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Fowl adenovirus serotype 11 (FAdV-11) is one of the main causative agents of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in broilers. Outbreaks of FAdV-11-related IBH have been increasingly reported in China and many other geographical areas worldwide. However, the critical virulence factors of FAdV-11 remain uncertain due to the lack of technical platforms for efficient manipulation of FAdV-11 genome. Here, we reported the establishment of a FAdV-11 reverse genetic system based on a novel FAdV-11 Chinese isolate FJSW/2021 using the exonuclease combined with RecET (ExoCET), Redαß recombineering and ccdB counter-selection techniques for the first time. A recombinant FAdV-11 was rescued efficiently by using the established reverse genetic platform through swapping the ORF11 gene of the FAdV-11 FJSW/2021 with the ZsGreen fluorescent protein expression cassette. This study provides an effective technical platform for identifying virulence factors of FAdV-11 and developing recombinant FAdV-11-vectored vaccine candidates.

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BACKGROUND: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pathogen with the capability of cross-species transmission. It has crossed the species barrier to infect many other species, and its host range is expanding. The reverse genetic platform, a useful tool for scientific research, allows the generation of recombinant viruses from genomic cDNA clones in vitro. METHODS: To improve the reverse genetic system of CDV, a plasmid containing three independent expression cassettes was constructed for co-expression of the N, P, and L genes and then transfected with a full-length cDNA clone of CDV into Vero cells. RESULTS: The results indicated that the established rescue system has the advantages of being more convenient, easy to control the transfection ratio, and high rescue efficiency compared with the conventional reverse genetics system. CONCLUSION: This method not only reduces the number of transfection plasmids, but also improves the rescue efficiency of CDV, which could provide a reference for the recovery of other morbilliviruses.

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Genotype 1 hepatitis E virus (HEV-1), unlike other genotypes of HEV, has a unique small open reading frame known as ORF4 whose function is not yet known. ORF4 is located in an out-framed manner in the middle of ORF1, which encodes putative 90 to 158 amino acids depending on the strains. To explore the role of ORF4 in HEV-1 replication and infection, we cloned the complete genome of wild-type HEV-1 downstream of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, and the following ORF4 mutant constructs were prepared: the first construct had TTG instead of the initiation codon ATG (A2836T), introducing an M→L mutation in ORF4 and a D→V mutation in ORF1. The second construct had ACG instead of the ATG codon (T2837C), introducing an M→T mutation in ORF4. The third construct had ACG instead of the second in-frame ATG codon (T2885C), introducing an M→T mutation in ORF4. The fourth construct contained two mutations (T2837C and T2885C) accompanying two M→T mutations in ORF4. For the latter three constructs, the accompanied mutations introduced in ORF1 were all synonymous changes. The capped entire genomic RNAs were generated by in vitro transcription and used to transfect PLC/PRF/5 cells. Three mRNAs containing synonymous mutations in ORF1, i.e., T2837CRNA, T2885CRNA, and T2837C/T2885CRNA, replicated normally in PLC/PRF/5 cells and generated infectious viruses that successfully infected Mongolian gerbils as the wild-type HEV-1 did. In contrast, the mutant RNA, i.e., A2836TRNA, accompanying an amino acid change (D937V) in ORF1 generated infectious viruses upon transfection, but they replicated slower than the wild-type HEV-1 and failed to infect Mongolian gerbils. No putative viral protein(s) derived from ORF4 were detected in the wild-type HEV-1- as well as the mutant virus-infected PLC/PRF/5 cells by Western blot analysis using a high-titer anti-HEV-1 IgG antibody. These results demonstrated that the ORF4-defective HEV-1s had the ability to replicate in the cultured cells, and that these defective viruses had the ability to infect Mongolian gerbils unless the overlapping ORF1 was accompanied by non-synonymous mutation(s), confirming that ORF4 is not essential in the replication and infection of HEV-1.

