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OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (pMV) in pediatric patients in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort. SETTING: PICUs in centers that are part of the LARed Network between April 2017 and January 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to respiratory causes. We defined IMV time greater than the 75th percentile of the global cohort. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographic data, diagnoses, severity scores, therapies, complications, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: 1698 children with MV of 8±7 days were included, and pIMV was defined as 9 days. Factors related to admission were age under 6 months (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.17-2.22), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.87-7.36), and fungal infections (OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.87-23.74), while patients with asthma had a lower risk of pIMV (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.78). Regarding evolution and length of stay in the PICU, it was related to ventilation-associated pneumonia (OR 4.27, 95% CI 1.79-10.20), need for tracheostomy (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), transfusions (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.18-3.96), neuromuscular blockade (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48-2.93), high-frequency ventilation (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), and longer PICU stay (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.16). In addition, mean airway pressure greater than 13cmH2O was associated with pIMV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.21). CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to IMV duration greater than 9 days in pediatric patients in PICUs were identified in terms of admission, evolution, and length of stay.

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Resumo Objetivo Descrever a prevalência de lesão renal aguda em adultos jovens com diagnóstico da COVID-19 admitidos em unidade terapia intensiva. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo e analítico. A amostra foi de adultos jovens (20 a 40 anos) admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva, com diagnóstico de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre março e dezembro de 2020. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do prontuário eletrônico, e a lesão renal aguda foi definida pelo valor da creatinina, segundo critérios das diretrizes da Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. A significância estatística foi de p≤0,05. Resultados Foram internados 58 adultos jovens, sendo 63,8% do sexo masculino. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica esteve presente em 39,6%, a obesidade em 18,9% e o diabetes mellitus em 8,6%. A lesão renal aguda foi identificada em 55,1%, sendo o estágio 3 predominante em 43,1% deles. Nesses pacientes, o uso de ventilação mecânica e de drogas vasoativas foi significativo em 92%, assim como a disfunção orgânica respiratória (80%), seguida da renal (76%). Fatores de risco, como transplante renal ou doença renal crônica e obesidade, aumentaram em 12,3 e 9,0 vezes, respectivamente, a chance de desenvolver lesão renal aguda. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de lesão renal em adultos jovens e sua associação com comorbidades prévias. Obesidade, transplante renal e doença renal crônica elevaram a chance de o adulto jovem desenvolver lesão renal aguda, resultando em desfechos a favor da morbimortalidade.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de lesión renal aguda en adultos jóvenes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 admitidos en unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo, cuantitativo y analítico. La muestra fue de adultos jóvenes (20 a 40 años) admitidos en unidades de cuidados intensivos, con diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de historias clínicas electrónicas, y la lesión renal aguda fue definida por el valor de la creatinina, de acuerdo con criterios de las directrices de la Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. La significación estadística fue de p≤0,05. Resultados Hubo 58 adultos jóvenes internados, el 63,8 % de sexo masculino. La hipertensión arterial sistémica estuvo presente en el 39,6 %, la obesidad en el 18,9 % y la diabetes mellitus en el 8,6 %. Se identificó lesión renal aguda en el 55,1 %, de nivel 3 como predominante en el 43,1 % de los casos. En esos pacientes, el uso de ventilación mecánica y de drogas vasoactivas fue significativo en el 92 %, así como también la disfunción orgánica respiratoria (80 %), seguida de la renal (76 %). Los factores de riesgo, como trasplante renal o enfermedad renal crónica y obesidad, aumentaron 12,3 y 9,0 veces respectivamente la probabilidad de presentar lesión renal aguda. Conclusión Este estudio demostró alta prevalencia de lesión renal en adultos jóvenes y su asociación con comorbilidades previas. La obesidad, el trasplante renal y la enfermedad renal crónica aumentaron la probabilidad de que los adultos jóvenes presenten lesión renal aguda, lo que da como resultado desenlaces a favor de la morbimortalidad.

Abstract Objective To describe acute kidney injury prevalence in young adults diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Methods This is a retrospective, quantitative and analytical study. The sample consisted of young adults (20 to 40 years old) admitted to Intensive Care Units, diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March and December 2020. Data were obtained through electronic medical records, and kidney injury acute was defined by the creatinine value, according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines criteria. Statistical significance was p≤0.05. Results A total of 58 young adults were hospitalized, 63.8% of whom were male. Hypertension was present in 39.6%, obesity in 18.9%, and diabetes mellitus in 8.6%. Acute kidney injury was identified in 55.1%, with stage 3 predominating in 43.1% of them. In these patients, the use of mechanical ventilation and vasoactive drugs was significant in 92% as well as respiratory organ dysfunction (80%), followed by renal organ dysfunction (76%). Risk factors such as kidney transplantation or chronic kidney disease and obesity increased by 12.3 and 9.0 times, respectively, the chances of developing acute kidney injury. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high kidney injury prevalence in young adults and its association with previous comorbidities. Obesity, kidney transplantation and chronic kidney disease increased the chance of young adults to develop acute kidney injury, resulting in outcomes in favor of morbidity and mortality.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between driving pressure and tidal volume based on predicted body weight and mortality in a cohort of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study that included patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 admitted to two intensive care units. We performed multivariable analyses to determine whether driving pressure and tidal volume/kg predicted body weight on the first day of mechanical ventilation, as independent variables, are associated with hospital mortality. Results: We included 231 patients. The mean age was 64 (53 - 74) years, and the mean Simplified Acute and Physiology Score 3 score was 45 (39 - 54). The hospital mortality rate was 51.9%. Driving pressure was independently associated with hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.21, 95%CI 1.04 - 1.41 for each cm H2O increase in driving pressure, p = 0.01). Based on a double stratification analysis, we found that for the same level of tidal volume/kg predicted body weight, the risk of hospital death increased with increasing driving pressure. However, changes in tidal volume/kg predicted body weight were not associated with mortality when they did not lead to an increase in driving pressure. Conclusion: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19, exposure to higher driving pressure, as opposed to higher tidal volume/kg predicted body weight, is associated with greater mortality. These results suggest that driving pressure might be a primary target for lung-protective mechanical ventilation in these patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre driving pressure e volume corrente ajustado pelo peso predito com a mortalidade em uma coorte de pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e observacional que incluiu pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo por COVID-19 admitidos em duas unidades de terapia intensiva. Foi realizada análise multivariada para determinar se a driving pressure e o volume corrente/kg de peso predito, aferidos no primeiro dia de ventilação mecânica, associavam-se de forma independente com a mortalidade hospitalar. Resultados: Foram incluídos 231 pacientes. A mediana de idade foi de 64 (53 - 74) anos, e a mediana do Simplified Acute and Physiology Score 3 foi de 45 (39 - 54). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 51,9%. A driving pressure se associou de forma independente com a mortalidade hospitalar (razão de chance de 1,21; IC95% de 1,04 - 1,41 para cada cm H2O de aumento da driving pressure, p = 0,01). Com base na análise de dupla estratificação, encontrou-se que, para o mesmo nível de volume corrente/kg de peso predito, o risco de mortalidade hospitalar aumentava com o incremento da driving pressure. No entanto, mudanças no volume corrente/kg de peso predito não se associaram com a mortalidade quando não resultavam em aumento da driving pressure. Conclusão: Em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo por COVID-19, exposição a maior driving pressure, ao contrário da exposição a maior volume corrente/kg de peso predito, associou-se com maior mortalidade hospitalar. Os resultados sugerem que a driving pressure poderia ser o alvo primário para a condução da ventilação mecânica protetora nesses pacientes.

