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Resumen Introducción: la hipertensión arterial es uno de los factores principales de morbimortalidad cardiovascular, con una prevalencia en aumento, por lo cual se considera como uno de los factores principales prevenibles y tratables de mortalidad1. En Colombia no se cuenta con datos que correlacionen cambios ecocardiográficos con los valores obtenidos en el monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial en 24 horas. Objetivo: evaluar las posibles relaciones entre la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica promedio en 24 horas con los desenlaces: grosor relativo de pared (GRP), volumen auricular izquierdo indexado, fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) y masa ventricular indexada. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en pacientes colombianos con datos ecocardiográficos y resultados de MAPA del servicio de cardiología del Hospital de San José, entre junio de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Resultados: se incluyeron 70 pacientes; se encontró posible relación entre la presión arterial sistólica promedio en 24 horas y el volumen auricular izquierdo indexado (p = 0.004), la presión arterial diastólica promedio en 24 horas y el grosor relativo de pared (p = 0.032). Conclusión: en este estudio se encontró una posible asociación entre volumen auricular izquierdo y presión arterial sistólica promedio en 24 h, GRP y presión arterial diastólica promedio en 24 h. Se hacen necesarios más estudios para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Abstract Introduction: Arterial hypertension is one of the main factor associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with increasing prevalence, so it is considered as a key factor to treat to decrease cardiovascular disease. There is no data in Colombia that correlates echocardiographic parameters with meassures of blood pressure obtained by a 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Objective: To evaluate possible relations between 24 hour blood pressure monitoring and relative wall thickness, left atrial volume index, left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular mass index. Materials and methods: A cross sectional, observational, descriptive trial in Colombian patients between june 2018 to dicember 2019 with echocardiographic and 24 h blood pressure monitoring data from the cardiology deparment of the Hospital de San José. Results: 70 patients were included. a possible relation was found between 24 h systolic blood pressure monitoring and 24 h diastolic pressure monitoring with left atrial volume index (p = 0.004) and relative wall thickness (p = 0.032) respectively. Conclusion: A possible association was found between 24 h systolic blood pressure monitoring and 24 h diastolic blood pressure monitoring with left atrial volume index and relative wall thickness respectively. It is necessary to conduct more studies to confirm this finding.

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RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las actitudes y la conciencia de los odontólogos y especialistas médicos sobre la provisión de dispositivos de avance mandibular (DAM) para el tratamiento de los ronquidos y la apnea del sueño. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se seleccionaron por conveniencia 53 odontólogos (generales y especialistas) y 5 médicos especialistas en medicina del sueño en la ciudad de Guadalajara, México. Quienes respondieron un cuestionario específico desarrollado por Jauhar et al. (2008) dirigido a conocer la actitud de los odontólogos y médicos especialistas para la provisión de los DAM y otros aspectos relacionados con el ronquido y la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS). El 94 % de los odontólogos respondió estar interesado en capacitarse en ronquido y AOS. Y en el grupo de los médicos especialistas se encontró que el 80 % cree que los odontólogos sí tienen un papel para ayudar a los pacientes con ronquido y AOS, el 60 % cree que los odontólogos pueden contribuir con la realización de DAM y el 40 % considera que los odontólogos deben remitir a un especialista del sueño. Existe una actitud muy positiva de los odontólogos para ser parte del grupo interdisciplinario para el tratamiento del ronquido y de la apnea obstructiva del sueño, pero este estudio nos muestra además que a pesar de la disposición para utilizar los DAM, la formación y capacitación no es suficiente. Por otra parte, hay una actitud positiva de los médicos especialistas que consideran que los odontólogos juegan un papel importante en ayudar a los pacientes con ronquidos o con apnea del sueño, pero se evidencia que en su gran mayoría no usan los DAM como parte de un posible tratamiento.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes and awareness of dentists and medical specialists on the provision of mandibular advancement devices (MAD) for the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study, where 53 dentists (general and specialists) and 5 sleep medicine specialists in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico were selected for convenience. The selected group answered a specific questionnaire developed by Jauhar et al., to know the attitude of dentists and medical specialists for the provision of MAD and other aspects related to snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). 94 % of dentists responded to be interested in training in snoring and OSA. And of the group of medical specialists, 80 % consider that dentists have a role in helping patients with snoring and OSA, 60 % believe that dentists can contribute to MAD and 40 % believe that dentists should refer a sleep specialist. There is a very positive attitude by the dentists to be part of the interdisciplinary group for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, but this study also shows that despite the willingness to use MAD, education and training is not enough. There is a positive attitude of specialist doctors who consider that dentists play an important role in helping patients with snoring or with sleep apnea, but it is evident that the majority do not use MAD as part of a possible treatment.

