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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Assessing lower limb strength, balance, and fall risk are crucial components of rehabilitation, especially for the older adult population. With the growing interest in telehealth, teleassessment has been investigated as an alternative when in-person assessments are not possible. The Five Times Sit-to-Stand test (5TSTS) provides a quick measure of balance during chair transfers, muscle power, endurance, and the hability to change and maintain body position, and is highly recommended by guidelines. However, the literature is unclear about the viability and safety of teleassessment using the 5TSTS in older adults with and without Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of teleassessment using the 5TSTS and to determine its feasibility and safety for older adults with and without PD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included older adults with and without PD who were evaluated remotely through a videoconference platform. To ensure effective and comprehensive instructions for the test, we developed a guideline called OMPEPE (an acronym for: Objective; Materials; Position-Start; Execution; Position-End; Environment). We assessed the 5TSTS intra- and inter-rater reliability by comparing scores obtained from the same examiner and from different examiners, respectively. Participants and examiners completed online surveys to provide information about feasibility and safety. RESULTS: Twelve older adults with PD and 17 older adults without PD were included in this study (mean ages 69.0 and 67.6 years, respectively). Based on the participants' perspectives and the absence of adverse effects, teleassessment using the 5TSTS is feasible and safe for older adults with and without PD. Excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.90) was found for all measurements of the 5TSTS. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and reliability of teleassessment using the 5TSTS. The guidelines developed may help health professionals minimize barriers and safely conduct an online assessment that includes a physical test such as the 5TSTS in older adults with or without PD. In addition to addressing technological barriers, the OMPEPE guideline might ensure the optimal execution of evaluations. CONCLUSION: Teleassessment using the 5TSTS for older adults with and without PD is feasible and safe. Both synchronous (i.e., live) and asynchronous (i.e., recorded) online 5TSTS tests demonstrate excellent intra- and inter-rate reliability.

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PURPOSE: to explore lower limb muscle activity concerning limb dominance, as well as variations in force and power during the standing up and sitting down phases of the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test in sedentary individuals, across isokinetic and isotonic modalities. METHODS: 33 sedentary individuals underwent testing using a functional electromechanical dynamometer in both isokinetic and isotonic modes, accompanied by surface electromyography. RESULTS: In the isokinetic mode, the non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher muscle activity values during the standing up and sitting down phase compared to dominant counterparts. In the isotonic mode standing up phase, significant differences in muscle activity were noted for non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris compared to their dominant counterparts. The sitting down phase in isotonic mode showed higher muscle activity for non-dominant vastus medialis compared to dominant vastus medialis. Regard to performance outcomes, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) values were observed for standing up (12.7 ± 5.1 N/kg) compared to sitting down (15.9 ± 6.1 N/kg) peak force, as well as for standing up (18.7 ± 7.8 W/kg) compared to sitting down (25.9 ± 9.7 W/kg) peak power in isokinetic mode. In isotonic mode, lower values were found for sitting down (6.5 (6.3-7.1) N/kg) compared to standing up (7.8 (7.3-8.9) N/kg) peak force and for sitting down (18.5 (13.2-21.7) W/kg) compared to standing up (33.7 (22.8-41.6) W/kg) peak power. CONCLUSIONS: Limb dominance influences lower-limb muscle activity during the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test, and the choice of testing mode (isokinetic or isotonic) affects muscle engagement and performance outcomes.