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ABSTRACT Background: Driving pressure has been suggested to be the main driver of ventilator-induced lung injury and mortality in observational studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy can improve clinical outcomes is unclear. Objective: To describe the protocol and statistical analysis plan that will be used to test whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy including positive end-expiratory pressure titration according to the best respiratory compliance and reduction in tidal volume is superior to a standard strategy involving the use of the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table in terms of increasing the number of ventilator-free days in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: The ventilator STrAtegy for coMmunIty acquired pNeumoniA (STAMINA) study is a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial that compares a driving pressure-limiting strategy to the ARDSnet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to community-acquired pneumonia admitted to intensive care units. We expect to recruit 500 patients from 20 Brazilian and 2 Colombian intensive care units. They will be randomized to a driving pressure-limiting strategy group or to a standard strategy using the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table. In the driving pressure-limiting strategy group, positive end-expiratory pressure will be titrated according to the best respiratory system compliance. Outcomes: The primary outcome is the number of ventilator-free days within 28 days. The secondary outcomes are in-hospital and intensive care unit mortality and the need for rescue therapies such as extracorporeal life support, recruitment maneuvers and inhaled nitric oxide. Conclusion: STAMINA is designed to provide evidence on whether a driving pressure-limiting strategy is superior to the ARDSNet low-positive end-expiratory pressure table strategy for increasing the number of ventilator-free days within 28 days in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we describe the rationale, design and status of the trial.

RESUMO Contexto: Em estudos observacionais sobre a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, sugeriu-se que a driving pressure é o principal fator de lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador e de mortalidade. Não está claro se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure pode melhorar os desfechos clínicos. Objetivo: Descrever o protocolo e o plano de análise estatística que serão usados para testar se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure envolvendo a titulação da pressão positiva expiratória final de acordo com a melhor complacência respiratória e a redução do volume corrente é superior a uma estratégia padrão envolvendo o uso da tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSNet, em termos de aumento do número de dias sem ventilador em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo devido à pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. Métodos: O estudo STAMINA (ventilator STrAtegy for coMmunIty acquired pNeumoniA) é randomizado, multicêntrico e aberto e compara uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure com a tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave devido à pneumonia adquirida na comunidade internados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Esperamos recrutar 500 pacientes de 20 unidades de terapia intensiva brasileiras e duas colombianas. Eles serão randomizados para um grupo da estratégia de limitação da driving pressure ou para um grupo de estratégia padrão usando a tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet. No grupo da estratégia de limitação da driving pressure, a pressão positiva expiratória final será titulada de acordo com a melhor complacência do sistema respiratório. Desfechos: O desfecho primário é o número de dias sem ventilador em 28 dias. Os desfechos secundários são a mortalidade hospitalar e na unidade de terapia intensiva e a necessidade de terapias de resgate, como suporte de vida extracorpóreo, manobras de recrutamento e óxido nítrico inalado. Conclusão: O STAMINA foi projetado para fornecer evidências sobre se uma estratégia de limitação da driving pressure é superior à estratégia da tabela de pressão positiva expiratória final baixa do protocolo ARDSnet para aumentar o número de dias sem ventilador em 28 dias em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave. Aqui, descrevemos a justificativa, o desenho e o status do estudo.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of biomarkers with successful ventilatory weaning in COVID-19 patients. Methods: An observational, retrospective, and single-center study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. C-reactive protein, total lymphocytes, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during attrition and extubation, and the variation in these biomarker values was measured. The primary outcome was successful extubation. ROC curves were drawn to find the best cutoff points for the biomarkers based on sensitivity and specificity. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression. Results: Of the 2,377 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, 458 were included in the analysis, 356 in the Successful Weaning Group and 102 in the Failure Group. The cutoff points found from the ROC curves were −62.4% for C-reactive protein, +45.7% for total lymphocytes, and −32.9% for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. These points were significantly associated with greater extubation success. In the multivariate analysis, only C-reactive protein variation remained statistically significant (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.51 - 4.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels was associated with successful extubation in COVID-19 patients. Total lymphocytes and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio did not maintain the association after multivariate analysis. However, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels should not be used as a sole variable to identify COVID-19 patients suitable for weaning; as in our study, the area under the ROC curve demonstrated poor accuracy in discriminating extubation outcomes, with low sensitivity and specificity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação de biomarcadores com o sucesso do desmame ventilatório em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional, retrospectivo e de centro único realizado entre março de 2020 e abril de 2021. Foram avaliados a proteína C-reativa, os linfócitos totais e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos durante o atrito e a extubação; mediu-se a variação desses valores de biomarcadores. O desfecho primário foi o sucesso da extubação. As curvas ROC foram desenhadas para encontrar os melhores pontos de corte dos biomarcadores segundo a sensibilidade e a especificidade. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: Dos 2.377 pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva, 458 foram incluídos na análise, 356 no Grupo Sucesso do desmame e 102 no Grupo Fracasso do desmame. Os pontos de corte encontrados nas curvas ROC foram −62,4% para proteína C-reativa, +45,7% para linfócitos totais e −32,9% para relação neutrófilo/linfócito. Esses pontos foram significativamente associados ao maior sucesso da extubação. Na análise multivariada, apenas a variação da proteína C-reativa permaneceu estatisticamente significativa (RC 2,6; IC95% 1,51 - 4,5; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Neste estudo, uma diminuição nos níveis de proteína C-reativa foi associada ao sucesso da extubação em pacientes com COVID-19. Os linfócitos totais e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos não mantiveram a associação após a análise multivariada. No entanto, uma diminuição nos níveis de proteína C-reativa não deve ser usada como única variável para identificar pacientes com COVID-19 adequados para o desmame; como em nosso estudo, a área sob a curva ROC demonstrou baixa precisão na discriminação dos resultados de extubação, com baixas sensibilidade e especificidade.

