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Rothia aeria is part of the normal flora in the human oral cavity and rarely causes serious systemic infection in healthy hosts. We report a case of infective endocarditis of the mitral valve due to Rothia aeria. A 53-year-old man suffered a cut on his left thumb. At the time, the patient licked the wound as a conventional way to accelerate its cure. Thereafter, he developed a recurrent fever, which was temporarily lysed with treatment using an intravenous antibiotic, over a period of 2 months after the injury. On admission, the patient had no dental caries and denied any dental procedures before onset of the fever. Auscultation revealed a systolic cardiac murmur. Echocardiography showed torn chordae of the posterior mitral leaflet with a small vegetation and severe mitral regurgitation. Two sets of blood cultures were positive for Rothia aeria. Computed tomography revealed splenic and left renal infarctions but no cerebral infarction. After resolution of the inflammation by 6 weeks of penicillin treatment, mitral valve repair was successfully performed.

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Moraxella catarrhalis is found almost exclusively within the human respiratory tract. This pathobiont is associated with ear infections and the development of respiratory illnesses, including allergies and asthma. Given the limited ecological distribution of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that we could leverage the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without M. catarrhalis to identify bacteria that may represent potential sources of therapeutics. Rothia was more abundant in the noses of healthy children compared to children with cold symptoms and M. catarrhalis. We cultured Rothia from nasal samples and determined that most isolates of Rothia dentocariosa and "Rothia similmucilaginosa" were able to fully inhibit the growth of M. catarrhalis in vitro, whereas isolates of Rothia aeria varied in their ability to inhibit M. catarrhalis. Using comparative genomics and proteomics, we identified a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase called secreted antigen A (SagA). This protein was present at higher relative abundance in the secreted proteomes of R. dentocariosa and R. similmucilaginosa than in those from non-inhibitory R. aeria, suggesting that it may be involved in M. catarrhalis inhibition. We produced SagA from R. similmucilaginosa in Escherichia coli and confirmed its ability to degrade M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibit its growth. We then demonstrated that R. aeria and R. similmucilaginosa reduced M. catarrhalis levels in an air-liquid interface culture model of the respiratory epithelium. Together, our results suggest that Rothia restricts M. catarrhalis colonization of the human respiratory tract in vivo. IMPORTANCE Moraxella catarrhalis is a pathobiont of the respiratory tract, responsible for ear infections in children and wheezing illnesses in children and adults with chronic respiratory diseases. Detection of M. catarrhalis during wheezing episodes in early life is associated with the development of persistent asthma. There are currently no effective vaccines for M. catarrhalis, and most clinical isolates are resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin and penicillin. Given the limited niche of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that other nasal bacteria have evolved mechanisms to compete against M. catarrhalis. We found that Rothia are associated with the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without Moraxella. Next, we demonstrated that Rothia inhibit M. catarrhalis in vitro and on airway cells. We identified an enzyme produced by Rothia called SagA that degrades M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibits its growth. We suggest that Rothia or SagA could be developed as highly specific therapeutics against M. catarrhalis.

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Rothia aeria is a gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria forming part of human oral microflora usually only causing periodontal and dental infections. We describe the case of a 68-year-old immunocompetent male with lumbar vertebral discitis/osteomyelitis caused by R. aeria. A review of the literature demonstrated seventeen cases of non-dental R. aeria infection of which only six were in immunocompetent individuals. This is the first reported case of R. aeria vertebral discitis/osteomyelitis.

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BACKGROUND: Rothia sp. are Gram-positive bacteria in the class of Actinobacteria that are part of the physiological oral flora. In rare cases, Rothia aeria and Rothia dentocariosa can cause infective endocarditis (IE). The biofilm potential of Rothia in endocarditis is unknown. METHODS: Specimen from two cases of Rothia endocarditis were obtained during cardiac surgery. One of the patients suffered mitral valve IE from Rothia aeria. In the other case, IE of a prosthetic pulmonary valve was caused by Rothia dentocariosa. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for visualization of microorganisms within heart valve tissues in combination with PCR and sequencing (FISHseq). RESULTS: The two heart valve specimens featured mature biofilms of bacteria that were identified by FISHseq as Rothia aeria and Rothia dentocariosa, respectively. FISH showed in situ biofilms of both microorganisms that feature distinct phenotypes for the first time ex vivo. Both of our reported cases were treated successfully by heart valve surgery and antibiotic therapy using beta-lactam antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The biofilm potential of Rothia sp. must be taken into account. The awareness of Rothia aeria and Rothia dentocariosa as rare but relevant pathogens for infective endocarditis must be raised. Use of biofilm-effective antibiotics in Rothia IE should be discussed.

