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INTRODUCTION: The grading of glial tumors is based on morphological and sometimes on molecular features. Many markers have been assessed in order to grade the glial tumours without a real consensus. Some authors reported that SRSF1, a spiling factor, presents an expression correlated to the tumours grades. AIM: In this study, we aimed to assess the utility of the SRSF1 into the grading of gliomas based on its immunohistochemical expression. METHODS: The authors conducted a meta-analysis under the PRISMA guidelines during a 10-year-period (2013-2023). The Meta-Disc software 5.4 (free version) was used. Q test and I2 statistics were carried out to explore the heterogeneity among studies. Meta-regression was performed in case of significant heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot test and the Egger's test (free version JASP). RESULTS: According to the inclusion criteria, 4 studies from 193 articles were included. The pooled SEN, SPE and DOR accounted respectively for 0.592, 0.565 and 1.852. The AUC was estimated to 0.558 suggesting a bad diagnostic accuracy. The heterogeneity in the pooled SEN and SPE was statistically significant. The meta-regression analysis focusing on the technique used, the clones, the dilution, the interpretation technique revealed no covariate factors (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Even if this meta-analysis highlighted the absence of a real diagnostic utility of the SRSF1 in grading the glial tumours, the heterogeneity revealed reinforces the need for more prospective studies performed according to the quality assessment criteria.

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in DCM remain elusive. Using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) to mimic DCM, we successfully constructed a dynamic lncRNA expression library for EAM by lncRNA microarray and found that the expression of a macrophage-enriched lncRNA, MAAMT, was significantly increased in the myocardial tissue of mice at the acute stage of EAM. Functionally, MAAMT knockdown alleviated the recruitment and proinflammatory activation of macrophages in the heart, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice at the acute stage of EAM, reduced myocardial inflammation and injury, and eventually reversed ventricular remodelling and improved cardiac function in mice at the chronic stage of EAM. Mechanistically, we identified serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) as an MAAMT-interacting protein in macrophages using RNA pull-down assays coupled with mass spectrometry. MAAMT knockdown attenuated the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of SRSF1, increased the protein expression of SRSF1, and restrained the activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, thereby inhibiting the proinflammatory activation of macrophages. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MAAMT is a key proinflammatory regulator of myocarditis that promotes macrophage activation through the SRSF1-NF-κB axis, providing a new insight into early effective treatment strategies for DCM.

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Laryngeal cancer is a common malignancy of the larynx with a generally poor prognosis. This study systematically assessed the functional role of lncRNA BBOX1-AS1 in laryngeal carcinoma progression and associated molecular regulatory mechanisms. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of laryngeal carcinoma cells were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, clonal formation, and transwell assays. In addition, the interaction between BBOX1-AS1, Serine/Arginine Splicing Factor 1 (SRSF1), and Ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) mRNA was examined employing RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down experiments. Furthermore, western blotting, and RT-qPCR assays were adopted to detect the expression levels of BBOX1-AS1, SRSF1, and EFNB2. The impact of BBOX1-AS1 and SRSF1 on EFNB2 mRNA stability was examined using the RNA stability assay. BBOX1-AS1 was highly expressed in human laryngeal carcinoma tissues and cell lines. BBOX1-AS1 knockdown suppressed the growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion of laryngeal carcinoma cells. BBOX1-AS1 maintained the stability of EFNB2 mRNA in laryngeal carcinoma cells by recruiting SRSF1. EFNB2 knockdown inhibited the growth and metastatic function of laryngeal carcinoma cells in vitro. EFNB2 overexpression reversed the influence of BBOX1-AS1 knockdown on laryngeal cancer tumorigenesis. BBOX1-AS1 maintained EFNB2 mRNA stability by recruiting SRSF1, thereby aggravating laryngeal carcinoma malignant phenotypes. BBOX1-AS1 might be a new theoretical target for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.

