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Resumen El embarazo es un proceso que genera grandes cambios inmunitarios en los cuales participan los linfocitos T con respuestas proinflamatorias (Th1/Th17) y antiinflamatorias (Th2/Treg), con la finalidad de mantener el óptimo estado y desarrollo fetal. En la infección por VIH estos ambientes inmunológicos son afectados directamente con el descenso de las células TCD4. El uso de antirretrovirales (ART) ha permitido que las mujeres que viven con VIH puedan disminuir de manera importante la posibilidad de infectar a sus productos con el virus. El embarazo, enfermedades autoinmunes y el uso de ART son factores conocidos para el desarrollo del síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmunológica debido a la recuperación abrupta de la respuesta inmunitaria. En esta revisión describimos parte de estos cambios en el embarazo y puerperio sin patología añadida, además proponemos un posible comportamiento en los perfiles Th1/Th2 en mujeres que viven con VIH que reciben ART y cursan el primer año posparto.

Abstract Pregnancy is a process which generate great immunologic changes with participation of T lymphocytes with inflammatory (Th1/Th17) and anti-inflammatory response (Th2/Treg), with the purpose of maintain the optimum condition and fetal development. In HIV infection this immunological ambient are affected directly due the decrease of T CD4 cells. The use of antiretrovirals (ART) has allowed that women living with HIV can decrease the possibility to infect their newborns with the virus. The pregnancy, autoimmune diseases, and the use of ART are known factors for the progress of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome due to the abrupt recovery of immune response. In this review we describe some of these changes during the pregnancy and puerperium without any disease added, furthermore we propose a possible behavior of Th1/Th2 profile in women who live with HIV and receive ART during the first year of postpartum.

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BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a condition characterized by organic dysfunction, leading to hemodynamic instability and high morbidity and mortality rates in humans and animals. Early identification of perfusion changes and appropriate management of sepsis are crucial for improving patient prognosis. Currently, the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores are widely studied for sepsis identification and evaluation of organ dysfunction. However, these scores do not assess gastrointestinal involvement, which is common in this condition. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and Doppler have been considered promising diagnostic techniques for detecting changes in vascularization and microcirculation in a non-invasive and safe manner, particularly in the gastrointestinal system. This study aimed to evaluate duodenal perfusion using CEUS, as well as abdominal aortic and cranial mesenteric artery blood flow using Doppler ultrasound, and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) in 17 bitches with pyometra and in 10 healthy animals. RESULTS: The variables were compared between the pyometra and control groups, as well between patients with and without sepsis determined by the SOFA or SIRS scores. Pyometra was found to cause a reduction in abdominal aortic blood flow volume, aortic peak systolic velocity, and resistivity index as evaluated by Doppler ultrasound. Patients with sepsis according to the SOFA criteria only presented lower SAP. In contrast, sepsis animals identified by the SIRS score exhibited lower SAP, aortic peak systolic velocity, aortic blood flow volume, and aortic resistivity index and additionally, higher peak intensity of contrast in the duodenal wall. CONCLUSIONS: Pyometra causes a reduction in abdominal aortic blood flow, which is more pronounced in animals with sepsis identified by the SIRS criteria. These animals also exhibited a decrease in systolic blood pressure and an increase in duodenal perfusion, as evident by CEUS. However, these changes were not observed in patients with sepsis identified by the SOFA criteria. The alterations in intestinal perfusion observed in animals with sepsis indicate the presence of inflammation or dysfunction. In this regard, CEUS proves to be a valuable technique for detecting subtle changes in tissue hemodynamics that may not be apparent in conventional exams.

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The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), and is currently ongoing, has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus' life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell. Secretory autophagy would also be involved in developing the thrombotic immune-inflammatory syndrome seen in a significant number of COVID-19 patients that can lead to severe illness and even death. This review aims to review the main aspects that characterize the complex and not yet fully elucidated relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and autophagy. It briefly describes the key concepts regarding autophagy and mentions its pro- and antiviral roles, while also noting the reciprocal effect of viral infection in autophagic pathways and their clinical aspects.

