicators in model 2 enabled the definition of quantitative criteria to create typologies for classifying the urban rural definition in the Brazilian municipal territory.

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The general purpose of this work is 2-fold, to validate scales and to present the methodological procedure to reduce these scales to validate a rating scale for the student evaluation of teaching in the context of a Polytechnic Higher Education Institution. We explored the relationship between the long and short versions of the scale; examine their invariance in relation to relevant variables such as gender. Data were obtained from a sample of 6,110 students enrolled in a polytechnic higher education institution, most of whom were male. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, intraclass correlation, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), confirmatory factorial analysis, correlations between the short and long form corrected for the shared error variance, gender measurement invariance, reliability using congeneric correlated factors, and correlations with academic achievement for the class as unit with an analysis following a multisection design. Results showed four highly correlated factors that do not exclude a general factor, with an excellent fit to data; configural, metric, and scalar gender measurement invariance; high reliability for both the long and short scale and subscales; high short and long-form scale correlations; and moderate but significant correlations between the long and short versions of the scales with academic performance, with individual and aggregate data collected from classes or sections. To conclude, this work shows the possibility of developing student evaluation of teaching scales with a short form scale, which maintains the same high reliability and validity indexes as the longer scale.

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Self-acceptance, that is, a person's acceptance of their own psychological and physical attributes, is considered critical for mental wellbeing. A lack of self-acceptance may contribute to the development of psychopathology. In the peripartum period, self-acceptance has particular relevance, as major psychological and body changes are normative during this time. This research presents the development and validation of the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW) and the Self-Acceptance Scale for Postpartum Women (SAS-PPW). Participants were aged 18-52. In Study 1, we developed 77 items for the SAS-PW and 74 items the SAS-PPW, based on literature review, previous scales, and qualitative study. In Study 2, nine experts and 60 representatives of the target population evaluated the instruments' content validity, leading some items to be excluded and others to be modified. Studies 3 and 4 analyzed the instruments' psychometric qualities among respondents to the instruments, 1254 pregnant women and 607 postpartum women from across Brazil. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with independent samples. The final SAS-PW (10 items and two-factors) and SAS-PPW (14 items and three-factors) demonstrated adequate psychometric quality for use with Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women, respectively.

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Objective: Sustained practice of Yoga leads to self-awareness, physical strength and high sense of energy. Yoga stimulates antioxidant levels in the body and reduces likelihood of dental disorders. No research has been undertaken connecting perception on yoga and oral health behaviors. The present study is an attempt to develop a psychometric scale entitled Perceived Benefits on Yoga Scale (PBYS) to measure individuals' perception on Yoga in relation to oral health behaviors. Material and methods: The psychometric tool was developed based on the concepts of Health Benefit Model (HBM). Among the four components of the model, the present study considered "perceived benefits" component. A total of 206 individuals participated in the study. To analyze the scale theoretically, face and content validity were assessed. Reliability of the scale was tested using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity was tested. Cronbach alpha and Spearman- Brown coefficient were applied to test the reliability of scale. Results: There were six items in the final scale, with a Spearman- Brown coefficient of 0.92 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation was found between POBYS scores and Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale (YSES). Validity of scale is within accepted range as indicated by Goodness of Fit indices. Conclusion: POBYS is a reliable and valid measure of perception on yoga outcomes with specific reference to oral health behavior. (AU)