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Objetivo: Determinar si existen diferencias en el contenido onírico en diferentes trastornos del sueño y describir sus características. Pacientes y métodos: Estudiamos cuatro trastornos del sueño: síndrome de apnea e hipopnea del sueño (SAHS), insomnio primario (IP), trastorno de conducta del sueño REM idiopático (TCSRI) y narcolepsia de tipo 1. Se solicitó a cada paciente que llenara un diario de sus sueños durante dos semanas. El contenido de los diarios fue transcrito y analizado en longitud, contenido mental, complejidad y amenaza. Los resultados se compararon para establecer diferencias. Resultados: Se estudió a 89 pacientes: 23 con SAHS sin presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP) que tuvieron la mayor cantidad de sueños con participación en amenazas (32,5%); 19 con SAHS tratados con CPAP que tuvieron la mayor cantidad de sueños con objetos (64,8%), elementos descriptivos (38%) y de más alta complejidad (9,5%); 22 con insomnio primario con la mayor cantidad de sueños con eventos amenazantes al ámbito social (57,7%); 12 con TCSRI que tuvieron en sus sueños la más alta cantidad de fracasos (14%) y menor complejidad (71,7%), y 13 con narcolepsia de tipo 1 que tuvieron la mayor cantidad de sueños relacionados con actividades (84,3%) y amenazas hacia la vida (41,4 %). Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los distintos trastornos del sueño sí se asocian a contenidos oníricos diferentes que traducirían distintos procesos neurológicos subyacentes. Estos hallazgos deberían replicarse en estudios que analicen más pacientes y añadan un grupo control sin trastornos del sueño.(AU)

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine whether there are any differences in the dream content in different sleep disorders and to describe their characteristics. Patients and methods: We studied four sleep disorders: sleep apnoea and hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS), primary insomnia (PI), idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder (IRBD) and narcolepsy type I. Each patient was asked to keep a dream diary for two weeks. The content of the diaries was transcribed and analysed for length, mental content, complexity and threat. The results were compared to establish differences. Results: Eighty-nine patients were studied: 23 with SAHS without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) who had the highest number of dreams involving threats (32.5%); 19 with SAHS treated with CPAP who had the highest number of dreams involving objects (64.8%), descriptive elements (38%) and higher complexity (9.5%); 22 with primary insomnia who had the highest number of dreams with threatening events in the social sphere (57.7%); 12 with IRBD who had the highest number of dreams with failures (14%) and lower complexity (71.7%); and 13 with narcolepsy type I who had the highest number of dreams related to activities (84.3%) and threats to life (41.4%) These differences were statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusions: Different sleep disorders are associated with different dream contents, which would be translating different underlying neurological processes. These findings should be replicated in studies that analyse more patients and add a control group without sleep disorders.(AU)

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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la autoeficacia percibida y la adherencia objetiva al CPAP en una población de pacientes con SAHOS de una institución especializada en cuidado respiratorio de la ciudad de Bogotá. Método: Se utilizó un diseño de corte transversal con abordaje cuantitativo - correlacional, a partir de una corte de pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAHOS) moderado o severo. Entre los meses de septiembre y noviembre de 2018, se incluyeron de forma consecutiva 136 pacientes, hombres y mujeres, mayores de edad, que usaban CPAP y asistieron a consulta de neumología, sueño, rehabilitación y exámenes diagnósticos. Se obtuvo información demográfica y clínica. Cada participante diligenció el instrumento SEMSA para evaluar la autoeficacia y se obtuvo lectura de tarjeta del dispositivo, para evaluar adherencia objetiva. Se analizaron los datos por medio de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados y conclusiones: La correlación entre la autoeficacia y la adherencia objetiva al CPAP, mostró un coeficiente de Sperman -,076. En el análisis discriminado, la dimensión autoeficacia de la escala de autoeficacia, mostró una correlación débil (Rho Sperman=0.17) estadísticamente significativa (p=0.048), lo cual concuerda con lo reportado en algunas publicaciones hechas en poblaciones diferentes a la estudiada. La puntuación de la dimensión de autoeficacia (3,4/4) fue superior a lo informado en la literatura, y la de expectativas de riesgo (1,85/4) fue inferior a lo reportado. Los pacientes jóvenes tuvieron una mayor autoeficacia que las personas mayores. La adherencia objetiva al CPAP (uso de CPAP > a 4 horas/noche por más del 70% de las noches) fue del 66,9 % con un promedio de horas de uso por noche de 5,54, valores más altos que los reportados a nivel mundial y local. Otras variables no tuvieron asociación con la adherencia.