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Introduction: Horses submitted to carbohydrate overload can develop laminitis due to changes in cecal pH and microbiota, followed by an increase in transmural absorption of luminal content, including bacterial toxins. In response to acute injury there is hepatic overproduction of several proteins known as acute phase proteins (APP). Few studies have evaluated protein fractionation to characterize the inflammatory response in acute laminitis. The aim of this study was to test the viability of an experimental model to induce acute laminitis, using a single carbohydrate overload, and the influence of a buffering solution on the development of the disease; also, study the kinetics of APP during acute laminitis, as well as the correlation between these proteins and clinical signs associated to this syndrome. Methods: Ten healthy horses were divided in a factorial and randomized way into four groups (n = 5): control group (CG), starch group (SG), buffer group (BG), and starch C buffer group (SBG). They were evaluated at seven times (T0h, T4h, T8h, T12h, T24h, T48h, and T72h), which included clinical evaluation and blood sample collection. Total serum protein and albumin concentrations were determined by colorimetry and the other APP by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and commercial ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The correlation between clinical signs and APP were verified using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results and discussion: 40% of the animals from SG and 60% from SBG developed clinical laminitis. A single administration of buffer solution was not able to prevent clinical signs of laminitis. There was no difference between groups on total serum protein, albumin, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein concentrations (p > 0.05). Transferrin, considered a negative APP, showed a positive response pattern in SG and SBG. Ceruloplasmin had a positive correlation with Obel grade, heart rate on animals from SGB and number of steps on horses submitted to starch overload (SG and SBG). Ceruloplasmin, α-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin concentrations increased in SBG, suggesting an inflammatory response in animals of this group. Changes in clinical parameters were also more evident in the SBG, corroborating the protein fractionation findings.

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Background: Fibroid is the most prevalent benign tumor of the female genital tract. Intravenous and intracardiac leiomyomatosis (IVL and ICLM, respectively) are rare complications that present with symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism and heart failure and whose etiology, despite controversial, is a direct vascular invasion by a primary uterine leiomyoma. Case presentation: We present the case of a 31-year-old female patient with a previous history of pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea, whose ultrasound showed an enlarged and heterogeneous uterus. Complete hysterectomy was performed, and the anatomopathological examination showed leiomyomas without evidence of malignancy. One month later, the patient manifested dyspnea and chest pain. A neoplastic thrombus was identified, extending from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium, for which we proceeded with cavo-atrial thrombectomy under Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with Warm Blood Cardioplegia (WBC). A metastatic lung injury of non-malignant histology was also detected. Discussion: Uterine leiomyoma is a very common benign tumor of the female genital tract. IVL with ICLM are rare and difficult-to-treat complications, whose etiology is a direct vascular invasion by a primary uterine leiomyoma, although it is still controversial. The incidence of ICLM is 10 to 30% of IVL cases. The main symptoms of ICLM are dyspnea, syncope, edema of the lower extremities and palpitations. Treatment is based on complete surgical removal of the tumor thrombus. Studies demonstrated that the one-stage procedure is safer from the patient's perspective and that CPB with WBC reduced intraoperative blood loss and total operative time, ensuring a less traumatic postoperative. Conclusions: Most patients with uterine leiomyoma are asymptomatic and acute complications are rare. In ICLM clinical manifestations are related to heart failure and flow obstruction. Because of the severity of the condition and the curative potential of treatment, surgery is morbid but highly recommended. The use of CPB with WBC improved the postoperative period and increased the patient's quality of life.

