RESUMEN

Purpose: This study explored whether retinoscopy (RET) provides comparable results of relative peripheral refraction (RPR) to open–field autorefractometry (AR) in myopic subjects.Methods: Peripheral refraction was measured in 20 myopic and 20 control adult subjects. Both central and peripheral refraction (20° nasal and temporal eccentricity) were measured using RET and open-field AR. Differences in the median central spherical equivalent (SE), median RPR, and median J45/J180 power vectors between the RET and AR techniques were analyzed. Moreover, Bland – Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between RET and AR methods for RPR measurements in MG. Results: For MG, the median RPR values were positive (hyperopic shift), and no significant differences were observed between the RET and AR techniques with respect to RPR measurement. In addition, we did not observe any significant differences in the RPR values between the nasal and temporal eccentricities for either the RET or AR technique for myopic subjects. There was also a significant correlation and agreement between the RET and AR technique for RPR measurements. With respect to central refraction, the median SE was slightly more positive for the RET than for the AR technique. Inside the CG, we also found significant correlation between the RET and AR technique for RPR measurements, and we observed a myopic shift in peripheral eccentricities. Conclusion: Our results show that retinoscopy may be a useful tool for objective measurements of RPR in myopic subjects and may be used interchangeably with the open-field AR method in everyday clinical practice. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The primary goal during cancer removal surgery is to completely excise the malignant tumor. Because the color of the tumor and surrounding tissues is very similar, it is difficult to observe with the naked eye, posing a risk of damaging surrounding blood vessels during the tumor removal process. Therefore, fluorescence emission is induced using a fluorescent contrast agent, and color classification is monitored through camera imaging. LEDs must be irradiated to generate the fluorescent emission electromotive force. However, the power and beam width of the LED are insufficient to generate this force effectively, so the beam width and intensity must be increased to irradiate the entire lesion. Additionally, there should be no shaded areas in the beam irradiation range. This paper proposes a method to enhance the beam width and intensity while eliminating shadow areas. A total reflection beam mirror was used to increase beam width and intensity. However, when the beam width increased, a shadow area appeared at the edge, limiting irradiation of the entire lesion. To compensate for this shadow area, a concave lens was combined with the beam mirror, resulting in an increase in beam width and intensity by more than 1.42 times and 18.6 times, respectively. Consequently, the beam width reached 111.8°, and the beam power was 13.6 mW. The proposed method is expected to be useful for observing tumors through the induction of fluorescence emission during cancer removal surgery or for pathological examination in the pathology department.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Landslides are a rare but hazardous geological phenomenon in Egypt, with the El Mokattam plateau situated in the eastern part of Cairo covering approximately 64 km2 and ranging in elevation from 50 to 205 m. This study aims to identify and monitor landslides in the area using various geophysical methods. Twelve Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles,twenty-two P-wave Seismic Refraction profiles, twenty-two Refraction microtremors profiles, three ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and borehole data were utilized to analyze the occurrence of landslides in the El Mokattam Plateau. Additionally, we employed a relatively new geophysical method, studying high-frequency microtremor sounds emitted from landslide collapses at 22 stations. Our analysis identified steep slopes, jointed or fractured rocks, and irrigation water as primary factors contributing to landslides, with irrigation water acting as a lubricant for clays and promoting ground sliding. Examination of high-frequency microtremor sounds revealed a potential correlation between vertical high-frequency spectra at 100 Hz and landslide collapses, which aids in the identification of landslide-prone zones. Therefore, we conclude that seismological studies, particularly spectral analysis of high-frequency and low-amplitude sounds (microtremors) emitted from soil, offer a promising approach for investigating landslides.