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Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, and poses substantial threats to public health. Despite substantial progress made in preventing norovirus diseases, the lack of a robust virus culture system has hampered biological research and effective strategies to combat this pathogen. Reverse genetic system is the technique to generate infectious viruses from cloned genetic constructs, which is a powerful tool for the investigation of viral pathogenesis and for the development of novel drugs and vaccines. The strategies of reverse genetics include bacterial artificial chromosomes, vaccinia virus vectors, and entirely plasmid-based systems. Since each strategy has its pros and cons, choosing appropriate approaches will greatly improve the efficiency of virus rescue. Reverse genetic systems that have been employed for norovirus greatly extend its life cycle and facilitate the development of medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, transmission, genetic evolution and clinical manifestations of norovirus, and describe recent advances in the studies of norovirus reverse genetics as well as its future prospects for therapeutics and vaccine development.

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Black queen cell virus (BQCV) is a severe threat to the honeybee (Apis mellifera) worldwide. Although several BQCV strains have been reported in China, the molecular basis for BQCV pathogenicity has not been well understood. Thus, a reverse genetic system of BQCV is required for studying viral replication and its pathogenic mechanism. Here, the complete genome sequence of BQCV was obtained from honeybees using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), namely a BQCV China-GS1 strain (KY741959). Then, a phylogenetic tree was built to analyse the genetic relationships among BQCV strains from different regions. Our results showed that the BQCV China-GS1 contained two ORFs, consistent with the known reference strains, except for the BQCV China-JL1 strain (KP119603). Furthermore, the infectious clone of BQCV was constructed based on BQCV China-GS1 using a low copy vector pACYC177 and gene recombination. Due to the lack of culture cells for bee viruses, we infected the healthy bees with infectious clone of BQCV, and the rescued BQCV resulted in the recovery of recombinant virus, which induced higher mortality than those of the control group. Immune response after inoculated with BQCV further confirmed that the infectious clone of BQCV caused the cellular and humoral immune response of honeybee (A. mellifera). In conclusion, the full nucleotide sequence of BQCV China-GS1 strain was determined, and the infectious clone of BQCV was constructed in this study. These data will improve the understanding of pathogenesis and the host immune responses to viral infection.

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Nodaviruses are small bipartite RNA viruses and are considered animal viruses. Here, we identified two novel noda-like viruses (referred to as rice-associated noda-like virus 1 (RNLV1) and rice-associated noda-like virus 2 (RNLV2)) in field-collected rice plants showing a dwarfing phenotype through RNA-seq. RNLV1 genome consists of 3335 nt RNA1 and 1769 nt RNA2, and RNLV2 genome consists of 3279 nt RNA1 and 1525 nt RNA2. Three conserved ORFs were identified in each genome of the two novel viruses, encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an RNA silencing suppressor, and a capsid protein, respectively. The results of sequence alignment, protein domain prediction, and evolutionary analysis indicate that these two novel viruses are clearly different from the known nodaviruses, especially the CPs. We have also determined that the B2 protein encoded by the two new noda-like viruses can suppress RNA silencing in plants. Two reverse genetic systems were constructed and used to show that RNLV1 RNA1 can replicate in plant cells and RNLV1 can replicate in insect Sf9 cells. We have also found two unusual peptidase family A21 domains in the RNLV1 CP, and RNLV1 CP can self-cleave in acidic environments. These findings provide new knowledge of novel nodaviruses.

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Mosquito-specific flaviviruses comprise a group of insect-specific viruses with a single positive RNA, which can affect the duplication of mosquito-borne viruses and the life growth of mosquitoes, and which have the potential to be developed as a vaccine platform for mosquito-borne viruses. In this study, a strain of mosquito flavivirus (MFV) YN15-283-02 was detected in Culicoides collected from Yunnan, China. The isolation of the purified MFV YN15-283-02 from cell culture failed, and the virus was then rescued by an infectious clone. To study the biological features of MFV YN15-283-02 in vitro and in vivo, electron microscopy, phylogenetic tree, and viral growth kinetic analyses were performed in both cell lines and mosquitoes. The rescued MFV (rMFV) YN15-283-02 duplicated and reached a peak in C6/36 cells at 6 d.p.i. with approximately 2 × 106 RNA copies/µL (RNA to cell ratio of 0.1), but without displaying a cytopathic effect. In addition, the infection rate for the rMFV in Ae.aegypti show a low level in both larvae (≤15%) and adult mosquitoes (≤12%).