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ABSTRACT Objective To identify the influence of obesity on mortality, time to weaning from mechanical ventilation and mobility at intensive care unit discharge in patients with COVID-19. Methods This retrospective cohort study was carried out between March and August 2020. All adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit in need of ventilatory support and confirmed to have COVID-19 were included. The outcomes included mortality, time on mechanical ventilation, and mobility at intensive care unit discharge. Results Four hundred and twenty-nine patients were included, 36.6% of whom were overweight and 43.8% of whom were obese. Compared with normal body mass index patients, overweight and obese patients had lower mortality (p = 0.002) and longer intensive care unit survival (log-rank p < 0.001). Compared with patients with a normal body mass index, overweight patients had a 36% lower risk of death (p = 0.04), while patients with obesity presented a 23% lower risk (p < 0.001). There was no association between obesity and time on mechanical ventilation. The level of mobility at intensive care unit discharge did not differ between groups and showed a moderate inverse correlation with length of stay in the intensive care unit (r = -0.461; p < 0.001). Conclusion Overweight and obese patients had lower mortality and higher intensive care unit survival rates. The duration of mechanical ventilation and mobility level at intensive care unit discharge did not differ between the groups.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a influência da obesidade na mortalidade, no tempo de desmame da ventilação mecânica e na mobilidade na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos Trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado entre março e agosto de 2020. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes adultos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva com necessidade de suporte ventilatório e diagnosticados com COVID-19. Os desfechos incluíram mortalidade, duração da ventilação mecânica e mobilidade na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados Identificamos 429 pacientes, dos quais 36,6% estavam acima do peso e 43,8% eram obesos. Em comparação com os pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal, os pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram menor mortalidade (p = 0,002) e maior sobrevida na unidade de terapia intensiva (log-rank p < 0,001). Em comparação com pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal, aqueles com sobrepeso tiveram risco 36% menor de morte (p = 0,04), enquanto os pacientes com obesidade apresentaram risco 23% menor (p < 0,001). Não houve associação entre obesidade e duração da ventilação mecânica. O nível de mobilidade na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva não diferiu entre os grupos e apresentou correlação inversa moderada com o tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (r = -0,461; p < 0,001). Conclusão Os pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade tiveram menor mortalidade e maior tempo de sobrevida na unidade de terapia intensiva. A duração da ventilação mecânica e o nível de mobilidade na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva não diferiram entre os grupos.

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Introduction: In critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, the loss of inspiratory and peripheral muscle strength is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and failed weaning. Objective: To determine the relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscle strength with the success of the Spontaneous Breathing Trial in adults with ventilatory support greater than 48 hours. Methodology: Prospective observational cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary hospital in Colombia. Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were measured once a day before Spontaneous Breathing Trial testing. Pearson's test and Cohen's D test were used to analyze correlations. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, 57% male, with a mean age of 51.9±20 years. A positive correlation was identified between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and grip strength; and a negative correlation between grip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure with the days of stay in the intensive care unit, (r -0.40; p<0.05) and (r -0.45; p<0.05). Conclusions: Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were positively correlated with Spontaneous Breathing Trial success. The importance of these measures to guide ventilator disconnection processes is highlighted.