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Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, se incrementan a nivel mundial, destacándose EPOC, fibrosis pulmonar, bronquiectasia y sumándose la condición post COVID-19 asociadas a las vías respiratorias. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de la rehabilitación respiratoria con cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Material y método. Estudio realizado en un hospital militar peruano a una muestra constituida por 115 pacientes, quienes ingresaron a un programa de Rehabilitación Respiratoria de 12 semanas con la asistencia de la Cánula de alto flujo durante cada sesión y evaluados al inicio y al final mediante el test de pararse y sentarse en un minuto. El diseño fue pre experimental con pre y post test, corte longitudinal, de tipo aplicada. Se obtuvo la media y desviación estándar y se realizó la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon, se consideró una significancia del 95% y un valor p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados. La media de la edad fue de 58,30 ± 8,17; el 62,6% fue hombres y 37,4% mujeres; los pacientes con condición Post COVID-19 fueron el 71.30%, seguidos de fibrosis pulmonar con 12,17%; con 7,16±1,24 (p<0,000), en el número de repeticiones mediante pararse y sentarse durante un minuto, lo que mejoró principalmente la fatiga muscular (p<0,003). Conclusiones. Se determina como cambio, que se duplica lo mínimamente significativo mediante la prueba de pararse y sentarse durante un minuto. Además, se evidencia mejor respuesta al ejercicio, con menor disnea y fatiga muscular, por efecto de la presión positiva de la cánula de alto flujo.

Chronic respiratory diseases are increasing worldwide, with COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis and post COVID-19 conditions associated with the respiratory tract standing out. Objective. To determine the effects of respiratory rehabilitation with high-flow nasal cannula in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Method. Study carried out in a Peruvian military hospital on a sample of 115 patients, who entered a 12-week Respiratory Rehabilitation program with the assistance of the high-flow nasal cannula during each session and evaluated at the beginning and at the end by means of the test of standing up and sitting down in one minute. The design was pre-experimental with pre- and post-test, longitudinal cut, applied type. The mean and standard deviation were obtained and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed, a significance of 95% and a value p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The mean age was 58.30±8.17; 62.6% were male and 37.4% female; patients with Post COVID-19 condition were 71.30%, followed by pulmonary fibrosis with 12.17%; with 7.16±1.24 (p<0.000), in the number of repetitions by standing and sitting for one minute, which mainly improved muscle fatigue (p<0.003). Conclusions. It is determined as a change, that the minimally significant is duplicated by the test of standing and sitting for one minute. In addition, a better response to exercise is evidenced, with less dyspnea and muscle fatigue, due to the effect of the positive pressure of the high flow cannula.

As doenças respiratórias crónicas estão a aumentar em todo o mundo, com destaque para a DPOC, a fibrose pulmonar, as bronquiectasias e as doenças pós-COVID-19 associadas ao trato respiratório. Objetivo. Determinar os efeitos da reabilitação respiratória com cânula nasal de alto fluxo em doentes com doenças respiratórias crónicas. Método. Estudo realizado num hospital militar peruano com uma amostra de 115 pacientes, que entraram num programa de Reabilitação Respiratória de 12 semanas com a assistência da cânula nasal de alto fluxo durante cada sessão e avaliados no início e no fim através do teste de sentar e levantar de um minuto. O delineamento foi pré-experimental com pré e pós-teste, longitudinal, do tipo aplicado. Obteve-se média e desvio padrão e realizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon signed-rank, com 95% de significância e valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados. A média de idade foi de 58,30±8,17; 62,6% eram do sexo masculino e 37,4% do sexo feminino; pacientes com quadro pós COVID-19 foram 71,30%, seguido de fibrose pulmonar com 12,17%; com 7,16±1,24 (p<0,000), no número de repetições em pé e sentado por um minuto, que melhorou principalmente a fadiga muscular (p<0,003). Conclusões. Determina-se como mudança, que o minimamente significativo é duplicado pelo teste de estar de pé e sentado durante um minuto. Além disso, evidencia-se uma melhor resposta ao exercício, com menos dispneia e fadiga muscular, devido ao efeito da pressão positiva da cânula de alto fluxo.