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NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is highly homologous to the NADC30 strain isolated in the United States. The NADC30-like PRRSV was first reported in 2014 in China, where it spread and gradually caused an epidemic. Currently, growing research has shown that NADC30-like strains have greater propensity to recombine with other PRRSV strains, particularly the PPRSV vaccine virus used clinically, making the prevention and control of PRRSV highly complex. To carry out an in-depth molecular biology and virulence analysis, a full-length infectious clone of the NADC30-like strain was successfully constructed and rescued by reverse genetic manipulation. The rescued virus, rZJqz, was indistinguishable from its parental virus, ZJqz21, based on virological characteristics. Further animal experiments demonstrated that rZJqz retained similar pathogenicity and induced the typical clinical symptoms and viral shedding observed in the ZJqz21 challenge model. Together, these results provide a useful tool for further study of the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of NADC30-like strains. Moreover, these findings also provide a solid foundation for studying the recombination of different PRRSVs and developing new and effective universal vaccines in the future.

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Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae and, in recent years, it has caused several outbreaks in animals. The molecular basis for GETV pathogenicity is not well understood. Therefore, a reverse genetic system of GETV is needed to produce genetically modified viruses for the study of the viral replication and its pathogenic mechanism. Here, we generated a CMV-driven infectious cDNA clone based on a previously isolated GETV strain, GX201808 (pGETV-GX). Transfection of pGETV-GX into BHK-21 â€‹cells resulted in the recovery of a recombinant virus (rGETV-GX) which showed similar growth characteristics to its parental virus. Then three-day-old mice were experimentally infected with either the parental or recombinant virus. The recombinant virus showed milder pathogenicity than the parental virus in the mice. Based on the established CMV-driven cDNA clone, subgenomic promoter and two restriction enzyme sites (BamHI and EcoRI) were introduced into the region between E1 protein and 3'UTR. Then the green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP) and improved light-oxygen-voltage (iLOV) genes were inserted into the restriction enzyme sites. Transfection of the constructs carrying the reporter genes into BHK-21 â€‹cells proved the rescue of the recombinant reporter viruses. Taken together, the establishment of a reverse genetic system for GETV provides a valuable tool for the study of the virus life cycle, and to aid the development of genetically engineered GETVs as vectors for foreign gene expression.

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BACKGROUND: Akabane virus (AKAV) is an important insect-borne virus which is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe and is considered as a great threat to herbivore health. RESULTS: An AKAV strain defined as TJ2016 was firstly isolated from the bovine sera in China in 2016. Sequence analysis of the S and M segments suggested that the isolated AKAV strain was closely related to the AKAV strains JaGAr39 and JaLAB39, which belonged to AKAV genogroup II. To further study the pathogenic mechanism of AKAV, the full-length cDNA clone of TJ2016 S, M, and L segment was constructed separately into the TVT7R plasmid at the downsteam of T7 promoter and named as TVT7R-S, TVT7R-M, and TVT7R-L, respectively. The above three plasmids were further transfected into the BSR-T7/5 cells simultaneously with a ratio of 1:1:1 to produce the rescued virus AKAV. Compared with the parental wild type AKAV (wtAKAV), the rescued virus (rAKAV) was proved to be with similar cytopathic effects (CPE), plaque sizes and growth kinetics in BHK-21 cells. CONCLUSION: We successfully isolated a AKAV strain TJ2016 from the sera of cattle and established a reverse genetic platform for AKAV genome manipulation. The established reverse genetic system is also a powerful tool for further research on AKAV pathogenesis and even vaccine studies.

