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OBJECTIVES: ROS-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a common method for screening ROS1 fusion in the clinical management of non-small cell lung cancer. The interpretation criteria for ROS-1 SP384 IHC, however, remain unestablished. METHODS: Sixty-five non-small cell lung cancer cases underwent AmoyDx ROS1 fusion real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study and ROS-1 SP384 IHC tests, which were retrieved for analysis. ROS-1 IHC tests were interpreted based on the established classifiers as well as the presence of diffuse homogeneous immunoreactivity. The diagnostic accuracies of these ROS-1 IHC interpretation methods were evaluated by comparing them with the ROS1 real-time PCR results. RESULTS: Previous ROS-1 IHC classifiers demonstrated high sensitivity for positive ROS1 real-time PCR results (100%), but they showed low specificities (25%-50%) and overall accuracies (58%-72%). In contrast, the diffuse homogeneous ROS-1 immunoreactivity predicted positive ROS1 real-time PCR results with much higher specificity (94%) and overall accuracy (95%), albeit with a slightly lower sensitivity (97%). Some cases that showed discrepancy between diffuse homogeneous ROS-1 immunoreactivity and real-time PCR results involved rare ROS1::LDLR fusion and suboptimal IHC staining. CONCLUSIONS: A 3-tier reporting system for ROS-1 SP384 IHC testing combining previous interpretation criteria and diffuse and homogeneous immunoreactivity may better predict ROS1 fusion status without decreasing specificity.

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Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer global burden is highly skewed towards poor countries primarily due to lack of awareness, poor screening, and low uptake of prophylactic vaccines. The purpose of our study is to educate and raise awareness among young girls and women about the importance of cervical screening and HPV vaccination. Materials and Methods: The present study, conducted from January 2023 to December 2023, focused on students, teachers, housewives, and healthcare professionals in the Jammu region to assess their awareness of cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine. HPV DNA testing was carried out using the Truenat Real-Time PCR method at Swastik Diagnostic Laboratory, Jammu. Results: Knowledge of cervical cancer, awareness of the HPV virus, and the vaccination status of women were assessed in survey. In the HPV screening test, out of 2,400 women, 106 tested positive for HPV. Among these 106 women, 19% had a high viral load (Ct < 20), 11% had a low viral load (25 ≤ Ct < 30), indicating a low relative concentration of HPV viruses, 40% had a medium viral load (20 ≤ Ct < 25), and 30% had very low viral loads (Ct ≥ 30). Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of routine cervical screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, for the early detection of cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to implement cervical cancer screening and vaccination programs in the Jammu region.

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Background & Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of microRNA (miRNA; miR-1290) in the serum of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients compared to a control group using the qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Methods: Blood serum samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with OSCC and confirmed through biopsy. The samples were collected from patients referred to the Mashhad Dental Faculty and Ghaem Hospital. The OSCC group consisted of 17 patients, while the healthy group included 15 individuals. RNA was extracted from the patient samples, and samples with an A260/280 ratio between 1.8 and 2.0 (indicating acceptable RNA quality) were immediately converted into complementary DNA (cDNA) using albumin and cDNA reference genes. The SYBR green real-time reverse transcriptase PCR method was used to measure the presence of miR-1290 in the blood samples. Results: A total of 32 patients were examined in this study, including 17 women (53.1%) and 15 men (46.9%). The mean age was 46.7 years in the healthy group and 54.6 years in the SCC group, indicating a significant difference (P<0.05). The expression level of the miR-1290 gene was higher in patients with SCC compared to the healthy group (P=0.000). While the expression level of miR-1290 was higher in grade 3 and advanced stage than in grades 2 and 1 and early stage, the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.173 and P=0.564 for grade and stage, respectively). Conclusion: The expression level of miR-1290 may increase in SCC patients compared to healthy individuals, making it a potential circulating biomarker. Further investigations for diagnostic utility would be warranted.