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Background: Cystoisospora spp. is considered a potential pathogen to cause diarrhoea in cats, and the disease occurs clinically, especially in young, weak and immunocompromised cats. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility and diagnostic roles of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR) ratios in diarrheal cats infected with Cystoisospora spp. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-five cats with diarrhea due to infection caused by Cystoisospora spp. and 15 healthy cats were included in this study. The anamnesis, clinical and laboratory findings of all cats were recorded. A clinical severity score was generated for diarrheal cats, which included activity, appetite, presence of vomit, and faecal consistency. Also, cats infected with Cystoisospora spp. were classified as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) positive (+) and SIRS (-) group according to the presence of at least 3 of the SIRS criteria. The Cystoisospora spp. oocysts were diagnosed by direct smear and simple faecal flotation. Cats found positive for other parasitic and protozoal agents by faeces examination were excluded from the study. Complete blood counts (CBC) were performed with an automated blood cell counter for all cats. Blood smears were prepared (with May-Grunwald Giemsa) from samples, and the CBC results were confirmed microscopically (obj.100x). White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were recorded directly from the CBC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was calculated as the ratio of the absolute neutrophil count to the absolute lymphocyte count. The monocyte-to-lymphocyte was calculated as the absolute monocyte count ratio to the absolute lymphocyte count. White blood cell (P = 0.015), neutrophil (P = 0.001), monocyte (P = 0.033), NLR (P = 0.000) and MLR (P = 0.042) of diarrheal cats infected with Cystoisospora spp. were significantly higher than in the healthy group. There was no significant difference between groups in the lymphocyte counts (P > 0.05). SIRS (+) group had statistically significantly higher WBC (P = 0.014), neutrophil counts (P = 0.000), NLR (P = 0.000) and MLR (P = 0.037) than the healthy group. Also, neutrophil counts and NLR of the SIRS (+) group were statistically significantly higher than the SIRS (-) group (P = 0.032; P = 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant difference SIRS (+), SIRS (-), and healthy groups regarding lymphocyte and monocyte counts (P > 0.05). The clinical severity of the disease positively correlated with NLR and MLR. Also, the best cut-off value of NLR to predict SIRS was > 1.67, with 92.86% sensitivity and 84.62% specificity. MLR was not a useful predictor for SIRS. Discussion: NLR and MLR are parameters derived from complete blood count. In recent years, they have been used in human and veterinary medicine as a biomarker in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment follow-up of various diseases and provide valuable information about inflammation. In cats, there are limited studies on NLR, and to our knowledge, there are no studies on MLR. The current study suggests that NLR and MLR may be used to determine the severity of the inflammatory condition in diarrheal cats infected with Cystoisospora spp., and NLR is a useful marker for predicting SIRS status in these cats. In addition, this study also will contribute to larger-scale studies in the future.