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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus that causes hemorrhagic fever-like disease (SFTS) in humans with a case fatality rate up to 30%. To date, the molecular biology involved in SFTSV infection remains obscure. There are seven major genotypes of SFTSV (C1-C4 and J1-J3) and previously a reverse genetic system was established on a C3 strain of SFTSV. Here, we reported successfully establishment of a reverse genetics system based on a SFTSV C4 strain. First, we obtained the 5'- and 3'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) sequences of the Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S) segments of a laboratory-adapted SFTSV C4 strain through rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, and developed functional T7 polymerase-based L-, M- and S-segment minigenome assays. Then, full-length cDNA clones were constructed and infectious SFTSV were recovered from co-transfected cells. Viral infectivity, growth kinetics, and viral protein expression profile of the rescued virus were compared with the laboratory-adapted virus. Focus formation assay showed that the size and morphology of the foci formed by the rescued SFTSV were indistinguishable with the laboratory-adapted virus. However, one-step growth curve and nucleoprotein expression analyses revealed the rescued virus replicated less efficiently than the laboratory-adapted virus. Sequence analysis indicated that the difference may be due to the mutations in the laboratory-adapted strain which are more prone to cell culture. The results help us to understand the molecular biology of SFTSV, and provide a useful tool for developing vaccines and antivirals against SFTS.

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In order to establish an infectious clone for CDV-3, a commercial vaccine strain of canine distemper virus for mink, to provide reference for the studies of pathogenesis and novel vaccine development of CDV. Thirteen pairs of primers were used to amplify the full-length genome of CDV-3 strain. Five long fragments were obtained based on single restriction site analysis of the whole genome of CDV-3 by RT-PCR. Five fragments were successively inserted into the multiple clone sites in the modified eukaryotic vector of pcDNA3.2 by restriction enzymes and splicing. Meanwhile, the hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences were added to the beginning of F1 fragment and the ending of F5 fragment, respectively. Then, the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid of CDV-3 was obtained and named as pcDNA3.2-CDV-3. In addition, three helper plasmids, expressing the N protein, P protein and L protein of the CDV-3 strain respectively, were constructed. The 293T cells were transfected with the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid and three helper plasmids by Lipofectamine™ 2000. At 3 days post transfection, the supernatant was added to the monolayer of Vero cells to observe the typical syncytium of CDV. Indirect immunofluorescence and artificial label identification of recombinant virus rCDV-3 were conducted after the occurrence of lesions. Finally, the growth characteristics of wtCDV-3 and rCDV-3 were compared after passaging of rCDV-3. The identification of the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid and three helper plasmids by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing were consistent with expected. The Vero cells infected with the recombinant rCDV-3 showed typical syncytic. The identification of indirect immunofluorescence and labeled marker, and observation under electron microscope proved that the rCDV-3 was indeed rescued from the recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.2-CDV-3. In comparison of the virus titers of wtCDV-3, rCDV-3 replicated massively and rapidly and reached the maximize virus titer of 107·667 TCID50/mL within 36 h post infection (p.i.) in Vero cells, while wtCDV-3 grew gradually to 106·667 TCID50/mL at 72 h p.i. in Vero cells. This reverse genetic system of CDV-3 strain has been established successfully, to provide reference for the studies of pathogenesis and novel vaccine development of CDV.

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In order to establish an infectious clone for CDV-3, a commercial vaccine strain of canine distemper virus for mink, to provide reference for the studies of pathogenesis and novel vaccine development of CDV. Thirteen pairs of primers were used to amplify the full-length genome of CDV-3 strain. Five long fragments were obtained based on single restriction site analysis of the whole genome of CDV-3 by RT-PCR. Five fragments were successively inserted into the multiple clone sites in the modified eukaryotic vector of pcDNA3.2 by restriction enzymes and splicing. Meanwhile, the hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences were added to the beginning of F1 fragment and the ending of F5 fragment, respectively. Then, the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid of CDV-3 was obtained and named as pcDNA3.2-CDV-3. In addition, three helper plasmids, expressing the N protein, P protein and L protein of the CDV-3 strain respectively, were constructed. The 293T cells were transfected with the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid and three helper plasmids by Lipofectamine™ 2000. At 3 days post transfection, the supernatant was added to the monolayer of Vero cells to observe the typical syncytium of CDV. Indirect immunofluorescence and artificial label identification of recombinant virus rCDV-3 were conducted after the occurrence of lesions. Finally, the growth characteristics of wtCDV-3 and rCDV-3 were compared after passaging of rCDV-3. The identification of the full-length cDNA recombinant plasmid and three helper plasmids by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing were consistent with expected. The Vero cells infected with the recombinant rCDV-3 showed typical syncytic. The identification of indirect immunofluorescence and labeled marker, and observation under electron microscope proved that the rCDV-3 was indeed rescued from the recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.2-CDV-3. In comparison of the virus titers of wtCDV-3, rCDV-3 replicated massively and rapidly and reached the maximize virus titer of 10⁷·⁶⁶⁷ TCID₅₀/mL within 36 h post infection (p.i.) in Vero cells, while wtCDV-3 grew gradually to 10⁶·⁶⁶⁷ TCID₅₀/mL at 72 h p.i. in Vero cells. This reverse genetic system of CDV-3 strain has been established successfully, to provide reference for the studies of pathogenesis and novel vaccine development of CDV.