RESUMEN

AIMS: To quantitatively measure retinal curvature (RC) in children with myopia and explore its association with refractive status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included participants aged 5-18 years who underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, including cycloplegic refraction and macula 24×20 mm optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. RC was derived from OCT data using a three-dimensional reconstruction system. Mean RC was assessed in concentric circles (RC I-VI) with diameters of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mm around the fovea, as well as in four orientations (RC S/I/N/T). RESULTS: A total of 443 eyes were included in the analysis. The values from RC I to RC VI were 0.51±0.19, 0.53±0.19, 0.62±0.19, 0.76±0.23, 0.86±0.23 and 0.81±0.18 10-2mm-2, respectively. RC I exhibited the smallest curvature, while RC V displayed the highest (p<0.001). High myopia (HM) group demonstrated larger RC I and smaller RC III/IV/V/VI compared with low myopia (LM) group (p<0.01). Significant differences among RC S/I/N/T were observed in HM group (pairwise comparison, p<0.001), but not in LM group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, sex, corneal curvature radius and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were associated factors with foveal RC, while age, SFCT and axial length (AL) were associated factors of peripheral RC. CONCLUSION: RC can quantitatively characterise retinal shape and the morphological changes induced by myopia. Myopia progression results in a bulging macular retina accompanied by a flattening peripheral retina in children, and also increases the irregularity among the four quadrants. Age, AL and SFCT are associated factors of RC.

RESUMEN

Purpose: To determine the distribution and characteristics of peripheral refraction in adults with myopia using the novel multispectral refraction topography. Method: A total of 187 adults with myopia were recruited for this study. This study was conducted in two stages. Part I: participants were divided into 6 groups based on the central refraction of the right eyes, Part II: according to the interocular differences in refractive error (IOD) of the central refraction, we divided the participants into isomyopia group (IOD<1.00 D) and anisomyopia group (IOD≥1.0 D). We surveyed the characteristics of peripheral refraction and relative peripheral refraction (RPR), as well as the correlation between RPR and central refraction, age, sex, and axial length. Result: Part I: With an increase in the degree of myopia, relative peripheral hyperopia developed from the center to the periphery. A statistically significant hyperopia shift compared to the center (P < 0.05) was first observed on the temporal side within a 40° field of view at the posterior pole of the retina. The RPR of the temporal, superior, and inferior retinas positively correlated only with age. Part II: In the isomyopic participants, there was no difference in peripheral refraction between the eyes (P < 0.05). In the anisomyopic participants, the RPR of the more myopic eyes was more hyperopic than that of the less myopic eyes in NRDV40-50, SRDV10-20, SRDV30-50, TRDV20-30, TRDV40-50, and IRDV10-40. Conclusion: With an increase in the degree of myopia, relative peripheral hyperopia developed from the center to the periphery, and peripheral refraction progressed at different rates in various retinal zones.

RESUMEN

Human visual function depends on the biological lens, a biconvex optical element formed by coordinated, synchronous generation of growth shells produced from ordered cells at the lens equator, the distal edge of the epithelium. Growth shells are comprised of straight (St) and S-shaped (SSh) lens fibers organized in highly symmetric, sinusoidal pattern which optimizes both the refractile, transparent structure and the unique microcirculation that regulates hydration and nutrition over the lifetime of an individual. The fiber cells are characterized by diversity in composition and age. All fiber cells remain interconnected in their growth shells throughout the life of the adult lens. As an optical element, cellular differentiation is constrained by the physical properties of light and its special development accounts for its characteristic symmetry, gradient of refractive index (GRIN), short range transparent order (SRO), and functional longevity. The complex sinusoidal structure is the basis for the lens microcirculation required for the establishment and maintenance of image formation.