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BACKGROUND: Improving the mating competitiveness and survival of sterile males are direct means to increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique (SIT). Some insecticide growth regulators, such as the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) methoprene, have been used to improve the mating competitiveness of male tephritid flies by reducing their sexual maturation period. However, the application of methoprene reduces fly resistance to stress and decreases survival. Here, we compared the effects of methoprene and pyriproxyfen (PPF), another JHA, in Anastrepha ludens males. PPF is an insect growth regulator that exhibits higher negative effects on the larval molting process than methoprene or natural juvenile hormone. Both compounds were administered at two doses (0.05% and 0.10%) via the male diet immediately after emergence. RESULTS: Our results show that both PPF and methoprene reduced male sexual maturation. However, PPF-treated males exhibited a shorter maturation period and obtained more matings at a given age than methoprene-treated males. No significant differences were observed between the two PPF doses tested (0.05% and 0.10%). Male survival was equally reduced by the two compounds. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that PPF accelerated sexual development without reducing the mating propensity of sterile male flies and can be used as a suitable alternative for methoprene. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the presence of spinal cord injury (SCI) on biomechanical variables by comparing individuals with SCI and able-bodied individuals during the sit-to-stand (STS) task assisted by a walker device. Specifically, we compared the upper-extremity joint angles and moments, trunk forward tilt angle, vertical forces of the instrumented walker, and ground reaction forces between groups. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, UNICAMP-Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Six individuals with SCI and fourteen able-bodied individuals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Kinematics and kinetics of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints; trunk forward tilt angle, vertical walker forces, and ground reaction forces (GRF) were analyzed during the STS task in two phases: before and after the seat-off event. RESULTS: A higher peak elbow flexion angle and higher vertical walker forces were observed before the seat-off, whereas the lower peak vertical GRF was found, after the seat-off, in the SCI group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: SCI affects kinematics and kinetics variables during the STS task compared to able-bodied controls. Individuals with SCI adopted different standing-up strategies that affected the distribution of the forces in the upper and lower extremities of the human body.

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OBJECTIVE: The role of inspiratory muscle performance in functional performance in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to perform a longitudinal examination of inspiratory and functional performance from intensive care unit (ICU) discharge (ICUD) to hospital discharge (HD) and symptoms at HD and 1 month after HD in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Thirty patients (19 men, 11 women) with COVID-19 were included. Examination of inspiratory muscle performance at ICUD and HD was performed with an electronic manometer, which provided the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and several other inspiratory measures. Examination of dyspnea and functional performance was performed at ICUD and HD with the Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale and the 1-minute sit-to-stand test (1MSST), respectively. RESULTS: The mean age was 71 (SD = 11) years, the mean length of ICU stay was 9 (SD = 6) days, and the mean length of hospital stay was 26 (SD = 16) days. Most of the patients were diagnosed with severe COVID-19 (76.7%) and had a mean Charlson Comorbidity Index of 4.4 (SD = 1.9), reflecting high comorbidity. The mean MIP of the entire cohort increased minimally from ICUD to HD (from 36 [SD = 21] to 40 [SD = 20] cm H2O), reflecting predicted values for men and women at ICUD and HD of 46 (25%) to 51 (23%) and 37 (24%) to 37 (20%), respectively. The 1MSTS score increased significantly from ICUD to HD (9.9 [SD = 7.1] vs 17.7 [SD = 11.1]) for the entire cohort but remained far below population-based reference values (2.5th percentile) for the majority of patients at ICUD and HD. At ICUD, MIP was found to be a significant predictor of a favorable change in 1MSTS performance (ß = 0.308; odds ratio = 1.36) at HD. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in inspiratory and functional performance exists in patients with COVID-19 at both ICUD and HD, with a greater MIP at ICUD being a significant predictor of a greater 1MSTS score at HD. IMPACT: This study shows that inspiratory muscle training may be an important adjunct after COVID-19.