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Alcohol-associated liver disease is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease. It comprises a clinical-histologic spectrum of presentations, from steatosis, steatohepatitis, to different degrees of fibrosis, including cirrhosis and severe necroinflammatory disease, called alcohol-associated hepatitis. In this focused update, we aim to present specific therapeutic interventions and strategies for the management of alcohol-associated liver disease. Current evidence for management in all spectra of manifestations is derived from general chronic liver disease recommendations, but with a higher emphasis on abstinence and nutritional support. Abstinence should comprise the treatment of alcohol use disorder as well as withdrawal syndrome. Nutritional assessment should also consider the presence of sarcopenia and its clinical manifestation, frailty. The degree of compensation of the disease should be evaluated, and complications, actively sought. The most severe acute form of this disease is alcohol-associated hepatitis, which has high mortality and morbidity. Current treatment is based on corticosteroids that act by reducing immune activation and blocking cytotoxicity and inflammation pathways. Other aspects of treatment include preventing and treating hepatorenal syndrome as well as preventing infections although there is no clear evidence as to the benefit of probiotics and antibiotics in prophylaxis. Novel therapies for alcohol-associated hepatitis include metadoxine, interleukin-22 analogs, and interleukin-1-beta antagonists. Finally, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, microbiota transplantation, and gut-liver axis modulation have shown promising results. We also discuss palliative care in advanced alcohol-associated liver disease.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with advanced cirrhosis often have immune dysfunction and are more susceptible to infections. Galectin-3 is a ß-galactoside-binding lectin implicated in inflammation, immune regulation and liver fibrosis. We aim to investigate galectin-3 expression in advanced cirrhosis and its ability to predict post-transplant infectious complications. METHODS: We collected sera and liver samples from 129 cirrhotic patients at the time of liver transplantation and from an external cohort of 37 patients with alcoholic liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) at the time of diagnosis. Galectin-3 was assessed by ELISA, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and RNA-seq. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis were performed to assess the predictive power of galectin-3 for disease severity and post-transplant infections. RESULTS: Increased galectin-3 levels were found in advanced cirrhosis. Galectin-3 significantly correlated with disease severity parameters and inflammatory markers. Galectin-3 had significant discriminating power for compensated and advanced cirrhosis (AUC = 0.78/0.84, circulating/liver galectin-3; p < .01), and was even higher to discriminate severe AH (AUC = 0.95, p < .0001). Cox Proportional-hazard model showed that galectin-3, MELD-Na and the presence of SIRS predict the development of post-transplant infectious complications. Patients with circulating galectin-3 (>16.58 ng/ml) were at 2.19-fold 95% CI (1.12-4.29) increased risk, but when combined with MELD-Na > 20.0 and SIRS, the risk to develop post-transplant infectious complications, increased to 4.60, 95% CI (2.38-8.90). CONCLUSION: Galectin-3 is a novel biological marker of active inflammation and disease severity that could be clinically useful alone or in combination with other scores to discriminate advanced cirrhosis and predict post-transplant infectious complications.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection has a wide spectrum of presentations, from asymptomatic to pneumonia and sepsis. Risk scores have been used as triggers for protocols that combine several interventions for early management of sepsis. This study tested the accuracy of the score SIRS, qSOFA, and NEWS in predicting outcomes, including mortality and bacterial infection, in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We described 2,473 cases of COVID-19 admitted to the ED of the largest referral hospital for severe COVID-19 in Brazil during the pandemic. SIRS, qSOFA and NEWS scores showed a poor performance as prognostic scores. However, NEWS score had a high sensitivity to predict in-hospital death (0.851), early bacterial infection (0.851), and ICU admission (0.868), suggesting that it may be a good screening tool for severe cases of COVID-19, despite its low specificity.

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Resumen Introducción: El síndrome postimplantación es un trastorno frecuente, producido en el posoperatorio inmediato posterior al tratamiento endovascular de la enfermedad aórtica, caracterizado por la presencia de anorexia, dolor lumbar, leucocitosis, fiebre y elevación de la proteína C reactiva, asociado ocasionalmente a disminución del recuento de plaquetas o alteración de la coagulación. Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia y morbilidad asociada al síndrome postimplantación, posterior a la reparación endovascular de la patología aórtica. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional y descriptivo, donde se analiza la presencia del síndrome post implantación en pacientes sometidos a Reparación endovascular torácica aórtica (TEVAR) y Reparación endovascular de aneurisma (EVAR), durante un período de 10 años (2009 al 2019), en el Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira de Valparaíso, Chile. Resultados: Se incluyeron 112 reparaciones endovasculares, 72,32% correspondientes a EVAR y 27,68% a TEVAR, incidencia del síndrome post implantación (17,85%), factores de riesgo asociados: edad ≤ 75 años, uso de endoprótesis compuesta por poliester, recubrimiento aórtico ≥ 20cm y tiempo quirúrgico >180 min; (p < 0,05), evidenciando en este grupo de pacientes mayor readmisión, estancia hospitalaria y morbilidad cardiovascular (p < 0,05). Discusión: El síndrome post implantación conduce a una recuperación posoperatoria más exigente, aumentando la morbilidad cardiovascular, readmisión y estancia hospitalaria, con los correspondientes riesgos y costos asociados, en consecuencia podría considerarse una complicación de la reparación aórtica endovascular. Conclusión: La respuesta inflamatoria puede ser intensa posterior a la reparación endovascular de la aorta, el grupo de pacientes que desarrolla este síndrome, amerita una estrecha vigilancia, con énfasis durante el primer mes de post operatorio.