Objective: To determine the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and objective adherence to CPAP in a population of patients with OSAHS from an institution specialized in respiratory care in the city of Bogotá. Method: This is a cross-sectional design with a quantitative-correlational approach, based on a cut-off of patients with moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea OSAHS. Between the months of September and November of 2018, 136 patients were included; both gender male and female, which were above legal age 18 years old, users of CPAP machine and who attended to the pulmonology consultation, sleep, rehabilitation and diagnostic tests. Demographic and clinical information was obtained. Each participant completed the instrument in order to evaluate self-efficacy. Also, to evaluate objective adherence, card reading of the CPAP device, was obtained. The data was analyzed by logistic regression model. Results and conclusions: The correlation between self-efficacy and objective adherence to CPAP showed a Sperman coefficient of -,076. In the discriminated analysis, the selfefficacy dimension of the self-efficacy scale showed a weak correlation (Rho Spermean = 0.17) statistically significant (p = 0.048), in the sense that the information is relevant. The score of the dimension of self-efficacy (3.4 / 4) was higher and reported in the literature, but lower in the domain of risk expectations (1.85 / 4). Young patients had greater self-efficacy than older patients. Objective adherence to CPAP (use of CPAP> at 4 hours / night for more than 70% of the nights) was 66.9% with an average nighttime usage of 5.54, higher values than those reported Globally and locally. Other variables had no association with adherence.

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Resumen El síndrome de apnea hipoapnea del sueño (SAHS), está asociado fuertemente a la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las variaciones en el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en pacientes portadores de SAHS luego de un año de tratamiento con CPAP. Resultados: 104 pacientes varones fueron incluidos en este estudio, las variables analizadas fueron: índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH), índice de masa corporal (IMC) y cuestionario de somnolencia diurna Epworth. Respecto a los datos obtenidos de IMC, se encontró tras un año de tratamiento con CPAP un descenso significativo de esta variable (p < 0,001). En la escala de somnolencia también se obtuvo un descenso significativo. Discusión: La evidencia ha sugerido regularmente que a mayor peso corporal existirían también niveles más elevados de IAH, las mejoras en el IMC referidas en este estudio, resaltan la importancia del correcto tratamiento no solo en el control de los eventos respiratorios, sino que en la disminución del peso corporal.

Sleep Apnea Syndrome (SAS) it is highly related to obesity. The main purpose of this study is to determine the variation between Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) and Body Mass Index (BMI) on sleep apnea patients after a year of CPAP treatment on the Linde Sleep Center. Results: 104 male patients were included in this study, the variables analyzed were; AHI, BMI, Epworth daytime somnolence. As for the data obtained from BMI, after one year of treatment with CPAP, the BMI showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001). In the daytime sleepiness scale, a significant decrease was also found between pre and post treatment values. Discussion: Evidence has consistently suggested that higher body weight would also have higher levels of AHI, and the improvements in BMI referred to in this study emphasize the importance of proper treatment not only in control of respiratory events, but in the reduction of body weight.

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Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome is a rare entity that is characterised by its onset in healthy children at 2-4 years of age. It is a complex syndrome that includes, among other symptoms, rapid weight gain with hyperphagia, hypothalamic dysfunction, central hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation. The case is presented of a 10-year-old boy with a diagnosis of ROHHAD syndrome undergoing insertion of a port-a-cath under general anaesthesia, who developed complications during the anaesthetic procedure related to his illness. The peri-operative management of these patients represents a challenge for the anaesthetist, given the involvement of multiple systems and the frequent respiratory comorbidities associated with them. A summary is presented of some of the implications and anaesthetic considerations that must be taken into account in the management of these patients.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Paediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnoea Syndrome (OSAS) is a multisystemic condition affecting child's health status that may be investigated analyzing demand for healthcare. OBJECTIVE: to quantify the frequency of medical consultations in children with OSAS over a 5-year period, compared to a healthy population. METHODS: A longitudinal, case-control, ambispective study was conducted at a hospital pertaining to the national public health system. 69 consecutive children referred for OSAS were recruited with no diseases other than OSAS so that healthcare demand was purely attributed to this condition. Matched healthy control children were selected to compare these data. Data regarding frequency of the medical consultations were obtained over 5 years: the year of the treatment ("Year0"), 1 and 2 years before ("Year -1" and "Year -2" respectively), and 1 and 2 years after treatment ("Year+1" and "Year+2") RESULTS: Frequentation Index (FI), as ratio between the use of health services by OSAS children and healthy controls was 1.89 during Year-2, and 2.15 during Year-1 (P<.05). Treatment diminishes utilization, with FI of 159 during year+1 and 1.72 during year+2 (P<.05). The main causes of attendance were otolaryngological and pneumological diseases, improving after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Children suffering from OSAS demand more healthcare services, at least 2 years before treatment, implying that the disease could be present years before we manage it. Therapeutic actions improve healthcare services utilization, although remain higher than for controls, which suggests OSAS sequelae or residual disease.