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In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA splicing is vital for RNA processing and orchestrated by the spliceosome, whose assembly starts with the interaction between U1-70K and SR proteins. Despite the significance of the U1-70K/SR interaction, the dynamic nature of the complex and the challenges in obtaining soluble U1-70K have impeded a comprehensive understanding of the interaction at the structural level for decades. We overcome the U1-70K solubility issues, enabling us to characterize the interaction between U1-70K and SRSF1, a representative SR protein. We unveil specific interactions: phosphorylated SRSF1 RS with U1-70K BAD1, and SRSF1 RRM1 with U1-70K RRM. The RS/BAD1 interaction plays a dominant role, whereas the interaction between the RRM domains further enhances the stability of the U1-70K/SRSF1 complex. The RRM interaction involves the C-terminal extension of U1-70K RRM and the conserved acid patches on SRSF1 RRM1 that is involved in SRSF1 phase separation. Our circular dichroism spectra reveal that BAD1 adapts an α-helical conformation and RS is intrinsically disordered. Intriguingly, BAD1 undergoes a conformation switch from α-helix to ß-strand and random coil upon RS binding. In addition to the regulatory mechanism via SRSF1 phosphorylation, the U1-70K/SRSF1 interaction is also regulated by U1-70K BAD1 phosphorylation. We find that U1-70K phosphorylation inhibits the U1-70K and SRSF1 interaction. Our structural findings are validated through in vitro splicing assays and in-cell saturated domain scanning using the CRISPR method, providing new insights into the intricate regulatory mechanisms of pre-mRNA splicing.

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SRSF1 is the founding member of the SR protein family. It is required-interchangeably with other SR proteins-for pre-mRNA splicing in vitro, and it regulates various alternative splicing events. Dysregulation of SRSF1 expression contributes to cancer and other pathologies. Here, we characterized SRSF1's interactome using proximity labeling and mass spectrometry. This approach yielded 190 proteins enriched in the SRSF1 samples, independently of the N- or C-terminal location of the biotin-labeling domain. The detected proteins reflect established functions of SRSF1 in pre-mRNA splicing and reveal additional connections to spliceosome proteins, in addition to other recently identified functions. We validated a robust interaction with the spliceosomal RNA helicase DDX23/PRP28 using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in vitro binding assays. The interaction is mediated by the N-terminal RS-like domain of DDX23 and both RRM1 and the RS domain of SRSF1. During pre-mRNA splicing, DDX23's ATPase activity is essential for the pre-B to B spliceosome complex transition and for release of U1 snRNP from the 5' splice site. We show that the RS-like region of DDX23's N-terminal domain is important for spliceosome incorporation, while larger deletions in this domain alter subnuclear localization. We discuss how the identified interaction of DDX23 with SRSF1 and other SR proteins may be involved in the regulation of these processes.

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INTRODUCTION: Abnormalities in splicing factors, such as mutations or deregulated expression, can lead to aberrant splicing of target genes, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite this, the precise mechanism underlying the abnormal alternative splicing (AS) induced by SRSF1, a splicing factor associated with poor AML prognosis, remains elusive. METHODS: Using strict splicing criteria, we globally screened for AS events in NPMc-positive and NPMc-negative AML samples from TCGA. An AS network associated with AML prognosis was then established. Functional assays, including CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Western blot, were conducted on K562 and THP-1 cells overexpressing SRSF1. Cell viability following 72-h Omipalisib treatment was also assessed. To explore the mechanism of SRSF1-induced AS, we created a BCL2L11 miniGene with a site-specific mutation at its branch point. The AS patterns of both wild-type and mutant miniGenes were analyzed following SRSF1 overexpression in HEK-293T, along with the subcellular localization of different spliceosomes. RESULTS: SRSF1 was significantly associated with AML prognosis. Notably, its expression was markedly upregulated in refractory AML patients compared to those with a favorable chemotherapy response. Overexpression of SRSF1 promoted THP-1 cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and reduced sensitivity to Omipalisib. Mechanistically, SRSF1 recognized an aberrant branch point within the BCL2L11 intron, promoting the inclusion of a cryptic exon 3, which in turn led to apoptosis arrest. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of SRSF1 and the resulting abnormal splicing of BCL2L11 are associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis in AML.