Introduction: Postimplantation syndrome is a common disorder, produced in the immediate postoperative period after endovascular treatment of aortic disease, characterized by anorexia, thoracic or low back pain, leukocytosis, fever and elevation of C-reactive protein, occasionally associated with decreased platelet count or coagulation disorders. Aim: To assess postimplantation syndrome after endovascular aortic repair. Material and Methods: This is an observational, and descriptive study; we analyze the presence of postimplantation syndrome, in 112 successive endovascular repairs of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, over a period of 10 years (2009 to 2019), in the Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira in Valparaíso, Chile. Results: 112 endovascular repairs were performed, 81 cases (72.32%) corresponding to EVAR and 31 cases (27.68%) to TEVAR, incidence of post-implantation syndrome was 17.85%. Associated risk factors were age ≤ 75 years, use of polyester stent grafts, aortic covered ≥ 20 cm, surgical time ≥ 180 min, (p < 0.05). As a consequence, in this group of patients, there were associated with greater readmission rates, hospital stay rates and cardiovascular morbidity (p < 0.05). Discussion: The post-implantation syndrome leads to an increase in cardiovascuar morbidy hospital stay rates and a slower postoperative recovery, with the corresponding associated risks and costs, therefore it could be considered a complication of endovascular aortic repair. Conclusion: The inflammatory response after endovascular repair of the aorta, may be intense in some patients, the group of patients who develop this syndrome deserve close monitoring, with emphasis during the first month after surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the contribution of nursing records to the early identification and management of sepsis in surgical patients at a university hospital. METHOD: This is a study with a quantitative, retrospective, descriptive, and correlational design. Data collection was performed through hospital information systems in the first semester of 2017 with the approval of the research ethics committee. We included 28 patients who met the inclusion criteria of the study. RESULTS: The analysis of the content of the records evidenced the development of the first signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organ dysfunction until the fifth day of hospitalization in 19 patients (67.8%). Confirmation or hypothesis of sepsis diagnosis occurred until the 10th day of hospitalization in 15 patients (53.5%). The analysis of the content of the records showed that the first signs of SIRS were predominantly identified in the electronic patient monitoring system in 26 cases (92.9%), whereas the first signs of organ dysfunction were described in the nursing staff records in 24 patients (85.7%). CONCLUSION: The results confirm the importance of the quality of nursing records for risk identification, early recognition, and proper management of sepsis in surgical patients, aiming at achieving greater effectiveness in the management of healthcare processes.

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BACKGROUND: In patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), mortality is high due to multiple organ damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired oxygen consumption, as causative mechanisms, play a significant role in reducing the activity of immune cells in sepsis, resulting in the progression of the multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS). The evaluation of mitochondrial function in critical care patients in the immune cells, especially in lymphocytes, could reveal the target point that determines mitochondrial failure. OBJECTIVE: To find the relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (mROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and mitochondrial oxygen consumption (mVO2) in peripheral plasma lymphocytes collected from ICU patients. We also compared these three characteristic mitochondrial functions with C-reactive protein (CRP), serum lactate, and central venous saturation (SvO2) that would enable the prediction of the ultimate outcome. METHODS: Isolated lymphocytes from 54 critical care patients with SIRS by sepsis and non-sepsis etiologies were analyzed with flow cytometry by staining with dihydroethidium and JC-1, measuring mROS, ΔΨm, and mVO2. Clinical variables, such as serum lactate (mmol/L) and C-reactive protein (mg/L) from peripheral blood, were measured in the first 24 hours of admission. A confounding analysis was performed using logistic regression, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It has been confirmed that there is a drastic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mVO2 in critically ill patients immediately after exposure to the insult pathogen-associated molecular pattern /damageassociated molecular pattern (PAMPS/DAMPS) and continued for the first 24 hours thereafter. The results showed no significant alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) compared with the lymphocytes in controls. A significant correlation between CRP and SvO2 and a strong positive relationship between CRP, values above 3 mg/l, and white blood cells were observed. CONCLUSION: Lymphocytes from patients with SIRS displayed higher mitochondrial respiratory capacities and reactive oxygen species production compared with controls. Clinical markers of inflammation indirectly evaluate the mitochondrial function, most of which have been validated in a clinical setting.