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Sleeep disorder breathing (SDB) in chilhood includes a broad spectrum of disease ranging from primary snoring to more severe forms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. They may be associated with alterations different than those seen in adults, e.g., children present a low percentage of daytime sleepiness. Nevertheless, they present great difficulties in their learning, and failure in memory and attention and reports of behavior of aggressiveness. We analyze in the present review the cognitive and behavioral deficits asscoaited with the RDS and the main tests that are made for its study

Los trastornos respíratorios del sueño (TRS) en la infancia incluyen un amplio espectro que comprende desde el ronquido primario hasta las formas más graves de síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). Los niños presentan sintomatología asociada distinta a los adultos, como un bajo porcentaje de sonmolencia diurna. No obstante refieren dificultades en su aprendizaje, fallas en memoria, atención y cambios en su hiperactividad y agresividad. Se analizan los déficit cognitivos y conductuales asociados a los TRSy las principales pruebas neuropsicológicas o test que se realizan para su estudio

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the nostrils of patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and its impact on quality of life, and to identify predictive factors for compliance. METHODS: Longitudinal prospective study. Thirty-six consecutive patients evaluated before and 2 months after CPAP using the following variables: clinical (eye, nose and throat [ENT] symptoms, Epworth test, anxiety/depression scales, general and rhinoconjunctivitis-specific quality of life); anatomical (ENT examination, computed tomography); functional (auditive and Eustachian tube function, nasal flow, mucociliary transport); biological (nasal cytology); and polisomnographics. The sample was divided into compliers (≥4h/d) and non-compliers (<4h/d). RESULTS: A significant improvement was observed in daytime sleepiness (p=0.000), anxiety (P=.006), and depression (P=.023). Nasal dryness (P=.000), increased neutrophils in nasal cytology (P=.000), and deteriorating ciliary function were evidenced, particularly in compliers. No significant differences were observed in the other variables. Baseline sleepiness was the only factor predictive of compliance. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP in patients without previous nasal pathology leads to an improvement in a series of clinical parameters and causes rhinitis and airway dryness. Some ENT variables worsened in compliers. Sleepiness was the only prognostic factor for poor tolerance.

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Objetivo: determinar la validez y la consistencia interna del instrumento "Medición de la autoeficacia percibida en apnea del sueño" - SEMSA, versión en español, diseñado por Weaver et al. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo descriptivo metodológico; se determinó la validez facial y de contenido con panel de expertos y un literato bilingüe. La muestra de la validez de constructo y consistencia interna fue de 151 pacientes con síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño que usaron el tratamiento de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP). Resultados: la validez facial mostró un índice de aceptabilidad superior en las tres categorías evaluadas. En la validez de contenido, 23 ítems alcanzaron un nivel de aceptabilidad satisfactorio y los 4 ítems restantes fueron susceptibles de modificación. En la validez de constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio determinó tres factores con una varianza total explicada de 52,2 %. La consistencia interna por el alfa de Cronbach fue 0,90 para la escala total y para cada dimensión mayor de 0,84. Discusión: la varianza total explicada comparándola con el estudio original fue mayor y el alfa de Cronbach fue similar tanto en la escala total como dimensional. Conclusión: el instrumento Self Efficacy Measure Sleep Apnea, válido y homogéneo en el contexto urbano colombiano, es una herramienta relevante y objetiva acerca de las perspectivas del paciente con síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño sobre los riesgos asociados, el beneficio del tratamiento y el cumplimiento en el uso de presión positiva (CPAP), a pesar de las barreras percibidas.

Objective: Determine the validity and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the "Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea (SEMSA) designed by Weaver et al. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive methodological study that determined facial and content validity with a panel of experts and a bilingual scholar. The construct validity and internal consistency sample was comprised of 151 patients with sleep apnea- hypopnea syndrome who were using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as treatment. Results: Facial validity showed a higher rate of acceptability in all three categories evaluated. As for content validity, 23 items had a satisfactory level of acceptability and the remaining four were subject to change. Exploratory factor analysis of construct validity identified three factors with 52.2% total variance explained. Internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha test was 0.90 for the total scale and 0.84 for each major dimension. Discussion: Total variance explained was higher compared to the original study, and Cronbach's alpha was similar in both the total and dimensional scale. Conclusion: The Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea - valid and homogeneous in the Colombian urban context - is an important and objective tool to gauge the prospects for patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome compared to the associated risks, the benefit of the treatment and compliance in the use of positive pressure (CPAP), despite the perceived barriers.