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BACKGROUND: SRSF1, a member of Serine/Arginine-Rich Splicing Factors (SRSFs), has been observed to significantly influence cancer progression. However, the precise role of SRSF1 in osteosarcoma (OS) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the functions of SRSF1 and its underlying mechanism in OS. METHODS: SRSF1 expression level in OS was evaluated on the TCGA dataset, TAGET-OS database. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to assess SRSF1 expression in human OS cell lines as well as the interfered ectopic expression states. The effect of SRSF1 on cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis of OS cells were measured by transwell assay and flow cytometry. RNA sequence and bioinformatic analyses were conducted to elucidate the targeted genes, relevant biological pathways, and alternative splicing (AS) events regulated by SRSF1. RESULTS: SRSF1 expression was consistently upregulated in both OS samples and OS cell lines. Diminishing SRSF1 resulted in reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased apoptosis in OS cells while overexpressing SRSF1 led to enhanced growth, migration, invasion, and decreased apoptosis. Mechanistically, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that the biological functions of SRSF1 were closely associated with the dysregulation of the protein targeting processes, location of the cytosolic ribosome, extracellular matrix (ECM), and proteinaceous extracellular matrix, along with the PI3K-AKT pathway, Wnt pathway, and HIPPO pathway. Transcriptome analysis identified AS events modulated by SRSF1, especially (Skipped Exon) SE events and (Mutually exclusive Exons) MXE events, revealing potential roles of targeted molecules in mRNA surveillance, RNA degradation, and RNA transport during OS development. qRT-PCR confirmed that SRSF1 knockdown resulted in the occurrence of alternative splicing of SRRM2, DMKN, and SCAT1 in OS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the oncogenic role of high SRSF1 expression in promoting OS progression, and further explore the potential mechanisms of action. The significant involvement of SRSF1 in OS development suggests its potential utility as a therapeutic target in OS.

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Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of a variety of cell biological processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of lncRNA MIR181A2HG in the proliferation of human keratinocytes. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to measure the expression levels of MIR181A2HG, SRSF1, KRT6, and KRT16 in tissue specimens and HaCaT keratinocytes. The effects of MIR181A2HG on HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and cell-cycle assays. RNA pulldown-mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to identify the proteins interacting with MIR181A2HG. RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RIP-qRT-PCR) assays were used to determine the interactions between MIR181A2HG and its RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). MIR181A2HG was down-regulated in psoriasis tissues. MIR181A2HG overexpression induced G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and decreased the protein levels of KRT6, KRT16, Cyclin D1, CDK4, and Cyclin A2 in HaCaT keratinocytes. MIR181A2HG knockdown showed the opposite effect. By using RNA pulldown-MS, 356 proteins were identified to interact with MIR181A2HG potentially. Bioinformatics analysis showed that NOP56 and SRSF1 may be RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that may be interact with MIR181A2HG. Furthermore, by using RNA pull-down-Western blotting and RIP-qRT-PCR, SRSF1 was determined to interact with MIR181A2HG. Moreover, silencing of SRSF1 inhibited keratinocytes proliferation, which could be reversed with the knockdown of MIR181A2HG. Our findings indicated that MIR181A2HG can negatively regulate HaCaT keratinocytes proliferation by binding SRSF1, suggesting that MIR181A2HG and SRSF1 may serve as potential targets for the treatment of psoriasis. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00621-6.

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The RNA-binding protein LUC7L3 is the human homolog of yeast U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-related splicing factor Luc7p. While the primary function of LUC7L3 as an RNA-binding protein is believed to be involved in RNA metabolism, particularly in the splicing process, its exact role and other functions are still not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of LUC7L3 and its impact on cell proliferation. Our study revealed that LUC7L3 depletion impairs cell proliferation compared to the other Luc7p paralogs, resulting in cell apoptosis and senescence. We explored the underlying mechanisms and found that LUC7L3 depletion leads to R-loop accumulation, DNA replication stress, and genome instability. Furthermore, we discovered that LUC7L3 depletion caused abnormalities in spindle assembly, leading to the formation of multinuclear cells. This was attributed to the dysregulation of protein translation of spindle-associated proteins. Additionally, we investigated the interplay between LUC7L3 and SRSF1 and identified SRSF1 as an upper stream regulator of LUC7L3, promoting the translation of LUC7L3 protein. These findings highlight the importance of LUC7L3 in maintaining genome stability and its relationship with SRSF1 in this regulatory pathway.