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Pest control models integrating the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and augmentative biological control (ABC) have postulated that it is possible to obtain a synergistic effect from the joint use of these technologies. This synergistic effect is attributed to the simultaneous attack on two different biological stages of the pest (immature and adult flies), which would produce higher suppression on the pest populations. Here we evaluated the effect of the joint application of sterile males of A. ludens of the genetic sexing strain Tap-7 along with two parasitoid species at the field cage level. The parasitoids D. longicaudata and C. haywardi were used separately to determine their effect on the suppression of the fly populations. Our results showed that egg hatching percentage was different between treatments, with the highest percentage in the control treatment and a gradual reduction in the treatments with only parasitoids or only sterile males. The greatest induction of sterility (i.e., the lowest egg hatching percentage) occurred with the joint use of ABC and SIT, demonstrating that the earlier parasitism caused by each parasitoid species was important reaching high levels of sterility. Gross fertility rate decreased up to 15 and 6 times when sterile flies were combined with D. longicaudata and C. haywardi, respectively. The higher parasitism by D. longicaudata was determinant in the decrease of this parameter and had a stronger effect when combined with the SIT. We conclude that the joint use of ABC and SIT on the A. ludens population had a direct additive effect, but a synergistic effect was observed in the parameters of population dynamics throughout the periodic releases of both types of insects. This effect can be of crucial importance in the suppression or eradication of fruit fly populations, with the added advantage of the low ecological impact that characterizes both techniques.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive-motor dual-task costs (DTCs) on postural sway of children with typical development (TD) and children with cerebral palsy (CP) during the sit-to-stand movement. METHODS: Twenty children with TD (mean age = 9.35 years) and 17 children with CP (mean age = 8.29 years) randomly performed 3 test conditions: simple motor task, low-complexity cognitive-motor dual-task, and high-complexity cognitive-motor dual-task. The sit-to-stand movement was divided into 3 phases for data analysis: preparation (P1), rising (P2), and stabilization (P3). For each of these phases, the DTCs were calculated by the percentage change in the center of pressure area of sway, velocity of sway, and duration variables between the simple and dual-task conditions. Analysis of variance was applied to test the group, task conditions, and interaction effects. RESULTS: Children with CP had lower DTC than children with TD in area of sway in P1 and P2 variables; anteroposterior velocity of sway in P1, P2, and P3; and duration in P3. Children with TD had higher DTC in the high-complexity cognitive-motor dual-task than in the low complexity one. Children with CP did not show adaptations between the dual-task conditions, showing no differences in DTCs. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous performance of a motor task and a cognitive task seems to affect children with CP and children with TD differently, but the effects depend on the specific demands of each task. These results demonstrate the importance of rehabilitation actions to place demands involving a variety of postural sway strategies. IMPACT: DTCs are different for children with TD and children with CP. Assessment and rehabilitation strategies must take into account the postural sway behavior of these children.

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Thoroughly documenting prey items and diet composition is crucial for understanding a predator's role in the ecosystem. In gape restricted predators, such as snakes, documenting and analyzing the type and size of the prey is important to interpret their ecological role. We describe the diet patterns of a species of venomous snake, the Terciopelo pit viper (Bothrops asper), from its Ecuadorian populations. Examining the gastrointestinal contents of museum specimens collected over an extensive area of the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador, we encountered 69 identifiable prey items from four major taxonomic groups (amphibians, centipedes, mammals, and reptiles). We evaluated the observed composition of prey to check for differences between sexes and size-classes. To complement our observations of the Terciopelo species complex throughout their distribution, we carried out a systematic literature review. Our data show an ontogenetic shift in diet, with a transition from more diverse diet in juveniles towards a mammal-specialized diet in adults, and distinct proportion of prey taxa between the sexes in the juvenile size class.