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to examine the capacity of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) to predict the postimplant position of the glaucoma drainage device PreserfloTM. METHODS: 13 eyes (mean age 65.42 (14.89) years) underwent PreserfloTM (Santen, Osaka, Japan) placement. Before surgery, participants were subjected to a comprehensive ophthalmic examination (intraocular pressure (IOP), cup to disk ratio (C/D), visual field, OCT, endothelial cell count). Anterior segment OCT scans were obtained intraoperatively using a Rescan 700 OCT system (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Oberkochen, Germany). One day postsurgery, anterior segment OCT using the Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH) was performed in a sitting position to capture the same chamber cross-section as before. The main outcome variables were tube-endothelium distance (T-E) and tube length (TL) in the anterior chamber measured using both OCT systems. Correlation between intraoperative and office measurements was examined through Pearson correlation (r) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: Mean intraoperative and in-office T-E were 625.26 (SD 366.60) versus 561.16 (SD 364.62) µm respectively (p = 0.540). Intraoperative and in-office anterior chamber TL were 1386 (SD 701.82) and 1433.91 (SD 713.55) µm, respectively (p = 0.029). Excellent correlation was observed between both sets of T-E (r = 0.992; p = 0.008) and TL (r = 0.984; p = 0.016) values. Both OCT systems showed good agreement yielding ICCs of 0.992 (p < 0.001) for T-E and 0.995 (p = 0.001) for TL. DISCUSSION: Excellent correlation was observed between our intraoperative and postoperative OCT measurements. These results support the usefulness of intraoperative OCT to confirm the correct position of an implanted PreserfloTM microshunt.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Investigation of the decentration sensitivity of monofocal intraocular implants with a focus on different aberration corrections depending on different spatial frequencies. METHODS: Using an optical bench, the decentration sensitivities of an intraocular lens (IOL) with a high spherical aberration correction of -0.27 µm (ZCB00 Johnson & Johnson), an IOL with an aberration correction of -0.20 µm (Primus HD OphthalmoPro) and an IOL with an aberration neutral design (CT Asphina 409MP Carl Zeiss Meditec) were evaluated for Strehl ratio values and for 25, 50 and 100 lp/mm. Two different corneas with +0.13 µm and +0.28 µm were used. The lenses were tested in the best centration and up to a decentration of 0.5 mm. RESULTS: Decentration sensitivity affects high spatial frequencies more than lower ones. The possible decentration sensitivity is determined by the amount of spherical aberration of the cornea. The effective decentration sensitivity is determined by the extent to which these spherical aberrations are compensated. If these are not compensated, there is hardly any decentration sensitivity. CONCLUSION: High spatial frequencies are more affected by decentration sensitivity. The decentration sensitivity of an IOL is determined by the extent to which the spherical aberration of the cornea is corrected.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To assess the associations between visual acuity (VA) and retinal thickness in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with neovascular AMD (68 eyes) undergoing anti-VEGF therapy with two years of follow-up imaging data after the initiation of treatment were retrospectively included. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses with curve fitting estimation were performed to explore the relationship between visual acuity and OCT-based parameters at the 3-month and 24-month follow-up visits. Regression analyses were also performed between visual acuity and the retinal thickness deviation which was calculated as the absolute value of the difference between measured and normative retinal thickness values. RESULTS: The VA was not associated with either foveal (R2 = 0.011 and p = .401 at 3 months; R2 = 0.032 and p = .142 at 24 months) or parafoveal (R2 = 0.045 and p = .081 at 3 months; R2 = 0.050 and p = .055 at 24 months) retinal thicknesses. Compared with the linear models, a quadratic function yielded a relative increase in the R2 coefficients. Conversely, the VA was linearly associated with foveal retinal thickness deviation (R2 = 0.041 and p = .037 at 24 months) and parafoveal retinal thickness deviation (R2 = 0.062 and p = .040 at 3 months; R2 = 0.088 and p = .014 at 24 months) values. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no linear relationship between retinal thickness and VA, a weak but statistically significant linear relationship could be observed when a retinal thickness deviation was considered. This suggests that deviation-based parameters may be beneficial for structure-function correlations in the context of anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD.