Objetivo: A prática continua de Yoga leva ao autoconhecimento, força física e a sensação de energia elevada. O yoga estimula os níveis de antioxidantes no corpo e reduz a probabilidade de desordens dentais. Nenhuma pesquisa foi realizada conectando a percepção sobre o yoga e os comportamentos da saúde bucal. O presente estudo é uma tentativa de desenvolver uma escala psicométrica intitulada Escala de Benefícios Percebidos no Yoga (PBYS) para medir a percepção dos indivíduos sobre o Yoga em relação aos comportamentos da saúde bucal. Material e Métodos: A ferramenta psicométrica foi desenvolvida com base nos conceitos do Modelo de Benefícios à Saúde (HBM). Dentre os quatro componentes do modelo, o presente estudo considerou o componente "benefícios percebidos". Participaram do estudo 206 indivíduos. Para analisar teoricamente a escala, foram avaliadas a validade de face e de conteúdo. A confiabilidade da escala foi testada usando o alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de Spearman-Brown. Usando análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, a validade do construto foi testada. O alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de Spearman-Brown foram aplicados para testar a confiabilidade da escala. Resultados: Havia seis itens na escala final, com coeficiente de Spearman-Brown de 0,92 e alfa de Cronbach de 0,91. Estatisticamente significativo (p <0,001) foi encontrada correlação positiva entre os escores do PBYS e a Escala de Autoeficácia do Yoga (YSES). A validade da escala está dentro da faixa de aceitabilidade conforme indicado pelos índices de Goodness of Fit. Conclusão: PBYS é uma medida confiável e válida de percepção sobre os resultados do yoga com referência específica ao comportamento de saúde bucal. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Modifying lifestyle risk factors for dementia is a public health priority. Motivation for change is integral to the modification of health-related risk behaviours. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the previously validated tool entitled 'Motivation to Change Lifestyle and Health Behaviours for Dementia Risk Reduction Scale' (MCLHB-DRR) for use in the UK. METHODS: A sample of 3,948 individuals aged 50 and over completed the 27-item MCLHB-DRR online. The psychometric properties of the scale were explored via Exploratory Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) with Oblimin rotation. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the factor structure using chi-square (χ2), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the comparative fit index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) as fit indices to evaluate the model fit. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) was measured for the final scale version. RESULTS: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) resulted in a parsimonious 10-item, two-factor structure (5 items each, factor loadings > 0.3) that explained 52.83% of total variance. Based on the Pattern Matrix, Factor 1 was labelled "Positive Cues to Action" and Factor 2 was labelled "Negative Cues to Action". After addressing some errors in covariances, CFA showed a good fit where all fit indices were larger than 0.90 (GFI = 0.968, CFI = 0.938) and smaller than 0.08 (RMSEA = 0.072, RMR = 0.041). The standardized coefficients of Factor 1 and Factor 2 ranged from 0.30 to 0.73 and were all statistically significant (p < 0.001). The final scale showed moderate to high reliability scores (Factor 1 α = 0.809; Factor 2 α = 0.701; Overall α = 0.785). CONCLUSIONS: The new MOCHAD-10 (Motivation to Change Behaviour for Dementia Risk Reduction Scale) is a short, reliable and robust two-factor, 10-item clinical tool for use in preventative health care and research to evaluate motivation to change lifestyle for dementia risk reduction.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a reliable and valid measure of attitudes toward, and use and comprehen- sion of nutritional labels in Spanish speaking countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dimensions encompassed in this instrument are attitudes, comprehension and use, combining self-reports and objective measures of nutrition knowledge. Content validity, item analysis, repeat and internal reliability, and convergent and divergent validity were assessed in a pooled sample of 185 individuals. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha coefficients (above 0.9) exhibit internal consistency. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the scale show good properties for convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The final 25-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of use, comprehension and attitude towards nutrition labels for Spanish speaking populations.

OBJETIVO: Describir el desarrollo de una medida confiable y válida de las actitudes, uso y comprensión de etiquetas nutricionales en poblaciones de habla hispana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Las dimensiones abarcadas en este instrumento son las actitudes, la comprensión y el uso, combinando me- didas subjetivas y objetivas acerca del conocimiento sobre nutrición. Se evaluó la validez del contenido, el análisis de los ítems, la repetición y confiabilidad interna y la validez convergente y divergente en una muestra de 185 individuos. RESULTADOS: Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach (mayores a 0.9) presentan consistencia interna, mientras que el factor de análisis confirmatorio y exploratorio muestra que la escala tiene validez convergente y divergente. CONCLUSIONES: El instrumento final de 25 ítems es una medida válida y confiable de uso, comprensión y actitud hacia las etiquetas nutricionales diseñada para las poblaciones de habla hispana.

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Abstract: Objective: To describe the development of a reliable and valid measure of attitudes toward, and use and comprehension of nutritional labels in Spanish speaking countries. Materials and methods: The dimensions encompassed in this instrument are attitudes, comprehension and use, combining self-reports and objective measures of nutrition knowledge. Content validity, item analysis, repeat and internal reliability, and convergent and divergent validity were assessed in a pooled sample of 185 individuals. Results: Cronbach alpha coefficients (above 0.9) exhibit internal consistency. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the scale show good properties for convergent and divergent validity. Conclusion: The final 25-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of use, comprehension and attitude towards nutrition labels for Spanish speaking populations.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el desarrollo de una medida confiable y válida de las actitudes, uso y comprensión de etiquetas nutricionales en poblaciones de habla hispana. Material y métodos: Las dimensiones abarcadas en este instrumento son las actitudes, la comprensión y el uso, combinando medidas subjetivas y objetivas acerca del conocimiento sobre nutrición. Se evaluó la validez del contenido, el análisis de los ítems, la repetición y confiabilidad interna y la validez convergente y divergente en una muestra de 185 individuos. Resultados: Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach (mayores a 0.9) presentan consistencia interna, mientras que el factor de análisis confirmatorio y exploratorio muestra que la escala tiene validez convergente y divergente. Conclusiones: El instrumento final de 25 ítems es una medida válida y confiable de uso, comprensión y actitud hacia las etiquetas nutricionales diseñada para las poblaciones de habla hispana.

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Personalismo may have a broad influence on the well-being of U.S. Latinos by shaping social networks, and, in turn, access to information and resources. However, research on personalismo is currently constrained by the lack of a psychometrically sound measure of this cultural construct. This research used a mixed methods approach to develop a personalismo scale across three studies: a cognitive interviewing study with Mexican American adults (n=33); a cognitive interviewing study with non-Latino white, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults (n=61); and a psychometric telephone survey with Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults (n=1,296). The final, 12-item scale had high internal consistency reliability and appears to be appropriate for use with Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American adults. Significant differences emerged across Latino subgroups, with higher personalismo observed among Cuban Americans and female respondents, providing empirical evidence of cultural heterogeneity among U.S. Latino populations.