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PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. Early detection would be greatly enhanced if accurate and cost-effective diagnostic biomarkers for CRC were accessible. The development of blood tests would evidently lower the screening cost of CRC detection. The aim of the present study was to examine the prospective of plasma miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for CRC screening. METHODS: The expressions of miR-21 and miR-145 in the plasma of colorectal adenocarcinomas and normal healthy controls were quantified by using TaqMan miRNA assays. MiRNA expression levels were also correlated with commonly used clinicopathological features of CRC. RESULTS: Out of 30 CRC patients, 19 were male and 11 were female. The Mean age of patients was 51.3 ±14.6 years. A statistically significant increase in expression of miR-21 was observed in CRC patients' as compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). A significant association between miR-21 expression and age group (p=0.002) was noticed. Also, a statistically significant difference (p=0.015) between miR-21 expression and tumor location in the proximal and distal sites of the colon was observed in CRC patients. Further, a statistically significant downregulation of miR-145 expression was observed in the plasma of CRC patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). This is the first study to report a significant association between miR-21 expression, age group, and tumor location in CRC patients. CONCLUSION: The present study thus emphasises that the appraisal of miR-21 and miR-145 plasma levels may serve as a promising non-invasive screening tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer.

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Objectives: Achyranthes aspera (Apamarga) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) have been used in many clinical conditions, and it displays valuable properties as an alternative to Chlorhexidine (CHX) in the management of gingivitis. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of Achyranthes aspera and Trachyspermum ammi (AA + TA) based herbal mouthwash, 0.2 % CHX, and placebo mouthwash on gingival health, plaque control and antibacterial activity against specific periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia) using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Methods: This was a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial involving 108 children with plaque-induced gingivitis who were randomly assigned to three groups of 36 children each: Group A, AA + TA mouthwash; Group B, CHX mouthwash; and Group C, placebo mouthwash. Gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 7th and 21st day. RT-PCR was employed to determine the bacterial counts of each plaque sample at baseline and after 21 days. Results: All three groups exhibited a gradual and significant reduction in both gingival and plaque scores from baseline to days 7 and 21. However, the placebo group did not demonstrate a significant difference in scores between days 7 and 21. Furthermore, a significant reduction in bacterial counts of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia was observed in the groups receiving CHX and AA + TA mouthwash after 21 days of intervention compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: AA + TA mouthwash demonstrated non-inferiority in anti-gingivitis and anti-plaque properties compared to CHX, suggesting its potential suitability as an alternative to CHX when used in conjunction with mechanical plaque control measures.

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Background: Industrial radiography uses gamma or X-ray radionuclide sources to investigate the safety of industrial materials. Industrial radiation workers receive the highest occupational radiation doses. Objective: The present study investigates the relationship between Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression variables in industrial radiation workers. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, data was collected using blood sampling from 40 workers, including two groups of non-radiation and radiation workers employed at the location. Expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 genes were assessed in the laboratory. The environmental and absorbed doses of workers were measured using environmental and pen dosimeters. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the radiation group's Bcl-2 gene expression level was significantly higher. Findings also demonstrated a correlation between Bcl-2 gene expression and the number of workdays. Also, the Bax gene expression did not show a significant change, and the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was insignificant in the two groups. Conclusion: Exposure to low doses of radiation could promote an adaptive response in cells by increasing Bcl-2 gene expression.

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Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorescence detection is the gold standard for diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) However, the fluorescence detection in RT-PCR requires multiple amplification steps when the initial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration is low. Therefore, this study has developed a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based PCR (SERS-PCR) assay platform using the gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-internalized gold nanodimpled substrate (AuNDS) plasmonic platform. By comparing different sizes of AuNPs, it is observed that using 30 nm AuNPs improves the detection limit by approximately ten times compared to 70 nm AuNPs. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations show that multiple hotspots are formed between AuNPs and the cavity surface and between AuNPs when 30 nm AuNPs are internalized in the cavity, generating a strong electric field. With this 30 nm AuNPs-AuNDS SERS platform, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) can be detected in only six amplification cycles, significantly improving over the 25 cycles required for RT-PCR. These findings pave the way for an amplification-free molecular diagnostic system based on SERS.

