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Introduction: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the mouth's most common and painful inflammatory ulcerative condition, also called aphthae or canker sores. Its prevalence is about 20% and predisposition factors involve genetics, environmental factors, and immune dysfunctions. Objective: Reviewing the literature and no study was found to show the prevalence and associated factors of recurrent aphthous ulceration in the context of Afghanistan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the lifetime prevalence and associated factors of recurrent aphthous ulceration among dentistry students at Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among 223 dentistry students. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed to find the association. Results: The prevalence of (RAS) in our sample group was 30%. (68.7%) of participants had one or more family members who experienced aphthous ulcers and the association was found to be significant (X 2 = 134.940; p < 0, 05). (81%) of participants experienced the condition to eating certain types of food (X 2 = 165.906; p < 0, 05) and (53.7%) of them reported the same about trauma (X 2 = 99.958; p < 0, 05). Regarding stress the difference was also statistically significant (X 2 = 56.830; p < 0, 05). Conclusion: We found that a considerable proportion of the study sample had experienced recurrent aphthous ulceration. Family history, stress, trauma, and dietary factors have an impact on the occurrence of RAS with no association with gender and smoking.

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OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of major aphthous ulcers (MjOU) in children and analyze its potential risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from the National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of China between 2012 and 2017. Children younger than 15 years old, who had a giant mucosa ulcer (≥ 1 cm in diameter) and met the diagnostic criteria for MjOU were included in this study. Differences were compared between two subgroups of patients based on the location of the ulcerous lesions. A measurement of ratio (TBR) between the length of the mandibular second molar tooth germ and the height of the mandible was performed in children with MjOU lesions located in the mandibular retromolar pad region (MjOU-P) and their age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: A total of 1067 children were diagnosed with oral ulcers during the study period, of which 125 (11.7%, 95% CI: 9.8%-13.7%) met the diagnostic criteria for MjOU. More than half (n = 64, 51.2%) of the MjOU cases were MjOU-P, which had a male predilection (n = 52, 81.3%) with a significant majority at 7 to 9 years of age (n = 43, 67.2%). In comparison to the MjOU located in other regions, MjOU-P lasted longer in duration and had more comorbidities. Logistic regression analysis showed that MjOU-P was statistically significantly associated with TBR controlling age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: MjOU-P is a predominant form of MjOU in children and is a distinct subgroup of major ulcers that is likely associated with the development of the mandibular second molars. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study is the first to describe the demographic and clinical features of MjOU in children, which may facilitate the identification and treatment of these patients.

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BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is the most common oral mucosal disease. Some patients have almost continuous oral ulcers which influence the quality of life. The aim of this study was to observe the efficacy and safety of thalidomide on the recurrence interval of continuous RAU. METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed, and 60 continuous RAU patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 32, taking thalidomide before bed at a dose of 100 mg/d for 10 days, then 50 mg/d for 10 days, and 25 mg/d for 10 days) and the control group (n = 28, taking 0.4 mg/kg/d prednisone every morning for 15 days and then 0.2 mg/kg/d for 15 days). The clinical outcomes consisted of the primary outcome (recurrence interval) and the secondary outcomes (pain level, number of ulcers, and days for ulcer healing), and they were measured at every visit. Adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 54 and 51 patients presented at the first and second return visit, respectively. After 1 month, the increase in the recurrence interval was not shown to differ between the two groups (P = .12). However, the improvement in the recurrence interval was significantly greater in the experimental group (P < .001) at the second return visit. The improvement in the secondary outcomes was identical between two groups at each return visit (P > .05). The incidence of adverse reactions was similar between two groups (P = .50). CONCLUSIONS: Thalidomide had a long-term effect of extending the recurrence interval of continuous RAU.

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BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW: Authors of published studies have reported elevated levels of circulating antibodies to cow's milk protein (CMP) in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs), and authors of case reports have described resolution of RAU after dairy elimination. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 10-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy, both with 5-year histories of frequent RAU episodes, with multiple ulcerations, underwent dairy elimination trials. Both were free of oral ulcers within 2 weeks of discontinuing CMP and remained so with a CMP-free diet. In addition, the first patient had recurrence of ulcerations after occasional ingestion of CMP-containing foods. She showed elevated blood levels of immunoglobulin E in reaction to CMP and soy. Soy intake did not trigger the ulcerations. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The proportion of patients with RAU in whom CMP acts as a trigger is unknown. However, CMP elimination trials are safe and feasible and, therefore, should be considered, particularly before use of medications with potential side effects.

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Photobiomodulation (PBM) or low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in dentistry is an evolving science, with an increasing number of controlled clinical studies exploring its potential as a treatment modality. The present study provides an outline of the biologic mechanism of PBM and summarizes the findings of clinical studies of PBM for specific applications in oral medicine. Controversies and drawbacks associated with PBM, which require further research, are also identified. Current literature reports the potential of PBM in various applications in oral medicine. Furthermore, well-documented research confirms its efficacy in certain conditions, such as oral mucositis, recurrent herpes simplex infection, and burning mouth syndrome. The absence of any reported adverse effects is an advantage over conventional therapeutic modalities. While PBM has proved to be effective for some specific applications, it is not a panacea. The paucity in standardized studies, coupled with ambiguity over the laser parameters, has limited its credibility as a therapeutic modality.

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Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is a common oral mucosal disease. The etiological involves in genetics, vitamin deficiencies, trauma, immune dysfunction and stress. This study was to explore the related risk factors of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) among college students, and provide basis for further research. We conducted a questionnaire survey among students from three colleges in Wuhu by stratified cluster sampling. The information collected includes general demographic characteristics, dietary habits and so on. The overall prevalence of RAU is 23.30% among college students (23.23% in male and 23.39% in female). There are statistical significance in prevalence of RAU between subjects with RAU and without RAU (P<0.05) the prevalence of RAU in different grade, age, adequate brushing time, good brushing habits, wear dentures or braces, other oral disease, eat barbecue, adequate exercise time is statistic difference. According to the result of multinomial logistic regression analysis, the risk of recurrent aphthous ulceration factors including grade, inadequate brushing time. Tempering was a protective factor of RAU. Some measure should be taken to control dental ulcer, which consist of promoting a correct way of living habits, paying attention to the health conscious diet, strengthen physical exercise, self-decompression and keeping good mentality.

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Objective:To study the correlation of the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor ?(TNF-?)between saliva and serum in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration(RAU).Methods:Thirty patients with light RAU and thirty healthy controls were recruited.The levels of tumor necrosis factor ?(TNF-?)were measured in both saliva and serum of patients with RAU and control subjects by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and TNF-? standard curve.Results:The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor ?(TNF-?)in saliva and serum were significantly higher(P