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Resumen Introducción: La sepsis pediátrica continúa siendo una causa importante de mortalidad en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, su reconocimiento temprano en emergencias requiere del uso de criterios que nos permitan predecir anticipadamente la gravedad del paciente. Objetivo: nuestro estudio pretende comparar los criterios de SIRS y qSOFA en cuanto a su capacidad discriminatoria en mortalidad en sepsis pediátrica. Métodos: realizamos un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo en servicios de emergencias incluyendo niños con sospecha de sepsis subsecuentemente ingresados a UTIP, en los cuales se evaluaron los puntajes en SIRS y qSOFA comparándolos con los resultados al egreso. Resultados: se enrolaron 64 pacientes, admitidos en estadios de Sepsis (19%), Shock Séptico (20,6%) y con Disfunción Multiorgánica (60,4%), con una mortalidad respectivamente de 9,5%, 14,3% y 76,2%; en 33,9% de los casos se pudo rescatar algún germen. Evaluando los criterios SIRS vemos que la ausencia de ellos se asocia con mayor sobrevivencia (p=0,044; OR 0,618: IC95% 0,5020,761), Por otro lado, 2 o más criterios qSOFA se asocia con mayor mortalidad (p=0,047; OR 3,52: IC95% 1,090-11,371). Conclusión: ambos criterios utilizados para definir sepsis en pediatría demostraron su utilidad, el uso del score qSOFA dada a su estrecha relación con la mortalidad puede emplearse para anticipar alteraciones orgánicas potencialmente mortales.

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric sepsis continues to be one of the main causes of mortality in low and middle-income countries, its early recognition in emergencies requires the use of criteria that allow us to predict the severity of the patient. Objective: our study aims to compare the SIRS criteria and qSOFA regarding its discriminatory capacity in mortality in children with sepsis. Methods: a prospective multicenter study was carried out in emergency services enrolling children with suspected sepsis subsequently admitted to the PICU, in which the scores in qSOFA and SIRS were evaluated comparing them with the results at hospital discharge. Results: 64 patients were enrolled, admitted in emergency in Sepsis (19%), Septic Shock (20.6%) and with Multiple Organ Dysfunction (60.4%) stage, with a mortality respectively of 9.5% and 14.3% and 76.2%; germ could be rescued in 33.9% of the cases; Evaluating the SIRS criteria, we see that the absence of them is associated with lower mortality (p = 0.044; OR 0.618: 95% CI 0.502-0.761); otherwise, 2 or more qSOFA criteria are associated with higher mortality (p = 0.047 ; OR 3.52: 95% CI 1.090-11.371). Conclusion: both criteria used to define sepsis in pediatrics demonstrated their usefulness, the use of the qSOFA score given its close relationship with mortality can be used to anticipate life-threatening organ alterations.

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Resumen El enfoque moderno de la sepsis se ha centrado en la creación de consensos globales que utilizan distintos criterios para pesquisarla en forma precoz, con el fin de disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a ella. Hasta la aparición del tercer y último consenso de adultos (Sepsis-3), el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS) fue el pilar diagnóstico utilizado por defecto en todas las edades. En Sepsis-3 se decidió retirar el SIRS, lo que generó un debate internacional sobre la oportunidad de dicho cambio. Esta revisión narrativa desarrolla la historia de las distintas definiciones de sepsis centradas en SIRS, las fortalezas, las debilidades y la pertinencia de los distintos elementos que ocasionaron el debate. Dada la ausencia de actualizaciones pediátricas en Sepsis-3, se hace especial énfasis en las implicaciones para las futuras definiciones de sepsis en esta etapa de la vida.