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The aim of the study was to find variant of diode laser (λ = 810 nm) irradiation, which ensures elimination of unwanted microorganisms, including Rothia aeria, from dental healing abutments, and consequently accelerates process of wound healing in implantologically treated patients. The scope of the study included identification of the most contaminated areas on healing abutments, identification of microorganisms inhabiting various environments of oral cavities, assessment of effectiveness of various laser decontamination parameters against detected microorganisms (preliminary studies) and assessment of wound healing in patients after applying abutments with low roughness and optimal variant of laser irradiation (clinical studies). Imaging of surfaces of the healing abutments was performed using vertical scanning interferometry, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Microorganisms inhabiting the healing abutments, teeth and saliva from tested patients were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Three programmes of near-infrared diode laser at average powers of 1.00-3.84 W with two variants of exposure time were used for optimisation of laser parameters. Observation of wound healing was performed for 100 patients during 20 days after installation of abutments. On surfaces of the used healing abutments, a large number of microorganisms, with a predominance of R. aeria, were found. Irradiation with periimplantitis surgical programme for 30 s resulted in 99-100% reduction in the number of R. aeria and other microorganisms, depending on type of abutment (in vivo). The use of diode laser in the selected variant accelerates wound healing and provides complete elimination of pathogenic R. aeria and other microorganisms inhabiting surfaces of the healing abutments without marks.

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Resumen Paciente de sexo femenino de 65 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica, resistencia a la insulina, histerectomía total y fractura tibioperonea antigua, es hospitalizada por cuadro febril, sin foco, de 2 meses de evolución, con sospecha de endocarditis por parámetros inflamatorios elevados y soplo diastólico en foco aórtico 2/6. Se estudia con ecocardiograma, transtorácico (ETT) y transesofágico (ETE), que muestra vegetación en velo aórtico coronario izquierdo de 9 mm por 7 mm e insuficiencia aórtica leve, motivo por el cual se toma hemocultivo resultando positivo para Rothia aeria. La paciente evoluciona con embolia de riñón derecho y bazo, y posteriormente, con hemorragia subaracnoidea. Inicia tratamiento antibiótico con ampicilina, vancomicina y gentamicina, con lo cual presenta una evolución satisfactoria y es dada de alta luego de 28 días de hospitalización. Al revisar la literatura, se puede llegar a la conclusión de que la endocarditis por Rothia es extremadamente infrecuente y que, en cuanto al cuadro clínico, tiene tendencia a una forma de presentación subaguda, con presencia de vegetaciones grandes mayores a 10mm y un alto grado de complicaciones neurológicas.

Abstract A 65-year-old female patient, with a history of chronic hypertension, insulin resistance, total histerectomy, and tibioperoneal fracture, is hospitalized for fever of unknown etiology. Basterial endocarditis was suspected due to elevated inflammatory parameters and a 2/6 diastolic murmur present in the aortic focus. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, showed a 9 mm by 7 mm vegetation in the left coronary aortic leaflet of and mild aortic insufficiency, Blood cultures were positive for Rothia aeria. She developed embolism of the right kidney and spleen, and subsequently, a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ampicillin, vancomycin and gentamicin, with a satisfactory evolution being discharged after 28 days of hospitalization. When reviewing the literature, it can be concluded that Rothia endocarditis is extremely rare and that, tends to have a subacute presentation with large vegetations, larger than 10 mm, and a high incidence of neurological complications.

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Rothia aeria is a Rothia species from the Micrococcaceae family. We report here the first French R. aeria endocarditis complicated by brain haemorrhage and femoral mycotic aneurysms. Altogether, severity and antimicrobial susceptibility should make us consider the management of R. aeria endocarditis as Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-susceptible endocarditis.

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Rothia aeria is an uncommon pathogen mainly associated with endocarditis in case reports. In previous reports, endocarditis by R. aeria was complicated by central nervous system embolization. In the case we report herein, endocarditis by R. aeria was diagnosed after acute self-limited diarrhea. In addition to the common translocation of R. aeria from the oral cavity, we hypothesize the possibility of intestinal translocation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and genetic sequencing are important tools that can contribute to early and more accurate etiologic diagnosis of severe infections caused by Gram-positive rods.

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Rothia aeria is an uncommon pathogen mainly associated with endocarditis in case reports. In previous reports, endocarditis by R. aeria was complicated by central nervous system embolization. In the case we report herein, endocarditis by R. aeria was diagnosed after acute self-limited diarrhea. In addition to the common translocation of R. aeria from the oral cavity, we hypothesize the possibility of intestinal translocation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and genetic sequencing are important tools that can contribute to early and more accurate etiologic diagnosis of severe infections caused by Gram-positive rods.

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Rothia spp. are gram-positive pleomorphic bacteria that are part of the normal oral microflora. They are associated with dental and periodontal disease, although systemic infections have also been reported. We describe the case of a 75-year-old lady with rheumatoid arthritis who presented with prosthetic knee joint infection due to Rothia aeria. We discuss its identification and the evidence regarding association of dental disease with Rothia spp. joint infections based on available literature.