RESUMEN

Objective: To quantitatively predict children's and adolescents' spherical equivalent (SE) by leveraging their variable-length historical vision records. Design: Retrospective analysis. Participants: Eight hundred ninety-five myopic children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years, with a complete ophthalmic examination and retinoscopy in cycloplegia prior to spectacle correction, were enrolled in the period from January 1, 2008 to July 1, 2023 at the University Hospital "Sveti Duh," Zagreb, Croatia. Methods: A novel modification of time-aware long short-term memory (LSTM) was used to quantitatively predict children's and adolescents' SE within 7 years after diagnosis. Main Outcome Measures: The utilization of extended gate time-aware LSTM involved capturing temporal features within irregularly sampled time series data. This approach aligned more closely with the characteristics of fact-based data, increasing its applicability and contributing to the early identification of myopia progression. Results: The testing set exhibited a mean absolute prediction error (MAE) of 0.10 ± 0.15 diopter (D) for SE. Lower MAE values were associated with longer sequence lengths, shorter prediction durations, older age groups, and low myopia, while higher MAE values were observed with shorter sequence lengths, longer prediction durations, younger age groups, and in premyopic or high myopic individuals, ranging from as low as 0.03 ± 0.04 D to as high as 0.45 ± 0.24 D. Conclusions: Extended gate time-aware LSTM capturing temporal features in irregularly sampled time series data can be used to quantitatively predict children's and adolescents' SE within 7 years with an overall error of 0.10 ± 0.15 D. This value is substantially lower than the threshold for prediction to be considered clinically acceptable, such as a criterion of 0.75 D. Financial Disclosures: The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