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Rose rosette virus (RRV) is a negative-sense RNA virus with a seven-segmented genome that is enclosed by a double membrane. We constructed an unconventional minireplicon system encoding the antigenomic (ag)RNA1 (encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [RdRp]), agRNA3 (encoding the nucleocapsid protein [N]), and a modified agRNA5 containing the coding sequence for the iLOV protein in place of the P5 open reading frame (R5-iLOV). iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template was amplified by activities of the RdRp and N proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. A mutation was introduced into the RdRp catalytic domain and iLOV expression was eliminated, indicating RNA1-encoded polymerase activity drives iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template. Fluorescence from the replicon was highest at 3 days postinoculation (dpi) and declined at 7 and 13 dpi. Addition of the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) P19 silencing-suppressor protein prolonged expression until 7 dpi. A full-length infectious clone system was constructed of seven binary plasmids encoding each of the seven genome segments. Agro-delivery of constructs encoding RRV RNAs 1 through 4 or RNAs 1 through 7 to N. benthamiana plants produced systemic infection. Finally, agro-delivery of the full-length RRV infectious clone including all segments produced systemic infection within 60 dpi. This advance opens new opportunities for studying RRV infection biology.

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen transmissible to a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. Despite the availability of attenuated vaccines against CDV, the virus remains responsible for outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) with significant morbidity and mortality in domesticated and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV uses the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, or CD150) and nectin-4 (PVRL4) as entry receptors, well-known tumor-associated markers for several lymphadenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are also responsible for the lysis of tumor cells and apparent tumor regression. Thus, CDV vaccine strains have emerged as a promising platform of oncolytic viruses for use in animal cancer therapy. Recent advances have revealed that use of the CDV reverse genetic system (RGS) has helped increase the understanding of viral pathogenesis and explore the development of recombinant CDV vaccines. In addition, genetic engineering of CDV based on RGS approaches also has the potential of enhancing oncolytic activity and selectively targeting tumors. Here, we reviewed the host tropism and pathogenesis of CDV, and current development of recombinant CDV-based vaccines as well as their use as oncolytic viruses against cancers.

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BACKGROUND: To describe mumps virus (MuV) used as a vector to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP) genes. METHODS: Molecular cloning technique was applied to establish the cDNA clones of recombinant mumps viruses (rMuVs). rMuVs were recovered based on our reverse genetic system of MuV-S79. The properties of rMuVs were determined by growth curve, plaque assay, fluorescent microscopy and determination of fluorescent intensity. RESULTS: Three recombinant viruses replicated well in Vero cells and similarly as parental rMuV-S79, expressed heterologous genes in high levels, and were genetically stable in at least 15 passages. CONCLUSION: rMuV-S79 is a promising platform to accommodate foreign genes like marker genes, other antigens and immunomodulators for addressing various diseases.

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In this study, a pathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) QX-type strain YN was successfully rescued by vaccinia virus based reverse genetic technology. Ten fragments contiguously spanning the complete IBV genome were amplified and cloned into the vaccinia virus genome by homologous recombination. The full-length genomic cDNA was transcribed in vitro, and its transcript was transfected into BHK-21/N cells that could stably express IBV N protein. At 48 h post transfection, the culture medium was harvested and inoculated into 10-day-old specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs to replicate the rescued virus. This strategy was chosen to facilitate the rescue procedure and to ensure that the recombinant rYN virus will not require any cell culture adaptations. After only one in ovo passage, the recombinant YN virus (rYN) was successfully recovered and confirmed to possess the introduced silent marker mutation in its genome. Biological characteristics of rYN such as the EID50, TCID50, replication in ovo, and replication kinetcs in vitro were tested and all were similar to its parental strain YN. Our findings demonstrate the successful construction of highly-pathogenic QX-type IBV using a modified rescue procedure, allowing for future studies of the molecular biology and pathogenicity of IBV field strains.