Introducción: En el paciente críticamente enfermo con ventilación mecánica, la pérdida de la fuerza de los músculos inspiratorios y periféricos se asocia con ventilación mecánica prolongada y destete fallido. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y la fuerza de músculos inspiratorios con el éxito de la prueba de respiración espontánea en adultos con soporte ventilatorio mayor a 48 horas. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo observacional de corte transversal realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. La fuerza de prensión manual y la presión inspiratoria máxima se midieron una vez al día antes de la prueba de prueba de respiración espontánea. Se utilizaron la prueba de Pearson y la prueba D de Cohen para analizar las correlaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes, 57 % de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 51,9 ± 20 años. Se identificó una correlación positiva entre Presión Inspiratoria Máxima y fuerza de la mano; y una correlación negativa entre la fuerza de la mano y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima con los días de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, (r -0,40; p < 0,05) y (r -0,45;p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La fuerza de prensión manual y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima se correlacionaron positivamente con el éxito de la Prueba de Respiración Espontánea. Se destaca la importancia de estas mediciones para guiar procesos de desconexión del ventilador.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effect of atelectasis during mechanical ventilation on the periatelectatic and normal lung regions in a model of atelectasis in rats with acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomized into the following four groups, each with 6 animals: the Saline-Control Group, Lipopolysaccharide Control Group, Saline-Atelectasis Group, and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group. Acute lung injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. After 24 hours, atelectasis was induced by bronchial blocking. The animals underwent mechanical ventilation for two hours with protective parameters, and respiratory mechanics were monitored during this period. Thereafter, histologic analyses of two regions of interest, periatelectatic areas and the normally-aerated lung contralateral to the atelectatic areas, were performed. Results: The lung injury score was significantly higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Control Group (0.41 ± 0.13) than in the Saline Control Group (0.15 ± 0.51), p < 0.05. Periatelectatic regions showed higher lung injury scores than normally-aerated regions in both the Saline-Atelectasis (0.44 ± 0.06 x 0.27 ± 0.74 p < 0.05) and Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis (0.56 ± 0.09 x 0.35 ± 0.04 p < 0.05) Groups. The lung injury score in the periatelectatic regions was higher in the Lipopolysaccharide Atelectasis Group (0.56 ± 0.09) than in the periatelectatic region of the Saline-Atelectasis Group (0.44 ± 0.06), p < 0.05. Conclusion: Atelectasis may cause injury to the surrounding tissue after a period of mechanical ventilation with protective parameters. Its effect was more significant in previously injured lungs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da atelectasia durante a ventilação mecânica nas regiões periatelectáticas e pulmonares normais em um modelo de atelectasia em ratos com lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por lipopolissacarídeo. Métodos: Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 24 ratos em quatro grupos, cada um com 6 animais: Grupo Salina-Controle, Grupo Lipopolissacarídeo-Controle, Grupo Salina-Atelectasia e Grupo Lipopolissacarídeo-Atelectasia. A lesão pulmonar aguda foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de lipopolissacarídeo. Após 24 horas, a atelectasia foi induzida por bloqueio brônquico. Os animais foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica por 2 horas com parâmetros ventilatórios protetores, e a mecânica respiratória foi monitorada durante esse período. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises histológicas de duas regiões de interesse: as áreas periatelectásicas e o pulmão normalmente aerado contralateral às áreas atelectásicas. Resultados: O escore de lesão pulmonar foi significativamente maior no Grupo Controle-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,41 ± 0,13) do que no Grupo Controle-Solução Salina (0,15 ± 0,51), com p < 0,05. As regiões periatelectásicas apresentaram escores maiores de lesão pulmonar do que as regiões normalmente aeradas nos Grupos Atelectasia-Solução Salina (0,44 ± 0,06 versus 0,27 ± 0,74, p < 0,05) e Atelectasia-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,56 ± 0,09 versus 0,35 ± 0,04, p < 0,05). O escore de lesão pulmonar nas regiões periatelectásicas foi maior no Grupo Atelectasia-Lipopolissacarídeo (0,56 ± 0,09) do que na região periatelectásica do Grupo Atelectasia-Solução Salina (0,44 ± 0,06), p < 0,05. Conclusão: A atelectasia pode causar lesão no tecido circundante após um período de ventilação mecânica com parâmetros ventilatórios protetores. Seu efeito foi mais significativo em pulmões previamente lesionados.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of different vertical positions on lung aeration in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: An open-label randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted between January and July 2020. Adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for > 24 hours and < 7 days with hemodynamic, respiratory and neurological stability were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to the sitting position followed by passive orthostasis condition or the passive orthostasis followed by the sitting position condition. The primary outcome was lung aeration assessed using the lung ultrasound score (score ranges from 0 [better] to 36 [worse]). Results: A total of 186 subjects were screened; of these subjects, 19 were enrolled (57.8% male; mean age, 73.2 years). All participants were assigned to receive at least one verticalization protocol. Passive orthostasis resulted in mean lung ultrasound scores that did not differ significantly from the sitting position (11.0 versus 13.7; mean difference, -2.7; [95%CI -6.1 to 0.71; p = 0.11). Adverse events occurred in three subjects in the passive orthostasis group and in one in the sitting position group (p = 0.99). Conclusion: This analysis did not find significant differences in lung aeration between the sitting and passive orthostasis groups. A randomized crossover clinical trial assessing the impact of vertical positioning on lung aeration in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation is feasible. Unfortunately, the study was interrupted due to the need to treat COVID-19 patients. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04176445

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de diferentes posicionamentos verticais na aeração pulmonar em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Trata-se de ensaio clínico aberto, randomizado e transversal, realizado entre janeiro e julho de 2020. Adultos em ventilação mecânica invasiva por mais de 24 horas e menos de 7 dias com estabilidade hemodinâmica, respiratória e neurológica foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma proporção de 1:1 à postura sentada seguida da condição de ortostatismo passivo ou o ortostatismo passivo seguido de postura sentada. O desfecho primário foi a aeração pulmonar avaliada pelo lung ultrasound score. O escore varia de zero (melhor) a 36 (pior). Resultados: Foram selecionados 186 indivíduos; destes, 19 foram incluídos (57,8% do sexo masculino; média idade de 73,2 anos). Todos os participantes foram selecionados para receber pelo menos um protocolo de verticalização. O ortostatismo passivo resultou em escores médios de aeração pulmonar por ultrassonografia que não diferiram significativamente da postura sentada (11,0 versus 13,7; diferença média, -2,7; IC95% -6,1 a 0,71; p = 0,11). Ocorreram eventos adversos em três indivíduos no grupo ortostatismo passivo e em um no grupo postura sentada (p = 0,99). Conclusão: Esta análise não encontrou diferenças significativas na aeração pulmonar entre os grupos ortostatismo passivo e postura sentada. É factível conduzir um estudo clínico transversal randomizado para avaliar o impacto do posicionamento vertical na aeração pulmonar em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva. Infelizmente, o estudo foi interrompido devido à necessidade de tratar pacientes com COVID-19. Registro ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04176445

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Risk factors associated with intubation in patients with COVID-19, should not be confused with criteria for intubation in patients with respiratory problems. In the treatment of patients with COVID-19, it is important to consider the time from the onset of symptoms and the delay of patients to seek hospital care. This could be another factor influencing patient's evolution. Taking account steroids as a predictor of intubation requires a more in-depth analysis of the steroid used, its dose and the timing in which they are used. There are many factors that can explain the uncertain evolution of patients with COVID-19. Identifying them can help to develop strategies to reduce the delay in mechanical ventilation, and therefore improve the prognosis.

Los factores de riesgo asociados a intubación en pacientes con COVID-19, no se debe confundir con los criterios para intubación en pacientes con problemas respiratorios. En el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID -19 es importante considerar el tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas y el retraso en la atención hospitalaria. Esto puede ser otro factor que influya en la evolución de los pacientes. Considerar a los esteroides como un factor predictor de intubación, requiere un análisis más profundo sobre el tipo, la dosis y el momento en el que se utilizan. Hay muchos factores que pueden explicar la mala evolución de los pacientes con COVID-19. Identificarlos puede ayudar a que surjan estrategias para disminuir el retraso en la ventilación mecánica, y por lo tanto mejorar el pronóstico.