RESUMEN

AIM: To compare relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in Chinese school children with different refractive errors using multispectral refraction topography (MRT). METHODS: A total of 713 eyes of primary school children [172 emmetropia (E), 429 low myopia (LM), 80 moderate myopia (MM), and 32 low hypermetropia (LH)] aged 10 to 13y were analyzed. RPRs were measured using MRT without mydriasis. MRT results showed RPR at 0-15° (RPR 0-15), 15°-30° (RPR 15-30), and 30°-45° (RPR 30-45) annular in the inferior (RPR-I), superior (RPR-S), nasal (RPR-N), and temporal (RPR-T) quadrants. Spherical equivalent (SE) was detected and calculated using an autorefractor. RESULTS: There were significant differences of RPR 15-30 between groups MM [0.02 (-0.12; 0.18)] and LH [-0.13 (-0.36; 0.12)] (P<0.05), MM and E [-0.06 (-0.20; 0.10)] (P<0.05), and LM [-0.02 (-0.15; 0.15)] and E (P<0.05). There were also significant differences of RPR 30-45 between groups MM [0.45 (0.18; 0.74)] and E [0.29 (-0.09; 0.67)] (P<0.05), and LM [0.44 (0.14; 0.76)] and E (P<0.001). RPR values increased from the hyperopic to medium myopic group in each annular. There were significant differences of RPR-S between groups MM [-0.02 (-0.60; 0.30)] and E [-0.44 (-0.89; -0.04)] (P<0.001), and LM [-0.28 (-0.71; 0.12)] and E (P<0.05). There were also significant differences of RPR-T between groups MM [0.37 (0.21; 0.78)] and LH [0.14 (-0.52; 0.50)] (P<0.05), LM [0.41 (0.06; 0.84)] and LH (P<0.05), and LM and E [0.29 (-0.10; 0.68), P<0.05]. A Spearman's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between RPR and SE in the 15°-30° (P=0.005), 30°-45° (P<0.05) annular (P=0.002), superior (P<0.001), and temporal (P=0.001) quadrants. CONCLUSION: Without pupil dilation, values for RPR 15-30, 30-45, RPR-S, and T shows significant differences between myopic eyes and emmetropia, and the differences are negatively correlated with SE.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the difference between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction and evaluate the pseudomyopia prevalence in Chinese preschool children during the outbreak of COVID-19. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tongzhou District of Beijing, China. Refractive error was measured under both noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions with autorefraction. The difference between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and pseudomyopia prevalence were analyzed. Pseudomyopia was defined as SER ≤-0.50D in precycloplegic assessments and >-0.50D in post-cycloplegic assessments. RESULTS: Out of the 1487 participants who were enrolled in the study, 1471 individuals (98.92%) between the ages of 3-6 years completed all required procedures. A statistically significant difference in refraction was observed between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic measurements, the median of difference in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of 0.88D (dioptre)(0.50,1.38). There was a high intraclass correlation (ICC) between these two methods for cylinders (ICC = 0.864; 95% CI, 0.850-0.877). The median DSE for myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia were 0.25D (0.00, 0.38),0.25D (0.06, 0.50) and 1.00D (0.62, 1.38), an hypermetropes showed considerably greater differences than myopes and emmetropes (Kruskal-Wallis test, H = 231.023, P = 0.000). Additionally, girls displayed a greater DSE than boys. Furthermore, when comparing against-the-rule (ATR) and oblique astigmatism, it was found that with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism had the largest DSE. The study found varying prevalence rates of myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia with and without cycloplegia, which were 1.90% vs. 10.06%, 11.49% vs. 50.31%, and 86.61% vs. 39.63%, respectively. Additionally, the overall prevalence of pseudomyopia was determined to be 8.29%. Participants with pseudomyopia had a significantly higher mean difference in SER (DSE) compared to non-pseudomyopic participants. CONCLUSIONS: Cycloplegic refraction is more sensitive than a noncycloplegic one for measuring refractive error in preschool children. Pseudomyopia is prevalent in preschool children during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Our study indicates the possibility that cycloplegic refraction should be performed in preschool children routinely.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Phase-contrast computed tomography (CT) using high-brilliance, synchrotron-generated x-rays enable three-dimensional (3D) visualization of microanatomical structures within biological specimens, offering exceptionally high-contrast images of soft tissues. Traditional methods for phase-contrast CT; however, necessitate a gap between the subject and the x-ray camera, compromising spatial resolution due to penumbral blurring. Our newly developed technique, Superimposed Wavefront Imaging of Diffraction-enhanced x-rays (SWIDeX), leverages a Laue-case Si angle analyzer affixed to a scintillator to convert x-rays to visible light, capturing second-order differential phase contrast images and effectively eliminating the distance to the x-ray camera. This innovation achieves superior spatial resolution over conventional methods. PURPOSE: In this paper, the imaging principle and CT reconstruction algorithm based on SWIDeX are presented in detail and compared with conventional analyzer-based imaging (ABI). It also shows the physical setup of SWIDeX that provides the resolution preserving second-order differential images for reconstruction. We compare the spatial resolution and the sensitivity of SWIDeX to conventional ABI. METHODS: To demonstrate high-spatial resolution achievable by SWIDeX, the internal structures of four human tissues-ductal carcinoma in situ, normal stomach, normal pancreas, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas-were visualized using an imaging system configured at the Photon Factory's BL14B beamline under the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). Each tissue was thinly sliced after imaging, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for conventional microscope-based pathology. RESULTS: A comparison of SWIDeX-CT and pathological images visually demonstrates the effectiveness of SWIDeX-CT for biological tissue imaging. SWIDeX could generate clearer 3D images than existing analyzer-based phase-contrast methods and accurately delineate tissue structures, as validated against histopathological images. CONCLUSIONS: SWIDeX can visualize important 3D structures in biological soft tissue with high spatial resolution and can be an important tool for providing information between the disparate scales of clinical and pathological imaging.

RESUMEN

Individuals with Down syndrome are known to have a greater prevalence of ocular conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, elevated refractive error, poor accommodative function, elevated higher-order optical aberrations and corneal abnormalities. Related to these conditions, individuals with Down syndrome commonly have reduced best-corrected visual acuity at both far and near viewing distances across their lifespan. This review summarises the various optical sources of visual acuity reduction in this population and describes clinical trials that have evaluated alternative spectacle prescribing strategies to minimise these optical deficits. Although refractive corrections may still have limitations in their ability to normalise visual acuity for individuals with Down syndrome, the current literature provides evidence for eye care practitioners to consider in their prescribing practices for this population to maximise visual acuity. These considerations include accounting for the presence of elevated higher-order aberrations when determining refractive corrections and considering bifocal lens prescriptions, even for young children with Down syndrome.