Objetivo: determinar a validade e a consistência interna do instrumento "Medição da autoeficácia percebida em apneia do sono" - Semsa, versão em espanhol, desenhado por Weaver et al. Materiais e métodos: estudo de tipo descritivo metodológico; determinou-se a validade facial e de conteúdo com painel de especialistas e um literato bilíngue. A amostra da validade de construto e consistência interna foi de 151 pacientes com síndrome de apneia-hipopneia do sono que usaram o tratamento de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP, por sua sigla em inglês). Resultados: a validade facial mostrou um índice de aceitabilidade superior nas 13 categorias avaliadas. Na validade de conteúdo, 23 itens atingiram um nível de aceitabilidade satisfatório e os quatro itens restantes foram suscetíveis de modificação. Na validade de construto, a análise fatorial exploratória determinou três fatores com uma variável total explicada de 52,2 %. A consistência interna pelo alfa de Cronbach foi 0,90 para a escala total e para cada dimensão maior de 0,84%. Discussão: a variável total explicada comparando-a com o estudo original foi maior e o alfa de Cronbach foi similar tanto na escala total quanto na dimensional. Conclusão: o instrumento Self Efficacy Measure Sleep Apnea, válido e homogêneo no contexto urbano colombiano, é uma ferramenta relevante e objetiva sobre as perspectivas do paciente com síndrome de apneia-hipopneia do sono sobre os riscos associados, o benefício do tratamento e o cumprimento no uso do CPAP, apesar das barreiras percebidas.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care. METHODOLOGY: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center. Based on a computerized registry of the site, patients diagnosed of SAHS and hypertension over 30 years of age were selected. For each case, one control case of hypertensive patients without SAHS paired by age and gender was randomly obtained. RESULTS: A total of 64 cases and 64 controls were selected. Standing out in the bivariate analysis were greater BMI (34.3±12.8 vs. 28.6±3.6), predominance of obesity (70.3 vs. 35.9%), metabolic syndrome (77.3 vs. 42.2%), consumption of psychopharmaceuticals (19.7 vs. 7.8%) and anithypertensive drugs (26.5 vs. 14.0%), ischemic heart disease (20.3 vs. 9.4%) in the case group versus control group (P<.05 for all the variables). The multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of metabolic syndrome was related with the presence of SAHS in hypertensive patients (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 2.03-10.64; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Screening for SAHS should be performed in hypertensive patients seen in primary care if they have metabolic syndrome criteria.

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INTRODUCTION: Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) increases cardiovascular risk and has a negative impact on neurocognitive functioning. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) is impaired in OSAHS patients, differently in men and women, but its evaluation is difficult by primary care providers. OBJECTIVE: To screen for OSAHS in patients with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors, under the hypothesis of gender differences in HRQL. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study including 75 consecutive patients (39 male, 36 female) with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors, without acute disease. Anthropometric, demographic, and laboratory data were collected. The STOP-BANG questionnaire, for the screening of OSASH, and the COOP/WONCA charts for HRQL evaluation, were administered at the primary care setting. RESULTS: Women with clinical finding evocative of OSAHS had lower HRQL than men with the same condition, as indicated by higher summation scores for COOP/WONCA charts (P=.002) and for dimensions of Physical Fitness (P<.001), Daily Activities (P=.040) and Change in health (P=.004), with a trend to a be into a lower social class. Summation scores for COOP/WONCA correlates with social class (P=.008) pointing out to a parallel improvement of HRQL with social status. CONCLUSIONS: OSAHS screening along with HRQL measurement is feasible at the primary care level, revealing a distinctive feature in women with sleep-disordered breathing, a lower HRQL, undetectable by the instrumental sleep study.

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INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with 2 closely related respiratory diseases: obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). It has been shown that noninvasive ventilation during sleep produces clinical and functional improvement in these patients. The long-term survival rate with this treatment, and the difference in clinical progress in OHS patients with and without OSAHS are analyzed. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal, observational study with a cohort of patients diagnosed with OHS, included in a home ventilation program over a period of 12 years, divided into 2 groups: pure OHS and OSAHS-associated OHS. Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation was administered. During the follow-up period, symptoms, exacerbations and hospitalizations, blood gas tests and pulmonary function tests, and survival rates were monitored and compared. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were eligible for analysis, 60 women (72.3%) and 23 men (27.7%), with a mean survival time of 8.47 years. Fifty patients (60.2%) were included in the group without OSAHS (OHS) and 33 (39.8%) in the OSAHS-associated OHS group (OHS-OSAHS). PaCO2 in the OHS group was significantly higher than in the OHS-OSAHS group (P<.01). OHS patients also had a higher hospitalization rate (P<.05). There was a significant improvement in both groups in FEV1 and FVC, and no differences between groups in PaCO2 and PaO2 values. There were no differences in mortality between the 2 groups, but low FVC values were predictive of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The use of mechanical ventilation in patients with OHS, with or without OSAHS, is an effective treatment for the correction of blood gases and functional alterations and can achieve prolonged survival rates.