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Methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, is used to accelerate sexual maturation in males of species of economic importance in support to the sterile insect technique (SIT). In the SIT, mass-reared sterile males are released into the field and need to survive until they reach sexual maturation, find a wild female, mate with her and then induce female sexual refractoriness, so she will not remate with a wild counterpart. The use of methoprene shortens the time between release and copulation. However, in South American fruit flies, Anastrepha fraterculus, the ability of methoprene-treated males to inhibit female remating has been shown to be lower than wild males, when methoprene was applied by pupal immersion or topical application. Here we evaluated the possibility of incorporating methoprene into the male diet at different doses and the ability of those males to inhibit female remating, as well as the effect of methoprene on male reproductive organ size, due to the possible correlation between male accessory gland size and their content, and the role of male accessory gland proteins in female inhibition. We found that A. fraterculus males fed with methoprene in the adult protein diet at doses as high as 1% were less likely to inhibit female remating, however, at all other lower doses males had the same ability as untreated males to inhibit female remating. Males fed with methoprene had bigger male accessory glands and testes compared to methoprene-deprived males. We demonstrate that the incorporation of methoprene in adult male diets is possible in this species and potentially useful as a post-teneral, pre-release supplement at doses as low as 0.01%. Even at higher doses, the percentage of females remating after 48 h from the first copulation is sufficiently low in this species so as not compromise the efficiency of the SIT.

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We investigated factors related to postural sway during sit-to-stand movement in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Our assessment of participants followed the biopsychosocial model. Body function and structure were represented by muscle strength and postural sway during sit-to-stand movement, which were assessed by manual muscle testing and kinetics analysis, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Measure and Pediatric Balance Scale depicted the activity component. In addition, we included these relevant contextual factors: age, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, family income, and maternal schooling. A correlation analysis verified a suspected association between biopsychosocial and postural sway variables. There were significant separated correlations between postural sway in the three phases of the sit-to-stand movement, and age, GMFM-88 dimension D, and muscle strength. Thus, postural control in sit-to-stand movement was related to biopsychosocial factors involving different life aspects of children and adolescents with DS, and these factors should be addressed in rehabilitation therapy intended to improve postural control among these individuals.

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Abstract Introduction: Assessing olfactory perception in olfactory disorders is of utmost importance in therapy management. However, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Sniffin' Sticks are the only tests validated in Brazil. Objectives: To evaluate the correlation and agreement between the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test - University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test - in healthy participants and in participants with olfactory disorders based on the results and technical aspects of both tests. Methods: Fifty participants without olfactory complaints and 50 participants with olfactory disorders who underwent the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test were included. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot. An alpha error (significance level) of 0.05 was considered in the statistical analysis. Results: Both tests were effective in distinguishing the groups without the presence of overlapping values for the measured markers. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between Spearman's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient between the tests and for both nostrils. However, the correlations were lower when the groups were individually evaluated. The Bland-Altman plot showed no bias when all participants were simultaneously evaluated. Conclusions: The tests to assess olfactory perception presented a high level of agreement. In our sample, we could infer that the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test is similar to the Brief-Smell Identification Test and can be used in the routine diagnosis of patients with complaints of olfactory disorders, considering the advantage of its low cost.

Resumo Introdução: Avaliar a percepção olfativa em distúrbios olfativos é de extrema importância para a correta conduta terapêutica. No entanto, apenas o teste University of Pennsylvania smell identification test e o teste sniffin'sticks são validados no Brasil. Objetivos: Avaliar a correlação e concordância entre os testes Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center e do brief-smell identification test e University of Pennsylvania smell identification test em participantes saudáveis e em participantes com distúrbios olfativos de acordo com os resultados e aspectos técnicos dos dois testes. Método: Cinquenta participantes sem queixas olfativas e 50 participantes com distúrbios olfativos submetidos ao teste Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center e ao brief-smell identification test foram incluídos. Os seguintes testes foram usados para análise estatística: teste U de Mann-Whitney, correlação de Spearman, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e plotagem de Bland-Altman. Um erro alfa (nível de significância) de 0,05 foi considerado nas análises estatísticas feitas no estudo. Resultados: Ambos os testes foram eficazes para diferenciar os grupos sem a presença de valores sobrepostos para os marcadores medidos. Além disso, houve uma forte correlação entre a correlação de Spearman e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse entre os testes e para as duas narinas. Entretanto, as correlações foram menores quando os grupos foram avaliados individualmente. O gráfico de Bland-Altman não mostrou viés quando todos os participantes foram avaliados simultaneamente. Conclusões: Os testes para avaliar a percepção olfativa apresentaram um elevado nível de concordância. Em nossa amostra, podemos inferir que o Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center é equivalente ao brief-smell identification test e pode ser usado no diagnóstico de rotina de pacientes com queixas de distúrbios olfativos, considerando a vantagem de seu baixo custo.