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OBJECTIVE: Despite the advances in treatment, breast cancer (BC) remains a major cause of death in women. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in paired peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples obtained both before and after adjuvant chemotherapy from patients with operable BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, from 160 patients with primary BC, we collected 160 PB and BM samples before and we could be able to collect PB and BM samples from 100 of them after adjuvant chemotherapy. The expression level of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), mammaglobin 1 (MGB1), mucin 2 (MUC2) and trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) mRNAs in the PB/BM samples were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the detection of CK19 mRNA-positive CTCs/DTCs either before or after adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent factor for prognosis associated with decreased diseasefree survival (DFS). Patients with tumor cells detected in both PB and BM and patients with persistent detection of tumor cells before and after chemotherapy had worse outcomes compared to those with tumor cells detected in one or neither of the compartments. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the detection of CK19 mRNA-positive CTCs/DTCs either before or after adjuvant chemotherapy could be an independent predictor of DFS in operable BC patients.

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Introduction: Clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) has been gradually acknowledged in both healthcare and clinical research, but approaches for their precise discrimination at the species level remain scarce. The current study aimed to evaluate the association of CoNS with orthopedic infections, where accurate and prompt identification of etiology is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and treatment decision-making. Methods: A 16S rRNA-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed for the detection of Staphylococcus genus and two panels of 3-plex qPCR assays for further differentiation of six CoNS species with remarkable clinical significance, including S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. hominis, S. capitis, and S. caprae. All the assays exhibited excellent analytical performance. ΔCq (quantification cycle) between 16S rRNA and CoNS species-specific targets was established to determine the primary CoNS. These methods were applied to detect CoNS in wound samples from orthopedic patients with and without infection. Results and discussion: Overall, CoNS were detected in 17.8% (21/118) of patients with clinically suspected infection and in 9.8% (12/123) of patients without any infection symptom (p < 0.05). Moreover, the association with infection was found to be bacterial quantity dependent. S. epidermidis was identified as the predominant species, followed by S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis. Male sex, open injury, trauma, and lower extremity were determined as risk factors for CoNS infections. CoNS-positive patients had significantly longer hospitalization duration (20 days (15, 33) versus 13 days (7, 22) for Staphylococcus-negative patients, p = 0.003), which could be a considerable burden for healthcare and individual patients. Considering the complex characteristics and devastating consequences of orthopedic infections, further expanding the detection scope for CoNS may be pursued to better understand the etiology of orthopedic infections and to improve therapeutic strategies.

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Aim: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), which affects the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint, and surrounding tissues, can manifest as inflammation. This study aims to explore the expression levels of the inflammatory biomarkers, interleukin (IL)-1ß and C-reactive protein (CRP), in TMD patients who have undergone orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Buccal swabs from 105 postorthodontic treatment patients were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression levels of IL-1ß and CRP in each group after messenger ribonucleic acid extraction. Patients were also examined using the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) to determine if they met the criteria for a TMD diagnosis. The TMD group was subdivided into three categories based on the DC/TMD. Results: The study included 37 patients who did not develop TMD (group 0) and 68 participants who developed TMD after orthodontic treatment, including 17 with pain-related TMDs (group 1), 29 with intra-articular TMDs (Group 2), and 22 with combined pain-related and intra-articular TMDs (group 3). CRP expression was higher than IL-1ß in groups 1 and 2, and IL-1ß expression was higher than CRP in group 3. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that IL-1ß and CRP expression levels in groups 1, 2, and 3 were not statistically different. Sex and adult age had considerable effects on the occurrence of TMD in patients after orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: Higher IL-1ß expression was found in postorthodontic treatment patients with more complex TMD. This study strengthens the evidence of inflammation through IL-1ß and CRP expression in individuals with TMD, especially after orthodontic treatment.