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INTRODUCTION: Chiari type I malformation (CM-I) is characterised by caudal ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. This is associated with brain stem, high spinal cord, and cranial nerve compression phenomena. The most frequent symptoms are occipital headaches and dizziness. Less well-known symptoms are sleep disorders and nocturnal respiratory abnormalities. SOURCES: MEDLINE and information from patients evaluated at the Neurosurgery and Clinical Neurophysiology Departments at Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. DEVELOPMENT: Review article based on data obtained from MEDLINE articles since 1966, using combinations of the following keywords: «Chiari malformation¼ or «Arnold-Chiari malformation¼ and «sleep apnea¼ or «sleep disorders¼. CONCLUSIONS: CM-I patients show a higher prevalence of sleep disorders than that observed in the general population. Some studies report a 50% prevalence of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), probably associated with sudden death in some cases. These results support analysing sleep respiratory parameters in theses patients. Identifying SAHS symptoms may help optimise treatment, thereby improving quality of life and prognosis.

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INTRODUCTION: Adenotonsillectomy is an effective treatment for sleep-disordered breathing in children, but its ability to resolve neurocognitive issues, is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of cognitive and behavioral disorders after one year of adenotonsillectomy. METHOD: We studied the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in 45 children with obstructive sleep apnea and 30 healthy controls, aged 3 to 13 years. Psychological tests were performed in both groups at baseline and at 12 months. RESULTS: Preoperatively, all cognitive and behavioral disturbances were higher in the study group than in the control group: attention in 46.7% of cases in the study group versus 20% in the control group (P=.016), anxiety 60.9% versus 40.9% (not significant); memory 55.6% versus 36.7% (P=.019), spatial structuring 64.4% versus 36.7% (P=.017), hyperactivity 42.9% versus 12.5% (P=.016), and attention deficit 46.4% versus 8.3% (P=.003). After one year we observed more disturbances in all variables in the study group. However, significant differences remained only in spatial structure (31.3% versus 3.3%, P=.017), and attention deficit (40.5% versus 16.7%, P=.031). The percentages of patients that improved in one year were not significantly different between both groups. CONCLUSION: Behavioral and cognitive disturbances in children with sleep apnea were partially resolved following adenotonsillectomy. Improvements in the cognitive and behavioral variables did not differ significantly from those the normal evolution of the individual, and were independent of the resolution of respiratory disorders.

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Al carecer de instrumentos en idioma español para medir la autoeficacia percibida en personas con apnea del sueño, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la validez facial, de contenido, de constructo y la consistencia interna del instrumento SEMSA (Perceived Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea) de Weaver y colaboradores. Se sustentó a partir de la Teoría de Autoeficacia de Albert Bandura, evaluando tres aspectos de la teoría mediante 27 ítems en escala tipo Likert. Los aspectos centrales de la teoría fueron la percepción del riesgo, las expectativas de resultados y la autoeficacia percibida en personas con apnea obstructiva del sueño ante el tratamiento con presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP). Se usó un diseño de tipo metodológico, con el fin de evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento de medición. Para la validez facial se aplicó un instrumento a 6 expertos quienes evaluaron las categorías de comprensión, claridad y precisión de los ítems del instrumento. En la validez de contenido 4 expertos determinaron mediante un Índice de Validez de Contenido modificado si el ítem era esencial, útil pero no esencial o no necesario. Para la validez de constructo y consistencia interna 151 pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea hipopnea del sueño que estuvieran en tratamiento con CPAP diligenciaron el instrumento. Este tamaño muestral resultó de un cálculo de error y precisión tipo II a partir de la desviación estándar de la muestra de la prueba piloto de 81 personas que cumplían con los mismos criterios de inclusión y exclusión determinadas para el estudio. Para la validez facial se obtuvo un índice de aceptabilidad > 0.80%, en la precisión, un índice de aceptabilidad de 0.77% en claridad y de un 1% los cuales se reconocen como acuerdo de aceptabilidad superior, entendiéndose que valores cercanos a 1 indican un mayor acuerdo entre evaluadores. Para la validez de contenido se encontró que en cuanto a la utilidad de cada ítem del instrumento SEMSA, de la escala total (27 ítems), 23 ítems alcanzaron un nivel de aceptabilidad satisfactorio. Los 4 ítems restantes aunque no se eliminaron fueron susceptibles de modificación. En la validez de constructo se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio donde se obtuvieron tres cargas factoriales y una varianza total explicada de 52.2%. El Alfa de Cronbach obtenido fue de 0.90 para la escala total y dimensional por encima de 0.86. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se concluye que la versión en español del Instrumento SEMSA Medición de la Autoeficacia Percibida para la apnea del sueño, es válida y homogénea para la medición de la autoeficacia en pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea hipopnea del sueño exponiendo las recomendaciones para el uso de este instrumento en estudios futuros. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento es válido, en el contexto colombiano, en especifico para el área andina, población urbana, en la ciudad de Bogotá. A partir de lo cual se recomienda su utilización para el estudio de la autoeficacia percibida del paciente con SAHS en tratamiento con CPAP.