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La ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) se utiliza en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, para mejorar el in-tercambio de gases y reducir el trabajo respiratorio, sin la ne-cesidad de una vía aérea artificial1. Es una modalidad de asis-tencia ventilatoria que proporciona dos niveles de presión. Cabe destacar que la presión aumenta durante la fase inspiratoria de la respiración, aumentando el volumen corriente, mejorando así el intercambio de gases, aliviando los músculos respiratorios y esto regresa a una línea de base alta en la exhalación. El aumento de presión durante la fase inspiratoria IPAP (presión inspiratoria positiva en las vías respiratorias) es similar a la presión de so-porte de los ventiladores convencionales. Durante la espiración, el ajuste de la presión en los dispositivos diseñados principal-mente para VMNI se denomina presión espiratoria positiva en las vías respiratorias (EPAP). Se debe considerar que la EPAP es similar al PEEP en un ventilador convencional 2. El conoci-miento de su funcionalidad permite determinar en qué pacientes está indicado el uso de la ventilación no invasiva y establecer una estrategia de manejo inicial. Debe considerarse que, a mayor gravedad de la patología respiratoria, la ventilación no invasiva no redujo la necesidad de intubación ni la mortalidad 3,4. Estos resultados se relacionaron con estudios realizados en el con-texto de la pandemia de SARS COV 2 donde se encontró que, la ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con determinado grado de afectación respiratoria, redujo el uso de ventilación invasiva y la mortalidad 5-8.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) is used in patients with acute respiratory failure to improve gas exchange and reduce the work of breathing, without the need for an artificial airway1. It is a modality of ventilatory assistance that provides two levels of pressure. It should be noted that the pressure in-creases during the inspiratory phase of breathing, increasing the tidal volume, thus improving gas exchange, relieving the respi-ratory muscles and this returns to a high baseline on exhalation. The pressure rise during the IPAP (inspiratory positive airway pressure) inspiratory phase is similar to pressure support venti-lation of conventional ventilators. During expiration, the pres-sure setting in devices designed primarily for NIMV is called expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). It should be consi-dered that EPAP is similar to PEEP on a conventional ventilator2. Knowledge of its functionality allows determining in which pa-tients the use of non-invasive ventilation is indicated and esta-blishing an initial management strategy. It should be considered that, with greater severity of the respiratory pathology, non-in-vasive ventilation did not reduce the need for intubation or mor-tality3,4. These results were related to studies carried out in the context of the SARS COV 2 pandemic where it was found that non-invasive ventilation in patients with a certain degree of res-piratory involvement reduced the use of invasive ventilation and mortality5-8.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether protocol-directed weaning in neurocritical patients would reduce the rate of extubation failure (as a primary outcome) and the associated complications (as a secondary outcome) compared with conventional weaning. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients aged 18 years or older with an acute neurological disease who were on mechanical ventilation > 24 hours were included. All patients included in the study were ready to wean, with no or minimal sedation, Glasgow coma score ≥ 9, spontaneous ventilatory stimulus, noradrenaline ≤ 0.2µgr/kg/ minute, fraction of inspired oxygen ≤ 0.5, positive end-expiratory pressure ≤ 5cmH2O, maximal inspiratory pressure < -20cmH2O, and occlusion pressure < 6cmH2O. RESULTS: Ninety-four of 314 patients admitted to the intensive care unit were included (50 in the Intervention Group and 44 in the Control Group). There was no significant difference in spontaneous breathing trial failure (18% in the Intervention Group versus 34% in the Control Group, p = 0.12). More patients in the Intervention Group were extubated than in the Control Group (100% versus 79%, p = 0.01). The rate of extubation failure was not signifiantly diffrent between the groups (18% in the Intervention Group versus 17% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.02; 95%CI 0.64 - 1.61; p = 1.00). The reintubation rate was lower in the Control Group (16% in the Intervention Group versus 11% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.15; 95%CI 0.74 - 1.82; p = 0.75). The need for tracheotomy was lower in the Intervention Group [4 (8%) versus 11 (25%) in the Control Group; relative risk 0.32; 95%CI 0.11 - 0.93; p = 0.04]. At Day 28, the patients in the Intervention Group had more ventilator-free days than those in the Control Group [28 (26 - 28) days versus 26 (19 - 28) days; p = 0.01]. The total duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the Intervention Group than in the Control Group [5 (2 - 13) days versus 9 (3 - 22) days; p = 0.01]. There were no diffrences in the length of intensive care unit stay, 28-day free from mechanical ventilation, hospital stay or 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Considering the limitations of our study, the application of a weaning protocol for neurocritical patients led to a high percentage of extubation, a reduced need for tracheotomy and a shortened duration of mechanical ventilation. However, there was no reduction in extubation failure or the 28-day free of from mechanical ventilation compared with the Control Group.ClinicalTrials.gov Registry: NCT03128086.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a model of a daily fitness checklist for spontaneous breathing tests is able to identify predictive variables of extubation failure in pediatric patients admitted to a Brazilian intensive care unit. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. The checklist model comprised 20 items and was applied to assess the ability to perform spontaneous breathing tests. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 126 pediatric patients (85 males (67.5%)) on invasive mechanical ventilation, for whom 1,217 daily assessments were applied at the bedside. The weighted total score of the prediction model showed the highest discriminatory power for the spontaneous breathing test, with sensitivity and specificity indices for fitness failure of 89.7% or success of 84.6%. The cutoff point suggested by the checklist was 8, with a probability of extubation failure less than 5%. Failure increased progressively with increasing score, with a maximum probability of predicting extubation failure of 85%. CONCLUSION: The extubation failure rate with the use of this model was within what is acceptable in the literature. The daily checklist model for the spontaneous breathing test was able to identify predictive variables of failure in the extubation process in pediatric patients.