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: The study investigated the effect of capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation on postoperative refractive stability and accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) formulas for axial length (AL) ≥ 27.0 mm patients. METHODS: Prospective case series. The eyes of patients underwent phacoemulsification extraction combined with IOL implantation were classified as CTR implantation (A-CTR) and without CTR implantation (B-CON) groups. Refractive outcome and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were recorded at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-operation. Prediction refractive error (PE) and absolute refractive error (AE) of each formula were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 89 eyes (63 patients) were included and randomized into the CTR (A-CTR) and control groups (B-CON). Comparison of refraction at different postoperative times of the CTR group showed no statistical difference (all P > 0.05). The ACD in the A-CTR group gradually deepened, and that in the B-CON group gradually shallowed (all P > 0.05). The formulas' AE showed statistically significant differences in CTR and CON groups (P < 0.001). The PE of Hill-RBF 2.0 and EVO formulas in the A-CTR group were more hyperopic than that in the B-CON group (all P > 0.05), the other five formulas were more myopic in A-CTR group than that in the B-CON group (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with 13 mm diameter CTR implantation tended to have stable refraction at 1 week post-surgery and 1 month for those without it. CTR of the 13 mm diameter had no effect on the selection of formulas. Additionally, it is found that Kane and EVO formulas were more accurate for patients with AL ≥ 27.0 mm.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

AIM: To investigate the association of floor area ratio (FAR), an indicator of built environments, and myopia onset. METHODS: This prospective cohort study recruited 136 753 children aged 6-10 years from 108 schools in Shenzhen, China at baseline (2016-2017). Refractive power was measured with non-cycloplegic autorefraction over a 2-year follow-up period. FAR was objectively evaluated using geographical information system technology. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association of FAR with a 2-year cumulative incidence of myopia among individuals without baseline myopia; multiple linear regression model, with a 2-year cumulative incidence rate of myopia at each school. RESULTS: Of 101 624 non-myopic children (56.3% boys; mean (SE) age, 7.657±1.182 years) included in the study, 26 391 (26.0%) of them developed myopia after 2 years. In the individual-level analysis adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and greenness factors, an IQR in FAR was associated with a decreased risk of 2-year myopia incidence (OR 0.898, 95% CI 0.866 to 0.932, p<0.001). Similar findings were observed in the analysis additionally adjusted for genetic and behavioural factors (OR 0.821, 95% CI 0.766 to 0.880, p<0.001). In the school-level, an IQR increase in FAR was found to be associated with a 2.0% reduction in the 2-year incidence rate of myopia (95% CI 1.3% to 2.6%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to higher FAR was associated with a decreased myopia incidence, providing insights into myopia prevention through school built environments in China.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Knowledge about refractive stabilization and the accuracy of postoperative refractive error measurements are crucial for improved patient outcomes after phacoemulsification. Existing guidelines typically recommend waiting 4-6 wk before prescribing corrective lenses. Our research focused on identifying factors that influence refractive errors in the early stages of post-cataract surgery, thus contributing to the existing literature on this topic. AIM: To investigate the time required for refraction stability after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. METHODS: We compared the variation and statistical significance of the difference in spherical, cylindrical components, and the spherical equivalent between the 1- and 6-wk follow-up period in a group of 257 eyes that underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation, all performed by a single experienced surgeon. The Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test was utilized to assess the magnitude of the change and determine its statistical significance. The refractive stability was defined as the point at which the change in spherical equivalent was within ± 0.5 dioptres for two consecutive visits. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 64.9 ± 8.9 yr. The differences observed in both the visits in spherical power (0.1 ± 0.2), cylinder power (0.3 ± 0.4), and spherical equivalent (0.2 ± 0.2) were minimal and not statistically significant. The majority of eyes (93.4%) achieved refractive stability within 6 wk after the surgery. The cylindrical power differed between age groups at the 6th wk post-operative and the difference was statistically significant (P value 0.013). There were no significant differences in refractive stability when considering sex and axial length. CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation results in no significant changes in refraction for the majority of cases during the 6-wk follow-up period. Therefore, a spectacle prescription can be given at the completion of 1 wk.