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BACKGROUND: The 30″ sit to stand test is a submaximal exercise test that assesses functional capacity and it has been validated for various pathologies. Although it has been used in individuals with obesity, its reproducibility in this population has not yet been determined. The main objective of this study was to determine the reproducibility and safety of the 30″ sit to stand test in individuals with overweight or obesity and with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed. Individuals with obesity or overweight who also presented cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated with the 30″ sit to stand test. The reproducibility and safety of the 30" sit to stand test were determined, as well as its association with other functional tests and anthropometric characteristics. RESULTS: 59 individuals (27 men, 32 women) with obesity or overweight and cardiovascular risk factors, aged 57.93 (9.62) years, were included in the study. The 30″ sit to stand test showed good overall reproducibility (0.907 ICC) and significant correlation with the 6-minute walk test, handgrip strength test, body fat percentage and waist - height index, with a similar hemodynamic response to the 6-minute walk test. CONCLUSION: The 30" sit to stand test is a highly reproducible and safe test for individuals with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors, with a significant correlation to anthropometric characteristics and other functional tests regularly used for the evaluation of individuals with obesity.

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Motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems have shown promising advances for lower limb motor rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to develop an MI-based BCI for the actions of standing and sitting. Thirty-two healthy subjects participated in the study using 17 active EEG electrodes. We used a combination of the filter bank common spatial pattern (FBCSP) method and the regularized linear discriminant analysis (RLDA) technique for decoding EEG rhythms offline and online during motor imagery for standing and sitting. The offline analysis indicated the classification of motor imagery and idle state provided a mean accuracy of 88.51 ± 1.43% and 85.29 ± 1.83% for the sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions, respectively. The mean accuracies of the sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit online experiments were 94.69 ± 1.29% and 96.56 ± 0.83%, respectively. From these results, we believe that the MI-based BCI may be useful to future brain-controlled standing systems.

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BACKGROUND: In some occupational groups, prolonged standing is associated with adverse symptoms. While the introduction of sit-stand workstations in office workers is increasingly common, the profile of symptom development is not known. OBJECTIVES: To identify and describe the location, intensity, quality, and timing of symptoms experienced by office workers while standing at a sit-stand workstation. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in an university campus laboratory simulated as an office with a sit-stand workstation. Sixty-three office workers without low back pain or prior exposure to a sit-stand workstation participated. For primary outcome measures, participants recorded any symptoms of pain, stiffness, and/or fatigue on a body chart every 15 min during a 2-hour standing task. Participants rated symptom intensity on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS). RESULTS: Fifty-three participants (84%) experienced symptoms during the 2-hour standing task, with 30 participants (48%) reporting at least one symptom within 30 min of standing. A greater number of participants reported symptoms rated ≥2 on the NRS in the lumbar spine, lower extremity, and feet/ankle than the upper quadrant (odds ratios from 3.84 to 6.86). Mean maximal symptom intensity for the lumbar spine was greater than that for the upper quadrant and feet/ankles (incidence rate ratios: 1.46 to 1.79). CONCLUSION: Symptoms of pain, stiffness, and fatigue, especially those affecting the lumbar spine, lower extremity and feet/ankles are common in office workers who stand at a workstation. Study findings suggest that physical therapists should advise workers using sit-stand workstations to monitor symptoms and consider changing position within 30 min.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Encontrar os valores de referência para o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos e estudar a correlação das medidas antropométricas com o teste na população indiana geriátrica residente na comunidade. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: 136 indivíduos com idade >60 anos foram recrutados neste estudo transversal e observacional. O estudo foi realizado na Índia. Após a triagem inicial, as medidas antropométricas foram registradas. Em seguida, foi realizado o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos. RESULTADOS: Os valores normais da década para o teste foram relatados como (média±DP): 60-70 anos (10,2±3,6), 71- 80 anos (9,5±3,4) e 81-90 anos (8,5±5,2). Idade, altura, circunferência da cintura e circunferência do quadril foram significativamente associadas aos valores do teste. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores normais para o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos para a população geriátrica da comunidade foram relatados como média ± DP 10,0 ± 3,7. Os fatores antropométricos devem ser levados em consideração ao realizar o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos em ambientes clínicos.