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BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a widespread cancer and gefitinib is a primary therapy for NSCLC patients. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for the progression of acquired drug resistance have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of circular RNA (circ_0001786) in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC. METHODS: Firstly, the expression of circ_0001786, miR-34b-5p and SRSF1 were assayed using qRT-PCR. Subsequently, CCK-8 test was utilized to measure the semi-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cellular gefitinib. Apoptosis was identified by flow cytometry. At last, dual luciferase assay was applied to prove the binding association between miR-34b-5p, circ_0001786 or SRSF1. RESULTS: Our research disclosed that circ_0001786 was heightened in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells and tissues. Knockdown of circ_0001786 restrained IC50 values of gefitinib, attenuated the clonogenic ability and facilitated apoptosis in HCC827-GR and PC9-GR. In addition, circ_0001786 was a molecular sponge for miR-34b-5p. Silencing miR-34b-5p rescued the inhibitory impact of circ_0001786 knockdown on IC50 and cell cloning ability. Moreover, miR-34b-5p directly targeted SRSF1. Importantly, circ_0001786 enhanced gefitinib tolerance and malignant development in NSCLC through miR-34b-5p/SRSF1 pathway. CONCLUSION: This research revealed a novel mechanism by which circ_0001786 enhanced NSCLC resistance to gefitinib by sponging miR-34b-5p and upregulating SRSF1. circ_0001786 was a potential target for improving the treatment of gefitinib-resistant NSCLC patients.

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The Ser/Arg-rich splicing factors (SR proteins) constitute a crucial protein family in alternative splicing, comprising twelve members characterized by unique repetitive Arg-Ser dipeptide sequences (RS) and one to two RNA-recognition motifs (RRM). The RS regions of SR proteins undergo variable phosphorylation, resulting in unphosphorylated, partially phosphorylated, or hyper-phosphorylated states based on functional requirements. Despite the identification of the SR protein family over 30 years ago, the purification of native SR proteins in soluble form at large quantities has presented challenges due to their low solubility. This protocol delineates a method for acquiring soluble, full-length, unphosphorylated, hypo- and hyper-phosphorylated SRSF1, a prototypical SR family member. Notably, this protocol facilitates the purification of SRSF1 in ample quantities suitable for NMR, as well as various biophysical and biochemical studies. The methodologies and principles outlined herein are expected to extend beyond SRSF1 protein production and can be adapted for purifying other SR protein family members or SR-related proteins, such as snRNP70 and U2AF-35. Given the involvement of these proteins in numerous essential biological processes, this protocol will prove beneficial to researchers in related fields. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Purification of SRSF1 from E. coli Support Protocol: Purification of ULP1 Basic Protocol 2: Purification of hypo-phosphorylated SRSF1 from E. coli Basic Protocol 3: Purification of hyper-phosphorylated SRSF1 from E. coli.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by aberrant alternative splicing (AS), which plays an important part in the pathological process of this disease. However, available reports about genes and mechanisms involved in AS process are limited. Our previous research has identified ANRIL as a long noncoding RNA related to the AS process of HCC. Here, we investigated the exact effect and the mechanism of ANRIL on HCC progress. The ANRIL expression profile was validated using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The western blot analysis and IHC assay were conducted on candidate targets, including SRSF1 and Anillin. The clinicopathological features of 97 patients were collected and analyzed. Loss-of and gain-of-function experiments were conducted. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to verify the interaction between ANRIL, miR-199a-5p, and SRSF1. Anomalous upregulation of ANRIL in HCC was observed, correlating with worse clinicopathological features of HCC. HCC cell proliferation, mobility, tumorigenesis, and metastasis were impaired by depleting ANRIL. We found that ANRIL acts as a sponger of miRNA-199a-5p, resulting in an elevated level of its target protein SRSF1. The phenotypes induced by ANRIL/miR-199a-5p/SRSF1 alteration are associated with Anillin, a validated HCC promoter. ANRIL is an AS-related lncRNA promoting HCC progress by modulating the miR-199a-5p/SRSF1 axis. The downstream effector of this axis in the development of HCC is Anillin.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. After the viruses infect the human body, the host can respond to the virus infection by coordinating various cellular responses, in which mitochondria play an important role. Evidence has shown that mitochondrial proteins are involved in host antiviral responses. In this study, we found that the overexpression of TIM22 and TIM29, the members of the inner membrane translocase TIM22 complex, significantly reduced the level of intracellular HBV DNA and RNA and secreted HBV surface antigens and E antigen. The effects of TIM22 and TIM29 on HBV replication and transcription is attributed to the reduction of core promoter activity mediated by the increased expression of SRSF1 which acts as a suppressor of HBV replication. This study provides new evidence for the critical role of mitochondria in the resistance of HBV infection and new targets for the development of treatment against HBV infection.