Lacking of instruments in Spanish language for measuring self-efficacy in people with sleep apnea, the present investigation had to as objective determine the facial validity of content, construct and the internal consistency of the instrument SEMSA (Perceived Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep apnea) Weaver et al. Was based from the theory of Albert Bandura Self-Efficacy, evaluating three aspects of the theory by 27 items on Likert-type scale. The central aspects of the theory were risk perception, outcome expectations and self-efficacy in people with obstructive sleep apnea treatment with continuous positive pressure airway (CPAP). Lacking of instruments in Spanish language for measuring self-efficacy in people with sleep apnea, the present investigation had to as objective determine the facial validity of content, construct and the internal consistency of the instrument SEMSA (Perceived Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep apnea) Weaver et al. Was based from the theory of Albert Bandura Self-Efficacy, evaluating three aspects of the theory by 27 items on Likert-type scale. The central aspects of the theory were risk perception, outcome expectations and self-efficacy in people with obstructive sleep apnea treatment with continuous positive pressure airway (CPAP). To facial validity was obtained an acceptability index> 0.80% on accuracy, an acceptability index of 0.77% in clarity and 1% which are recognized as superior acceptability agreement, where values close to 1 indicate a greater agreement between reviewers. For content validity was found that the usefulness of each item of SEMSA instrument of full scale (27 items), 23 items reached a satisfactory level of acceptability. The remaining 4 items were not removed but were subject to change. In the construct validity was made of an exploratory factor analysis where got three factor loadings and total variance explained of 52.2%. The Cronbach's alpha obtained was of 0.90 for the total scale and dimensional above 0.86. According to the above, we conclude that the Spanish version of the instrument SEMSA Measuring Perceived Self-efficacy for sleep apnea, is valid and homogeneou for measuring self-efficacy in patients with hypopnea syndrome Sleep Apnea exposing recommendations for the use of this instrument in future studies. The results show that the instrument is valid, in the Colombian context, specific for the Andean area, urban population in the city of Bogotá, from which its use for the study of self-efficacy of patients with OSA treated with CPAP is recommended.

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El Síndrome de Apnea-Hipopnea del Sueño (SAHOS) y el hipotiroidismo tienen varios signos y síntomas en común; esta similitud crea un solapamiento en sus presentaciones clínicas, que pudieran llevar a un sinnúmero de casos de hipotiroidismo sin diagnosticar durante el SAHOS. La incidencia de los estados de hipotiroidismo en pacientes con síndrome de apnea del sueño aún no se conoce, por lo que es razonable evaluar la función tiroidea en todos los pacientes. Estudios previos han demostrado una asociación entre el hipotiroidismo y la apnea obstructiva del sueño; sin embargo, los trastornos endocrinos asociados a la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior en el adulto continúan siendo una de las causas más raras de obstrucción, después del trauma, infección, reacciones alérgicas y malignidad. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 41 años de edad, con hipotiroidismo manifiesto y mixedema supraglótico, que desarrolló síndrome transitorio severo de apnea-hipopnea del sueño durante un mes, el cual mejoró después del tratamiento médico con reemplazo de hormona tiroidea...

The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and hypothyroidism have several signs and symptoms in common, this similarity creates an overlap in their clinical presentations that could lead to a number of cases of hypothyroidism undiagnosed for OSAS. Incidence of hypothyroidism in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is not yet known, so it is reasonable to evaluate thyroid function in all patients. Previous studies have shown an association between hypothyroidism and obstructive sleep apnea, however, endocrine disorders associated with obstruction of the upper airway in adults remains one of the rarest causes of obstruction, after trauma, infection, allergic reactions and malignancy. Its presented a clinical case of a female 41 years old patient with overt hypothyroidism and supraglottic myxedema, who developed severe Transient Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome for a month, which improved after medical treatment with thyroid hormone replacement...