Abstract The modern approach to sepsis has focused on creating a global consensus with different criteria to early investigate it in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex entity. Until the third and last consensus of adults (Sepsis-3), the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was the diagnostic pillar used by default for all ages. In Sepsis-3, it was decided to withdraw the SIRS, which generated an international debate about the timing of such change. This narrative review develops the history of the different definitions of sepsis focused on SIRS, their strengths and weaknesses, and the relevance of the different elements that caused the debate. Given the absence of pediatric updates in Sepsis-3, a particular emphasis is placed on the implications for future definitions of sepsis at this stage of life

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The modern approach to sepsis has focused on creating a global consensus with different criteria to early investigate it in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex entity. Until the third and last consensus of adults (Sepsis-3), the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was the diagnostic pillar used by default for all ages. In Sepsis-3, it was decided to withdraw the SIRS, which generated an international debate about the timing of such change. This narrative review develops the history of the different definitions of sepsis focused on SIRS, their strengths and weaknesses, and the relevance of the different elements that caused the debate. Given the absence of pediatric updates in Sepsis-3, a particular emphasis is placed on the implications for future definitions of sepsis at this stage of life.

El enfoque moderno de la sepsis se ha centrado en la creación de consensos globales que utilizan distintos criterios para pesquisarla en forma precoz, con el fin de disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a ella. Hasta la aparición del tercer y último consenso de adultos (Sepsis-3), el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SIRS) fue el pilar diagnóstico utilizado por defecto en todas las edades. En Sepsis-3 se decidió retirar el SIRS, lo que generó un debate internacional sobre la oportunidad de dicho cambio. Esta revisión narrativa desarrolla la historia de las distintas definiciones de sepsis centradas en SIRS, las fortalezas, las debilidades y la pertinencia de los distintos elementos que ocasionaron el debate. Dada la ausencia de actualizaciones pediátricas en Sepsis-3, se hace especial énfasis en las implicaciones para las futuras definiciones de sepsis en esta etapa de la vida.

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INTRODUCTION: In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. METHODS: Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc). RESULTS: For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. CONCLUSION: Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.

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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis are two conditions which are difficult to differentiate clinically and which are strongly impacted for prompt intervention. This study identified potential lipid signatures that are able to differentiate SIRS from sepsis and to predict prognosis. Forty-two patients, including 21 patients with sepsis and 21 patients with SIRS, were involved in the study. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine lipids present in patient plasma. The obtained lipid signatures revealed 355 features for the negative ion mode and 297 for the positive ion mode, which were relevant for differential diagnosis of sepsis and SIRS. These lipids were also tested as prognosis predictors. Lastly, L-octanoylcarnitine was found to be the most promising lipid signature for both the diagnosis and prognosis of critically ill patients, with accuracies of 75% for both purposes. In short, we presented the determination of lipid signatures as a potential tool for differential diagnosis of sepsis and SIRS and prognosis of these patients.

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Resumen La sepsis constituye una causa frecuente de muerte por lo que es muy importante el diagnóstico precoz para conseguir un manejo oportuno y eficiente. Las definiciones y consensos han ido sufriendo modificaciones a lo largo del tiempo por lo que el equipo médico quirúrgico debe estar atento a estos cambios y debe mantenerse en constante actualización. El consenso de Sepsis-3, propone el uso del qSOFA y SOFA con el fin de mejorar la especificidad del reconocimiento de pacientes de mayor gravedad; no obstante, esto se logra a expensas de una menor sensibilidad, es por esto que los criterios clásicos de SIRS deben seguir utilizándose ante la sospecha de sepsis. Es clave la identificación temprana de los pacientes para que el resultado de las medidas a tomar sea el óptimo. La sepsis quirúrgica sigue siendo un cuadro clínico difícil de reconocer y manejar, es una urgencia que requiere medidas iniciales durante la primera hora de sospecha por lo que es transcendental para el cirujano conocer estas medidas, para poder planificar una posible cirugía de urgencia con el respaldo médico adecuado, según corresponda. El objetivo de esta revisión es que el cirujano y el equipo médico actualicen los cambios de los consensos de sepsis en cuanto al diagnóstico y al manejo bajo una mirada crítica y conozcan también el enfrentamiento adecuado de una sepsis quirúrgica para, de esta manera, mejorar la sobrevida de nuestros pacientes.