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Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for continuous spermatogenesis and male fertility. The underlying mechanisms of alternative splicing (AS) in mouse SSCs are still largely unclear. We demonstrated that SRSF1 is essential for gene expression and splicing in mouse SSCs. Crosslinking immunoprecipitation and sequencing data revealed that spermatogonia-related genes (e.g. Plzf, Id4, Setdb1, Stra8, Tial1/Tiar, Bcas2, Ddx5, Srsf10, Uhrf1, and Bud31) were bound by SRSF1 in the mouse testes. Specific deletion of Srsf1 in mouse germ cells impairs homing of precursor SSCs leading to male infertility. Whole-mount staining data showed the absence of germ cells in the testes of adult conditional knockout (cKO) mice, which indicates Sertoli cell-only syndrome in cKO mice. The expression of spermatogonia-related genes (e.g. Gfra1, Pou5f1, Plzf, Dnd1, Stra8, and Taf4b) was significantly reduced in the testes of cKO mice. Moreover, multiomics analysis suggests that SRSF1 may affect survival of spermatogonia by directly binding and regulating Tial1/Tiar expression through AS. In addition, immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation data showed that SRSF1 interacts with RNA splicing-related proteins (e.g. SART1, RBM15, and SRSF10). Collectively, our data reveal the critical role of SRSF1 in spermatogonia survival, which may provide a framework to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the posttranscriptional network underlying homing of precursor SSCs.

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Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The central FA protein complex FANCI/FANCD2 (ID2) is activated by monoubiquitination and recruits DNA repair proteins for interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and replication fork protection. Defects in the FA pathway lead to R-loop accumulation, which contributes to genomic instability. Here, we report that the splicing factor SRSF1 and FANCD2 interact physically and act together to suppress R-loop formation via mRNA export regulation. We show that SRSF1 stimulates FANCD2 monoubiquitination in an RNA-dependent fashion. In turn, FANCD2 monoubiquitination proves crucial for the assembly of the SRSF1-NXF1 nuclear export complex and mRNA export. Importantly, several SRSF1 cancer-associated mutants fail to interact with FANCD2, leading to inefficient FANCD2 monoubiquitination, decreased mRNA export, and R-loop accumulation. We propose a model wherein SRSF1 and FANCD2 interaction links DNA damage response to the avoidance of pathogenic R-loops via regulation of mRNA export.

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Cisplatin (DDP) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), but its efficacy can be limited by chemoresistance. This study aimed to explore the functional mechanism of SR-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) in DDP chemosensitivity of TNBC cells. Levels of SRSF1, circular RNA septin 9 (circSEPT9), and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1) in TNBC cells, DDP-resistant cells, and normal cells were determined. Cell viability, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, and proliferation were evaluated. Ferroptosis was determined by assay kits (ferric ion/ROS/MDA/GSH) and Western blot assay (SLC7A11/ACSL4). The genetic binding was analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. SRSF1, circSEPT9, and GCH1 were upregulated in TNBC cells. SRSF1 downregulation reduced IC50 to DDP of parent and drug-resistant TNBC cells and inhibited cell viability and proliferation, meanwhile, the downregulation reduced GSH/SLC7A11 levels while elevated ferric ion/ROS/MDA/ACSL4 levels, promoting ferroptosis. SRSF1 bound to and upregulated circSEPT9 and circSEPT9 blocked the ubiquitination of GCH1, thereby increasing GCH1 protein level. Overexpression of circSEPT9 and GCH1 attenuated the DDP chemosensitivity of TNBC cells by inhibiting ferroptosis. This study is the first to report the role of SRSF1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in TNBC, which provides a promising strategy for the treatment of TNBC. SIGNIFICANCE: Cisplatin (DDP) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), but its efficacy can be limited by chemoresistance. This study aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism of SR-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) in DDP chemosensitivity of TNBC cells.