RESUMEN

Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs.

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To compare refractive outcomes in eyes undergoing cataract extraction (CE) alone, CE with goniotomy (CE/goniotomy), and CE with Schlemm's canal stent (CE/SCS) insertion. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Eyes from the Bascom Palmer Glaucoma Repository undergoing CE/goniotomy, CE/SCS insertion, or uncomplicated CE alone between July 2014 and February 2022 were identified. METHODS: Refraction data were analyzed at postoperative month (POM) 1 and 6 with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. Anisometropia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) difference of ≥2D. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was mean refraction at POM1 and POM6 across the 3 surgical groups. Secondary outcomes were comparisons of refraction and visual acuity (VA) among different goniotomy and Schlemm's canal stent (SCS) devices, as well as incidence of anisometropia. RESULTS: A total of 8360 eyes (150 CE/goniotomy, 395 CE/SCS, and 7815 CE alone) from 6059 patients were analyzed. At POM1, mean SE in the CE/goniotomy, CE/SCS, and CE alone groups was -0.36 ± 0.91D, -0.31 ± 0.85D, and -0.39 ± 0.88D respectively (P = 0.019). Mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution VA was 0.10 ± 0.20, 0.08 ± 0.19, and 0.14 ± 0.26 respectively (P = 0.002, CE/SCS vs. CE alone). No statistically significant differences were noted at POM6. Anisometropia occurred at POM1 in 2 patients (13.3%) in the CE/goniotomy-CE group, 1 patient (3.2%) in the CE/SCS-CE group, and 184 patients (4.9%) in the CE-CE group (P = 0.217). At POM6, mean SEs were -0.38 ± 0.97D (CE/goniotomy), -0.35 ± 0.81D (CE/SCS), and -0.40 ± 0.91D (CE alone; P = 0.473). No significant differences in overall refractive outcomes were observed with different SCS or goniotomy devices. Among primary open-angle glaucoma/normal-tension glaucoma eyes, mean SE at POM1 was -0.36 ± 0.73D (CE/goniotomy), -0.24 ± 0.84D (CE/SCS), and -0.45 ± 0.81D (CE alone; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent SCS insertion or goniotomy with CE was associated with some statistically significant differences in postoperative refraction and VA, although these small magnitude differences were unlikely to be clinically meaningful. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To investigate axial elongation (AE) and changes in relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in anisomyopic children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k). METHODS: Bilateral anisomyopic children, 7-12 years of age, were treated with ortho-k. Axial length (AL) and RPR, from 30° nasal (N30°) to 30° temporal (T30°), were measured at baseline and every 6 months over the study period. AE, changes in RPR and changes in the interocular AL difference were determined over time. RESULTS: Twenty-six of the 33 subjects completed the 2-year study. The AE of the higher myopic (HM) eyes (at least 1.50 D more myopia than the other eye) (0.26 ± 0.29 mm) was significantly smaller than for the less myopic (LM) eyes (0.50 ± 0.27 mm; p = 0.003), leading to a reduction in the interocular difference in AL (p = 0.001). Baseline RPR measurements in the HM eyes were relatively more hyperopic at T30°, N20° and N30° (p ≤ 0.02) and greater myopic shifts were observed at T20° (p < 0.001), T30° (p < 0.001), N20° (p = 0.02) and N30° (p = 0.01) after lens wear. After 2 years of ortho-k lens wear, temporal-nasal asymmetry increased significantly, being more myopic at the temporal locations in both eyes (p < 0.001), while AE was associated with the change in RPR at N20° (ß = 0.134, p = 0.01). The interocular difference in AE was also positively associated with the interocular difference in RPR change at N30° (ß = 0.111, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ortho-k slowed AE in bilateral anisomyopia, with slower growth in the HM eyes leading to a reduction in interocular AL differences. After ortho-k, RPR changed from hyperopia to myopia, with greater changes induced in the HM eyes, and slower AE was associated with a more myopic shift in RPR, especially in the nasal field of both eyes.

Asunto(s)