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PURPOSE: Conflicting evidence exists on the choice of surgical or non-surgical treatment of flail chest injuries. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis comparing outcomes in patients presenting flail chest undergoing surgical or non-surgical treatment. METHODS: Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgery to no surgery in patients with acute unstable chest wall injuries. We computed weighted mean differences (WMDs) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RRs) for binary endpoints, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. RESULTS: Six RCTs (544 patients) were included, and surgical treatment was used in 269 (49.4%). Compared to no surgery, surgery reduced mechanical ventilation days (WMD - 4.34, 95% CI - 6.98, - 1.69; p < 0.01; I2 = 87%; GRADE: very low; PI - 13.51, 4.84); length of intensive care unit stay (WMD - 4.62, 95% CI - 7.19, - 2.05; p < 0.01; I2 = 78%; GRADE: low; PI - 12.86, 3.61) and the incidence of pneumonia (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.31, 0.81; p = 0.005; I2 = 54%; GRADE: moderate; PI 0.13, 1.91). No difference in mortality (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19, 1.65; p = 0.27; I2 = 23%; GRADE: moderate; PI 0.04, 7.25), length of hospital stay (WMD - 5.39, 95% CI - 11.38, - 0.60; p = 0.08; I2 = 89%; GRADE: very low; PI - 11.38, 0.60), or need for tracheostomy (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.34, 1.03; p = 0.06; I2 = 54%; GRADE: moderate; PI 0.11, 3.24) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that surgical treatment is advantageous compared to non-surgical treatment for patients with flail chest secondary to rib fractures.

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de la deglución, los cuales representan todas las alteraciones del proceso fisiológico encargado de llevar el alimento desde la boca al esófago y después al estómago, salvaguardando siempre la protección de las vías respiratorias. OBJETIVO. Definir el manejo óptimo, de la disfagia en pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por COVID-19. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed y Elsevier que relacionan el manejo de la disfagia y pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por SARS-CoV-2. Se obtuvo un universo de 134 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda. Se seleccionaron 24 documentos, para ser considerados en este estudio. RESULTADOS. La incidencia de disfagia posterior a infección severa por SARS-CoV-2 fue del 23,14%, siendo la disfagia leve la más frecuente 48,0%. Los tratamientos clínicos más empleados en el manejo de la disfagia fueron rehabilitación oral y cambio de textura en la dieta en el 77,23% de los casos, mientras que el único tratamiento quirúrgico empleado fue la traqueotomía 37,31%. Un 12,68% de pacientes recuperó su función deglutoria sin un tratamiento específico. La eficacia de los tratamientos clínicos y quirúrgicos en los pacientes sobrevivientes de la infección severa por SARS-CoV-2 fue del 80,68%, con una media en el tiempo de resolución de 58 días. CONCLUSIÓN. La anamnesis es clave para el diagnóstico de disfagia post COVID-19. El tratamiento puede variar, desde un manejo conservador como cambios en la textura de la dieta hasta tratamientos más invasivos como traqueotomía para mejorar la función deglutoria.

INTRODUCTION. The difficulty to swallow or dysphagia is included within the problems of swallowing, which represent all the alterations of the physiological process in charge of carrying the food from the mouth to the esophagus, and then to the stomach, always taking into account the protection of the airways. OBJECTIVE. To define the optimal management, both clinical and surgical, for the adequate treatment of dysphagia produced as a consequence of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODOLOGY. A review of the scientific literature was carried out using both PubMed and Elsevier databases, which relate the management of dysphagia and patients with a history of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS. The incidence of dysphagia following severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was of 23,14%, with mild dysphagia being the most frequent 48,00%. The most frequently used clinical treatments for dysphagia management were oral rehabilitation and change in dietary texture in 77,23% of cases, while tracheotomy was the only surgical treatment used 37,31%. A total of 12,68% of patients recovered their swallowing function without specific treatment. The efficacy of clinical and surgical treatments in survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was 80,68%, with a mean resolution time of 58 days. CONCLUSION. An adequate medical history is key to the diagnosis of post-COVID-19 dysphagia. Treatment can range from conservative management such as changes in diet texture to more invasive treatments such as tracheotomy to improve swallowing function.

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Abstract Introduction: Orotracheal intubation is a procedure that implies risks such as extubation failure and laryngeal stridor, which increase the risk of morbidity. Objective: To identify factors associated with early extubation failure (≤24 hours) and the development of post-extubation laryngeal stridor in adult patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Materials and methods: Case-control study conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a quaternary care hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, between April 2019 and February 2020, in which information was collected prospectively. A total of 180 patients with IMV ≥24 hours and at least >1 extubation attempt were included: 30 cases defined as patients with early extubation failure (≤24 hours to extubation), and 150 controls. Differences between cases and controls regarding the variables considered were determined using the Student's t test and the Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. In addition, a multivariate analysis (unconditional logistic regression model) was performed to establish the factors associated with extubation failure and post-extubation laryngeal stridor, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A significance level of p<0.05 was considered. Results: Early extubation failure and laryngeal stridor had a prevalence of 16.66% (n=30) and 3.89% (n=7), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, having a history of intubation (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.44-12.66), the presence of active cancer (OR=2.92, 95%CI: 1.08-7.90), and being diagnosed with pneumonia (OR=2.84, 95%CI: 1.15-6.99) were significantly associated with extubation failure, while the duration of IMV (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.18-1.99) and history of intubation (OR=37.99, 95%CI: 2.22-650.8) were significantly associated with post-extubation laryngeal stridor. Conclusions: Based on the results reported here, it is suggested to consider factors such as history of intubation, comorbidity with cancer, and diagnosis of pneumonia in the stratification of critically ill patients to increase the likelihood of successful extubation.