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Se presenta el caso de un paciente con antecedente de enfermedad coronaria y falla cardiaca severa, con trasplante cardiaco 17 años atrás, con diagnóstico de Sahos moderado a severo, considerado como de alto riesgo, que requiere manejo con dispositivo de presión positiva en vía aérea (CPAP), cuya adaptación y tolerancia no son adecuadas por la presencia de una desviación septal obstructiva. Luego de la valoración de riesgos y beneficios y después de una evaluación exhaustiva de su estado cardiovascular, se realiza una septo-turbinoplastia, que permite mejorar la adaptación y tolerancia del CPAP. Se plantean consideraciones anestésicas y quirúrgicas en este tipo de pacientes.

We report the case of a patient with a history of coronary artery disease and severe heart failure, heart transplant 17 years ago, diagnosed with moderate to severe OSAHS, considered as high risk, which requires management with positive pressure device in air (CPAP), whose adaptation and tolerance are not suitable because of the presence of obstructive septal deviation. After the assessment of risks and benefits and after a thorough assessment of your cardiovascular, performing a septo-turbinoplasty, which improves the adaptation and tolerance of CPAP. Arise anesthetic and surgical considerations in these patients.

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Introducción: La roncopatía es un problema de salud actual, frecuente en la población adulta por su incidencia y repercusión negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia, los síntomas, los factores predisponentes, las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes y evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección en la población sometida a estudio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Se estudiaron 21 pacientes, 14 (66,6 por ciento) del sexo masculino y 7 (33,4 por ciento) del femenino, atendidos en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez durante el período comprendido de diciembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de apnea del sueño, más trastornos diurnos como hipersomnolencia diurna y cefalea matinal y en algunos casos popliglobulia e hipertensión arterial. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea. A 19 (90,47 por ciento) de los pacientes con roncopatía se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente a la semana y al mes de operados. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes en los pacientes roncadores fueron la hipersonmolencia diurna, los ahogos nocturnos y la cefalea matinal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea(AU)

Introduction: The snore disease is a current health problem frequent in adult population due to its incidence and negative repercussion on the quality of life of involved patients. Objectives: To know the incidence, symptoms, predisposing factors, the more frequent associated diseases and also to assess the results of surgical treatment of this affection in the study population. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Twenty one patients were studied, 14 (66,6 percent) of male sex and 7 (33,4 percent) of female sex, seen in the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the "General Calixto GarcÝa I±iguez " University Hospital from December, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: The 33 percent of patients had sleep apneic syndrome plus diurnal disorders like the diurnal hypersomnia and morning headache and in some cases popligulia and arterial high blood pressure. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction. A total of 19 patients (90,47 percent) were surgically treated with a satisfactory evolution at one week and at one month after surgery. Conclusions: The more frequent symptoms in snoring patients were the diurnal hypersomnia, nocturnal breathlessness and morning headache. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction(AU)

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Introducción: La roncopatía es un problema de salud actual, frecuente en la población adulta por su incidencia y repercusión negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia, los síntomas, los factores predisponentes, las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes y evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección en la población sometida a estudio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Se estudiaron 21 pacientes, 14 (66,6 por ciento) del sexo masculino y 7 (33,4 por ciento) del femenino, atendidos en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez durante el período comprendido de diciembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de apnea del sueño, más trastornos diurnos como hipersomnolencia diurna y cefalea matinal y en algunos casos popliglobulia e hipertensión arterial. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea. A 19 (90,47 por ciento) de los pacientes con roncopatía se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente a la semana y al mes de operados. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes en los pacientes roncadores fueron la hipersonmolencia diurna, los ahogos nocturnos y la cefalea matinal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea

Introduction: The snore disease is a current health problem frequent in adult population due to its incidence and negative repercussion on the quality of life of involved patients. Objectives: To know the incidence, symptoms, predisposing factors, the more frequent associated diseases and also to assess the results of surgical treatment of this affection in the study population. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Twenty one patients were studied, 14 (66,6 percent) of male sex and 7 (33,4 percent) of female sex, seen in the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the "General Calixto GarcÝa I±iguez " University Hospital from December, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: The 33 percent of patients had sleep apneic syndrome plus diurnal disorders like the diurnal hypersomnia and morning headache and in some cases popligulia and arterial high blood pressure. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction. A total of 19 patients (90,47 percent) were surgically treated with a satisfactory evolution at one week and at one month after surgery. Conclusions: The more frequent symptoms in snoring patients were the diurnal hypersomnia, nocturnal breathlessness and morning headache. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction

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