INTRODUCTION: To find the reference values for the 30-second sit-to-stand test and study the correlation of anthropometric measures with the test in the communitydwelling geriatric Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 136 individuals aged >60 years were recruited in this cross-sectional observational study. The study was conducted in India. After the initial screening, anthropometric measurements were recorded. Then, the 30-second sit-tostand test was conducted. RESULTS: Normal decade-wise values for the test were reported to be (mean ± SD): 60-70 years (10.2±3.6), 71-80 years (9.5±3.4), and 81-90 years (8.5±5.2). Age, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly associated with the 30-second sit-to-stand test values. CONCLUSION: Normal values for the test in the community-dwelling geriatric population were reported to be mean ± SD 10.0±3.7. Anthropometric factors should be taken into consideration when performing the 30-second sitto-stand test in clinical settings.

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INTRODUCTION: Assessing olfactory perception in olfactory disorders is of utmost importance in therapy management. However, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Sniffin' Sticks are the only tests validated in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation and agreement between the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test - University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test - in healthy participants and in participants with olfactory disorders based on the results and technical aspects of both tests. METHODS: Fifty participants without olfactory complaints and 50 participants with olfactory disorders who underwent the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test were included. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot. An alpha error (significance level) of 0.05 was considered in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Both tests were effective in distinguishing the groups without the presence of overlapping values ​​for the measured markers. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between Spearman's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient between the tests and for both nostrils. However, the correlations were lower when the groups were individually evaluated. The Bland-Altman plot showed no bias when all participants were simultaneously evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The tests to assess olfactory perception presented a high level of agreement. In our sample, we could infer that the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test is similar to the Brief-Smell Identification Test and can be used in the routine diagnosis of patients with complaints of olfactory disorders, considering the advantage of its low cost.

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BACKGROUND: The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) has been found reliable, safe and valid for measuring healthy adults' lower limb muscle strength and for determining balance control, fall risk, and exercise capacity among older examinees. We believe that the FTSST has the potential to be a straightforward, low cost and valuable tool for identifying muscle disability and functional status following critical illness. The aim of our study was to establish the applicability, safety, and psychometric qualities of FTSST in patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge. METHODS: In our study applicability was determined by assessing the percentage of patients who could perform the test at ICU discharge. Safety was assessed by examining data regarding any exacerbated haemodynamic and respiratory responses or adverse events associated with the test. For assessing FTSST reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM) and Bland-Altman plot were used. For assessing concurrent validity handgrip strength, ICU length of stay, duration of invasive ventilation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS3) and age variables were used. For investigating predictive validity, correlations between the FTSST and measures of hospital length of stay and functional independence were evaluated. RESULTS: Only 30% of ICU survivors (n = 261 out of 817) were eligible to perform the FTSST and 7% of patients who performed the test (n = 10 out of 142) presented adverse events. Both inter (ICC 0.92 CI95% 0.89-0.94) and intra-rater (ICC 0.95 CI95% 0.93-0.96) reliability were excellent and higher scores were associated with lower muscle strength, longer hospital stay and greater functional impairment at hospital discharge in adult survivors of critical diseases. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the FTSST may be applicable only to high-functioning critical care survivors. In this specifical population, FTSST is a safe, easy to perform, valid and reliable measure that can be applied to fall risk and functional recovery management.