Resumen Introducción. La intubación orotraqueal es un procedimiento que conlleva riesgos como la extubación fallida y el estridor laríngeo, los cuales aumentan el riesgo de morbilidad. Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados a extubación fallida temprana (≤24 horas) y al desarrollo de estridor laríngeo post-extubación en pacientes adultos con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles con recolección prospectiva de información realizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital de IV nivel de Bogotá, Colombia, entre abril de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Se incluyeron 180 pacientes con VMI ≥24 horas y al menos 1 intento de extubación: 30 casos definidos como pacientes con extubación fallida temprana (≤24 horas a la extubación) y 150 controles. Las diferencias en las variables consideradas entre casos y controles se determinaron mediante las pruebas t de Student y Chi-cuadrado o exacta de Fisher. Además, se realizó un análisis multivariado (modelo de regresión logística no condicional) para determinar los factores asociados con extubación fallida y estridor laríngeo post-extubación, calculando los Odds ratio (OR) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Se consideró un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. La extubación fallida temprana y el estridor laríngeo tuvieron una prevalencia de 16.66% (n=30) y 3.89% (n=7), respectivamente. En el análisis multivariado, el antecedente de intubación (OR=4.27, IC95%: 1.44-12.66), la presencia de cáncer activo (OR=2.92, IC95%: 1.08-7.90) y ser diagnosticado con neumonía (OR=2.84, IC95%: 1.15-6.99) se asociaron significativamente con extubación fallida, mientras que la duración de la VMI (OR=1.53, IC95%: 1.18-1.99) y el antecedente de intubación (OR=37.99, IC95%: 2.22-650.8), con estridor laríngeo post-extubación. Conclusiones. Con base en los resultados aquí obtenidos, se sugiere considerar factores como antecedente de intubación, comorbilidad con cáncer y diagnóstico de neumonía en la estratificación de los pacientes críticamente enfermos para aumentar la probabilidad de una extubación exitosa.

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Objetivo: construir e validar uma escala de verificação da adesão às recomendações das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica por profissionais da saúde. Método: estudo metodológico, conduzido no período entre setembro e dezembro de 2019 em um hospital público com 87 pacientes. Para a validação de conteúdo, adotou-se o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo; para a validade de critério, o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson; para a consistência interna, o alfa de Cronbach; e, para a confiabilidade interobservador, o Coeficiente Kappa e o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. Resultados: a escala identificou uma validade de conteúdo e consistência interna aceitável. A correlação de Pearson indicou uma correlação do escore de adesão com a saturação (r = 0,31; p≤0,005), o escore médio para o observador A e B resultou, respectivamente, em 88,89(±5,23) e 88,86(±5,34), e o intervalo de confiança foi de 0,96. Conclusão: a escala apresentou validade e confiabilidade para verificar a adesão às Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica dos profissionais.(AU)

Objective: to construct and validate a scale for verifying adherence to the recommendations of the Brazilian Guidelines for Mechanical Ventilation by healthcare professionals. Method: methodological study, conducted between September and December 2019 in a public hospital with 87 patients. For content validation, the Content Validation Index was adopted; for criterion validity, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient; for internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha; and, for interobserver reliability, the Kappa Coefficient, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: the scale identified acceptable content validity and internal consistency. Pearson's correlation indicated a correlation between adherence score and saturation (r = 0.31; p≤0.005), the average score for observer A and B resulted, respectively, in 88.89(±5.23) and 88.86(±5.34), and the confidence interval was 0.96. Conclusion: the scale showed validity and reliability to verify adherence to the Brazilian Guidelines for Mechanical Ventilation by professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: construir y validar una escala para verificar la adherencia a las recomendaciones de las directrices brasileñas sobre ventilación mecánica por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado entre septiembre y diciembre de 2019 en un hospital público con 87 pacientes. Se adoptó el Índice de Validación de Contenido para la validación de contenido, para la validez de criterio, el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson, para la consistencia interna, el alfa de Cronbach y, para la fiabilidad interobservador, el Coeficiente Kappa y el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase. Resultados: la escala presentó una validez de contenido y una consistencia interna aceptables. La correlación de Pearson indicó una correlación de la puntuación de adherencia con la saturación (r = 0,31; p≤0,005), la puntuación media para el observador A y B resultó de 88,89(±5,23) y 88,86(±5,34), respectivamente, y el intervalo de confianza fue de 0,96. Conclusión: la escala presentó validez y confiabilidad para verificar la adherencia a las Directrices Brasileñas de Ventilación Mecánica de los profesionales.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether a model of a daily fitness checklist for spontaneous breathing tests is able to identify predictive variables of extubation failure in pediatric patients admitted to a Brazilian intensive care unit. Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. The checklist model comprised 20 items and was applied to assess the ability to perform spontaneous breathing tests. Results: The sample consisted of 126 pediatric patients (85 males (67.5%)) on invasive mechanical ventilation, for whom 1,217 daily assessments were applied at the bedside. The weighted total score of the prediction model showed the highest discriminatory power for the spontaneous breathing test, with sensitivity and specificity indices for fitness failure of 89.7% or success of 84.6%. The cutoff point suggested by the checklist was 8, with a probability of extubation failure less than 5%. Failure increased progressively with increasing score, with a maximum probability of predicting extubation failure of 85%. Conclusion: The extubation failure rate with the use of this model was within what is acceptable in the literature. The daily checklist model for the spontaneous breathing test was able to identify predictive variables of failure in the extubation process in pediatric patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se um modelo de checklist diário de aptidão para o teste de respiração espontânea é capaz de identificar variáveis preditivas de falha no processo de extubação em pacientes pediátricos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva brasileira. Métodos: Estudo unicêntricotransversal, com coleta prospectiva de dados. O modelo de checklist foi elaborado com 20 itens e aplicado para avaliação de aptidão para o teste de respiração espontânea. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 126 pacientes pediátricos em ventilação mecânica invasiva, 85 do sexo masculino (67,5%), para os quais foram aplicadas 1.217 avaliações diárias à beira do leito. A pontuação total ponderada do modelo de predição apresentou o maior poder de discriminação para a realização do teste de respiração espontânea, com índices de sensibilidade e especificidade para a falha de aptidão de 89,7% ou sucesso de 84,6%. O ponto de corte sugerido pelo checklist foi 8, com probabilidade de falha de extubação inferior a 5%. Observou-se que a falha aumentou progressivamente com o aumento da pontuação obtida, com probabilidade máxima de predição de falha de extubação de 85%. Conclusão: A taxa de falha de extubação com a utilização desse modelo ficou dentro do que é aceitável na literatura. O modelo de checklist diário para aptidão do teste de respiração espontânea foi capaz de identificar variáveis preditivas de falha no processo de extubação em pacientes pediátricos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether protocol-directed weaning in neurocritical patients would reduce the rate of extubation failure (as a primary outcome) and the associated complications (as a secondary outcome) compared with conventional weaning. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients aged 18 years or older with an acute neurological disease who were on mechanical ventilation > 24 hours were included. All patients included in the study were ready to wean, with no or minimal sedation, Glasgow coma score ≥ 9, spontaneous ventilatory stimulus, noradrenaline ≤ 0.2μgr/kg/ minute, fraction of inspired oxygen ≤ 0.5, positive end-expiratory pressure ≤ 5cmH2O, maximal inspiratory pressure < -20cmH2O, and occlusion pressure < 6cmH2O. Results: Ninety-four of 314 patients admitted to the intensive care unit were included (50 in the Intervention Group and 44 in the Control Group). There was no significant difference in spontaneous breathing trial failure (18% in the Intervention Group versus 34% in the Control Group, p = 0.12). More patients in the Intervention Group were extubated than in the Control Group (100% versus 79%, p = 0.01). The rate of extubation failure was not signifiantly diffrent between the groups (18% in the Intervention Group versus 17% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.02; 95%CI 0.64 - 1.61; p = 1.00). The reintubation rate was lower in the Control Group (16% in the Intervention Group versus 11% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.15; 95%CI 0.74 - 1.82; p = 0.75). The need for tracheotomy was lower in the Intervention Group [4 (8%) versus 11 (25%) in the Control Group; relative risk 0.32; 95%CI 0.11 - 0.93; p = 0.04]. At Day 28, the patients in the Intervention Group had more ventilator-free days than those in the Control Group [28 (26 - 28) days versus 26 (19 - 28) days; p = 0.01]. The total duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the Intervention Group than in the Control Group [5 (2 - 13) days versus 9 (3 - 22) days; p = 0.01]. There were no diffrences in the length of intensive care unit stay, 28-day free from mechanical ventilation, hospital stay or 90-day mortality. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of our study, the application of a weaning protocol for neurocritical patients led to a high percentage of extubation, a reduced need for tracheotomy and a shortened duration of mechanical ventilation. However, there was no reduction in extubation failure or the 28-day free of from mechanical ventilation compared with the Control Group. ClinicalTrials.gov Registry:NCT03128086