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Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Danshen Tongluo Jiedu Decoction medicated serum for hypoxia/reoxygenation rat myocardial microvascular endothelial cells(CMECs)by regulating MALAT1.Methods Rats CMECs cells were cultured in vitro to establish a model of hypoxia/reoxygenation damaged cells,and were transfected overexpressing/silencing blank MALAT1 slow virus,cells were divided into overexpressed blank + TCM group,overexpressed MALAT1 + TCM group,overexpressed MALAT1 group,silenced blank + TCM group,silenced MALAT1 group,and silenced MALAT1 + TCM group.They were cultured with corresponding serum separately.Beclin-1 protein expression was detected by immunofluorescence method,and SRPK1,SRSF1,VEGF and Bax protein expressions were detected by Western blot,MALAT1,SRPK1 and SRSF1 mRNA expressions were detected by RT-PCR.Results Compared with the overexpressed blank + TCM group,Beclin-1 protein expression increased in the overexpressed MALAT1 + TCM group,the protein expressions of SRPK1,SRSF1 and Bax significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),VEGF protein expression significantly decreased(P<0.01),while MALAT1,SRPK1 and SRSF1 mRNA expressions significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the overexpressed MALAT1 group,the protein expression of Beclin-1 in overexpressed MALAT1 + TCM group decreased,the expressions of SRPK1,SRSF1 and Bax protein significantly decreased(P<0.01,P<0.05),the expression of VEGF protein significantly increased(P<0.01),the mRNA expressions of MALAT1,SRPK1 and SRSF1 significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the silenced blank + TCM group,the protein expression of Beclin-1 in silenced MALAT1 + TCM group decreased,the expressions of SRPK1,SRSF1 and Bax protein significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the expression of VEGF protein significantly increased(P<0.01),the mRNA expressions of MALAT1,SRPK1 and SRSF1 significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the silenced MALAT1 group,the protein expression of Beclin-1 in silenced MALAT1 + TCM group decreased,the expressions of SRPK1,SRSF1 and Bax protein significantly decreased(P<0.05),the expression of VEGF protein significantly increased(P<0.01),the mRNA expressions of MALAT1,SRPK1 and SRSF1 significantly decreased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Upregulation of MALAT1 expression can promote autophagy in hypoxia/reoxygenation model CMECs,while Danshen Tongluo Jiedu Decoction medicated serum can inhibit MALAT1 expression,thus inhibiting autophagy and promoting angiogenesis,and the mechanism may be related to the downregulation of SRPK1 and SRSF1 expressions.

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Granulosa cell abnormalities are characteristics of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Abnormal expression of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) can cause various diseases, but the role of SRSF1 in mouse granulosa cells remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that SRSF1 was expressed in the nuclei of both mouse oocytes and granulosa cells. The specific knockout of Srsf1 in granulosa cells led to follicular development inhibition, decreased granulosa cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of RNA-seq results revealed abnormal expression of genes involved in DNA repair, cell killing and other signalling pathways. Alternative splicing (AS) analysis showed that SRSF1 affected DNA damage in granulosa cells by regulating genes related to DNA repair. In summary, SRSF1 in granulosa cells controls follicular development by regulating AS of genes associated with DNA repair, thereby affecting female reproduction.

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Alternative splicing (AS) plays significant roles in a multitude of fundamental biological activities. AS is prevalent in the testis, but the regulations of AS in spermatogenesis is only little explored. Here, we report that Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) plays critical roles in alternative splicing and male reproduction. Male germ cell-specific deletion of Srsf1 led to complete infertility by affecting spermatogenesis. Mechanistically, by combining RNA-seq data with LACE-seq data, we showed that SRSF1 affected the AS of Stra8 in a direct manner and Dazl, Dmc1, Mre11a, Syce2 and Rif1 in an indirect manner. Our findings demonstrate that SRSF1 has crucial functions in spermatogenesis and male fertility by regulating alternative splicing.

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