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Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a frequent cause of gastroenteritis in young children and immunocompromised patients. The current report describes a new approach to recover genetically defined HAstVs through the use of a reverse genetics system based on a single DNA plasmid. This plasmid, carrying the full-length virus genome under a T7 promoter, is directly transfected into cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase, resulting in the rapid and robust recovery of infectious HAstV. The efficiency of the system was tested with the generation of a chimeric astrovirus having the HAstV serotype 1 replication machinery and the capsid derived from a HAstV serotype 8 virus. This new system provides an efficient and reproducible method to deepen our knowledge of astrovirus biology.

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Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is causal agent of rhizomania disease, which is the most devastating viral disease in sugar beet production leading to a dramatic reduction in beet yield and sugar content. The virus is transmitted by the ubiquitous distributed soil-borne plasmodiophoromycete Polymyxa betae that infects the root tissue of young sugar beet plants. Rz1 is the major resistance gene widely used in most sugar beet varieties to control BNYVV. The strong selection pressure on the virus population promoted the development of strains that can overcome Rz1 resistance. Resistance-breaking has been associated with mutations in the RNA3-encoded pathogenicity factor P25 at amino acid positions 67-70 (tetrad) as well as with the presence of an additional RNA component (RNA5). However, respective studies investigating the resistance-breaking mechanism by a reverse genetic system are rather scarce. Therefore, we studied Rz1 resistance-breaking in sugar beet using a recently developed infectious clone of BNYVV A-type. A vector free infection system for the inoculation of young sugar beet seedlings was established. This assay allowed a clear separation between a susceptible and a Rz1 resistant genotype by measuring the virus content in lateral roots at 52 dpi. However, mechanical inoculation of sugar beet leaves led to the occurrence of genotype independent local lesions, suggesting that Rz1 mediates a root specific resistance toward BNYVV that is not active in leaves. Mutation analysis demonstrated that different motifs within the P25 tetrad enable increased virus replication in roots of the resistant genotype. The resistance-breaking ability was further confirmed by the visualization of BNYVV in lateral roots and leaves using a fluorescent-labeled complementary DNA clone of RNA2. Apart from that, reassortment experiments evidenced that RNA5 enables Rz1 resistance-breaking independent of the P25 tetrad motif. Finally, we could identify a new resistance-breaking mutation, which was selected by high-throughput sequencing of a clonal virus population after one host passage in a resistant genotype. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the reverse genetic system for resistance-breaking analysis and illustrates the genome plasticity of BNYVV allowing the virus to adapt rapidly to sugar beet resistance traits.

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Reverse genetic systems (RGS) have been widely used for fixed rabies virus (RABV) strains. However, RGS, for wild-type (wt) strains, have been seldom reported despite the value of this approach in defining the biological characteristics of these strains. In this work, we developed a wt RGS using a swine-origin RABV strain (GD-SH-01) for the first time. In order to have a better understanding of the contribution and function of individual gene on viral proliferation for wt RABV isolates, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of GD-SH-01 and exchanged the single genes encoding RABV protein of a highly attenuated RABV strain HEP-Flury with those of the virulent strain. Analysis of the viral growth kinetics, cell-to-cell spread, and genomic RNA (gRNA) synthesis of the both the rescued and parental virus strains revealed that replacement of the HEP-Flury N or L genes with those from GD-SH-01 resulted in higher proliferative capacity of both chimeric rHEP-shN and rHEP-shL while the former seemed to have a better viral gRNA synthesis ability, the latter spread faster. Replacement of HEP-Flury P gene with GD-SH-01 P gene resulted in reduction of the virus titer in cell culture supernatants with a poor replicative and spreading ability. However, replacement of HEP-Flury M or G genes with those from GD-SH-01 seemed to impact less on viral proliferation. Taken together, we show that we have successfully rescued a wt RABV strain, and assessed the impact of each gene on viral proliferative capacity using a series of single-gene-substituted viruses.

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