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se o desmame por protocolo em pacientes neurocríticos reduz a taxa de falha de extubação (desfecho primário) e as complicações associadas (desfecho secundário) em comparação com o desmame convencional. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quase experimental em uma unidade de terapia intensiva médico-cirúrgica de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018. Foram incluídos pacientes com 18 anos de idade ou mais, com doença neurológica aguda e em ventilação mecânica > 24 horas. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo estavam prontos para o desmame, com nenhuma ou mínima sedação, escala de coma de Glasgow ≥ 9, estímulo ventilatório espontâneo, noradrenalina ≤ 0,2μgr/kg/minuto, fração inspirada de oxigênio ≤ 0,5, pressão expiratória positiva final ≤ 5cmH2O, pressão inspiratória máxima < -20cmH2O e pressão de oclusão < 6cmH2O. Resultados: Foram incluídos 94 dos 314 pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, sendo 50 no Grupo Intervenção e 44 no Grupo Controle. Não houve diferença significativa na falha do ensaio respiratório espontâneo (18% no Grupo Intervenção versus 34% no Grupo Controle, p = 0,12). Foram extubados mais pacientes no Grupo Intervenção do que no Controle (100% versus 79%; p = 0,01). A taxa de falha de extubação não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (18% no Grupo Intervenção versus 17% no Grupo Controle, risco relativo de 1,02; IC95% 0,64 - 1,61; p = 1,00). A taxa de reintubação foi menor no Grupo Controle (16% no Grupo Intervenção versus 11% no Grupo Controle; risco relativo de 1,15; IC95% 0,74 -1,82; p = 0,75). A necessidade de traqueotomia foi menor no Grupo Intervenção [4 (8%) versus 11 (25%) no Grupo Controle; risco relativo de 0,32; IC95% 0,11 - 0,93; p = 0,04]. Aos 28 dias, os pacientes do Grupo Intervenção tinham mais dias sem ventilador do que os do Grupo Controle [28 (26 - 28) dias versus 26 (19 - 28) dias; p = 0,01]. A duração total da ventilação mecânica foi menor no Grupo Intervenção do que no Controle [5 (2 - 13) dias versus 9 (3 - 22) dias; p = 0,01]. Não houve diferenças no tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 28 dias sem ventilação mecânica, internação hospitalar ou mortalidade em 90 dias. Conclusão: Considerando as limitações de nosso estudo, a aplicação de um protocolo de desmame em pacientes neurocríticos levou à maior proporção de extubação, à menor necessidade de traqueotomia e à menor duração da ventilação mecânica. Entretanto, não houve redução na falha de extubação ou 28 dias sem ventilação mecânica em comparação com o Grupo de Controle. Registro ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03128086

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) obtained by the ventilometer and from mechanical ventilation parameters. METHODS: Randomized crossover trial, including 33 intubated patients, on mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours, undergoing spontaneous breathing test. Patients were submitted to the measurement of RSBI by four methods: disconnected from the ventilator through the ventilometer; in Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) mode at a pressure of 7.ßcm H2O; in Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O with flow trigger; in CPAP mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O with pressure trigger. RESULTS: No significant difference was detected between the RSBI obtained by the ventilometer and in the CPAP mode with flow and pressure triggers, however, in the PSV mode, the values were lower than in the other measurements (p.ß<.ß0.001). By selecting patients from the sample with higher RSBI (... 80 cycles.min-1.L-1), the value of the index obtained by the ventilometer was higher than that obtained in the three options of ventilation methods. CONCLUSION: The RSBI obtained in the CPAP mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O, in both triggers types, did not differ from that measured by the ventilometer; it is, therefore, an alternative when obtaining it from mechanical ventilation parameters is necessary. However, in the presence of borderline values, the RSBI measured by ventilometer is recommended, as in this method the values are significantly higher than in the three ventilation modalities investigated.