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Introducción. El sedentarismo es un problema de salud pública, al ser factor de riesgo para ocho de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el mundo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo con instrumentos óptimos se vuelve imprescindible para su correcto diagnóstico e intervención. Objetivo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria colombia-na a través del cuestionario Sit Q7d-S y determinar su nivel de confiabilidad. Metodología. Se condujo un estudio cuantitativo, con aplicación tipo test re-test, con una muestra de 304 personas, con un error máximo de 5% y con 95% de con-fianza. La muestra estuvo conformada por 103 hombres (33,9%) y 201 mujeres (66,1%), estudiantes de una universidad colombiana con sede en cuatro ciudades diferentes (Cali, Neiva, Popayán y Medellín). Resultados. La población evaluada es sedentaria. Tienen comportamientos que indican que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en posiciones sedentes, aumentado el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cron-bach 0,64 para todos los ítems del cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S, demostrando valores moderadamente aceptables para el uso del cuestionario. Conclusión. El cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S es un instrumento con una fiabilidad de regular a moderada para evaluar niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria. Así mismo, se evidencia que los niveles de inactividad en la población colombiana universitaria indican que es una población sedentaria, lo que se relaciona con que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en pantalla y pasan entre una, dos o más de tres horas sentados realizando su ocupación

Introduction. Sedentary lifestyle is a public health problem, as it is a risk factor for eight of the ten leading causes of death in the world. Assessing sedentary lifestyle levels with optimal instruments becomes essential for its correct diagnosis and intervention.Aim. To evaluate the levels of sedentary lifestyle in the Colombian university pop-ulation through the Sit Q7d-S questionnaire and to determine its level of reliability.Methodology. A quantitative study was conducted, using a test re-test type applica-tion, with a sample of 304 people with a 5% maximum error and 95% confidence. The sample size included 103 men (33.9%) and 201 women (66.1%), who are stu-dents at a Colombian university located in four different cities (Cali, Neiva, Popayan, and Medellin).Results. The evaluated population is sedentary, as they have behaviors that indicate they spend more than two hours of time in seated positions, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.64 was obtained for all the items of the SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire, showing moderately ac-ceptable values for the use of the questionnaire.Conclusion. The SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire is an instrument with low to moderate reliability to assess levels of sedentary lifestyle in the university population. Likewise, it is evident that the levels of inactivity in the Colombian university population indi-cate that it is a sedentary population. This is related to the fact that they spend more than two hours on screen time and spend between one, two or more than three hours doing their job in a sitting position

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Lack of time is seen as a barrier to maintaining a physically active lifestyle. In this sense, interval training has been suggested as a time-efficient strategy for improving health, mainly due to its potential to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. Currently, the most discussed interval training protocols in the literature are the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and the sprint interval training (SIT). Objective: We investigated, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, which interval training protocol, HIIT or SIT, promotes greater gain in cardiorespiratory fitness (V˙O2max/peak). The studies were selected from the PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science databases. From these searches, a screening was carried out, selecting studies that compared the effects of HIIT and SIT protocols on V˙O2max/peak. A total of 19 studies were included in the final analysis. Due to the homogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%), fixed-effects analyses were performed. There was no significant difference in the V˙O2max/peak gains between HIIT and SIT for the standardized mean difference (SMD = 0.150; 95% CI = -0.038 to 0.338; p = 0.119), including studies that presented both measurements in mL·kg-1·min-1 and l·min-1; and raw mean differences (RMD = 0.921 mL·kg-1·min-1; 95% CI = -0.185 to 2.028; p = 0.103) were calculated only with data presented in mL·kg-1·min-1. We conclude that the literature generates very consistent data to confirm that HIIT and SIT protocols promote similar gains in cardiorespiratory fitness. Thus, for this purpose, the choice of the protocol can be made for convenience.

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