Sepsis constitutes a frequent cause of death, early diagnosis is essential to achieve proper management. Definitions and consensus have undergone modifications over time, so the surgical and medical team must be aware of these changes and must be constantly updated. The consensus of Sepsis-3 proposes the use of qSOFA and SOFA in order to improve the specificity of the recognition of patients with greater severity; however, this is achieved at the expense of lower sensitivity, so that the standard SIRS criteria should continue to be used when sepsis is suspected.The early identification of patients is very important to optimize the handling of the medical team. Surgical sepsis remains a difficult clinical picture to recognize and manage. It is an emergency that requires initial actions during the first hour of suspicion. By this it is important for the surgeon to know these actions that allow him or her to plan a possible emergency surgery when appropriate with adequate medical support. The objective of this update is for surgeon and medical team to know the changes in sepsis consensus regarding diagnosis and management under a critical view, as well as to know the therapeutic approach of a surgical sepsis to improve the survival of our patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Sepsis induces the recruitment of immature neutrophils into the circulation. An immature granulocyte percentage (IG%) count greater than 3% has been shown to be an indicator for the risk of sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IG% as predictor of sepsis compared to blood culture results and sepsis diagnostic confirmation. METHODS: The study included individuals (n = 301) of both sexes aged ≥18 years who underwent Hospital São Lucas examinations between January and November 2017. For all the patients, IG%, as well as blood culture results, were evaluated. All examinations were obtained from Clinical Laboratory database. Data were analyzed through the SPSS program version 18.0. RESULTS: There was statistical association between blood culture and IG% results (P = 0.009) and between sepsis confirmation and IG% on Pearson chi-square test (P < 0.001). An IG% cutoff point of 2.0% was able to exclude sepsis based on clinical diagnosis with a specificity of 90.9% and a sensitivity of 38.5%. The cutoff value in ROC analyses of IG% based on blood culture results was 0.3% and 0.4% based on clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that IG% <2.0% are helpful on the exclusion of sepsis diagnosis with a very high specificity (90.9%). The IG% is a useful additional marker for sepsis diagnosis allowing the early initiation of therapy and better possibilities of recovery.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare the discriminatory capacity of the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) vs. the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score for predicting 30-day mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients with suspicion of infection at an HIV reference centre. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study including consecutive adult patients who had suspected infection and who were subsequently admitted to the medical ward. Variables related to qSOFA and SIRS were measured at admission. The performance (area under the receiver operating curve, AUROC) of qSOFA (score ≥2) and SIRS (≥2 criteria) as a predictor of 30-day mortality and ICU admission was evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-three patients (mean ± standard deviation age, 42.6 ± 12.4 years) were included in the analysis; 107 (61.8%) were male, and 111 (64.2%) were HIV positive. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections occurred in 49 (28.3%) and 23 (13.3%), respectively. The 30-day mortality rate was 9 (5.2%) of 173. The prognostic performance of qSOFA was similar compared to SIRS, with an AUROC of 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.81) and 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.53-0.86) (p 0.96). Twenty patients (11%) were admitted to the ICU; qSOFA and SIRS had a similar discriminatory capacity for ICU admission (AUROC 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.75) and 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.76)), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found a poor prognostic accuracy of the qSOFA to predict 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients suspected of infection in a setting with a high burden of HIV infection.

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