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Gene doping is prohibited in horse sports and can involve the administration of exogenous genes, called transgenes, to postnatal animals. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods have been developed to detect gene doping; however, these generally require DNA extraction from the plasma prior to qPCR. In this study, we developed two methods, direct droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and nested ddPCR, to detect the equine erythropoietin (EPO) transgene without DNA extraction. Direct ddPCR used pretreated plasma and PCR to detect the EPO transgene spiked at 10 copies/µL. Nested ddPCR utilised pre-amplification using nontreated plasma, purification of PCR products and PCR to detect the EPO transgene spiked at 1 copy/µL in plasma. These methods successfully detected the EPO transgene after intramuscular injection into horses. Since each method has different detection sensitivity, the combined use of direct ddPCR for screening and nested ddPCR for confirmation may complement each other and prevent the occurrence of false positives, allowing the reliable detection of gene-doped substances. One advantage of these methods is the small amount of sample required, approximately 2.2-5.0 µl, owing to the lack of a DNA extraction step. Therefore, these tests could be applied to small volume samples as an alternative to conventional gene doping tests.

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Exploration of a stably expressed gene as a reference is critical for the accurate evaluation of miRNAs isolated from small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). In this study, we analyzed small RNA sequencing on plasma sEV miRNAs in the training dataset (n = 104) and found that miR-140-3p was the most stably expressed candidate reference for sEV miRNAs. We further demonstrated that miR-140-3p expressed most stably in the validation cohort (n = 46) when compared to two other reference miRNAs, miR-451a and miR-1228-3p, and the commonly-used miRNA reference U6. Finally, we compared the capability of miR-140-3p and U6 as the internal reference for sEV miRNA expression by evaluating key miRNAs expression in lung cancer patients and found that miR-140-3p was more suitable as a sEV miRNA reference gene. Taken together, our data indicated miR-140-3p as a stable internal reference miRNA of plasma sEVs to evaluate miRNA expression profiles in lung cancer patients.

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BACKGROUND: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the main technique used to identify COVID-19 from respiratory samples. It has been suggested in several articles that chest CTs could offer a possible alternate diagnostic tool for COVID-19; however, no professional medical body recommends using chest CTs as an early COVID-19 detection modality. This literature review examines the use of CT scans as a diagnostic tool for COVID-19. METHOD: A comprehensive search of research works published in peer-reviewed journals was carried out utilizing precisely stated criteria. The search was limited to English-language publications, and studies of COVID-19-positive patients diagnosed using both chest CT scans and RT-PCR tests were sought. For this review, four databases were consulted: these were the Cochrane and ScienceDirect catalogs, and the CINAHL and Medline databases made available by EBSCOhost. FINDINGS: In total, 285 possibly pertinent studies were found during an initial search. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, six studies remained for analysis. According to the included studies, chest CT scans were shown to have a 44 to 98% sensitivity and 25 to 96% specificity in terms of COVID-19 diagnosis. However, methodological limitations were identified in all studies included in this review. CONCLUSION: RT-PCR is still the suggested first-line diagnostic technique for COVID-19; while chest CT is adequate for use in symptomatic patients, it is not a sufficiently robust diagnostic tool for the primary screening of COVID-19.

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BACKGROUND: The AmoyDx Pan lung cancer PCR panel (AmoyDx PLC panel) has been approved as a companion diagnostic tool for multiple anticancer agents in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the suitability of cytology specimens as samples for the AmoyDx PLC panel remains unclear. We evaluated the performance of frozen cell pellets from cytology specimens (FCPs) in the Amoy 9-in-1 assay, a preapproval assay of the AmoyDx PLC panel. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of NSCLC patients enrolled in LC-SCRUM-Asia from the Shizuoka Cancer Center between September 2019 and May 2021. RESULTS: A total of 49 cases submitted FCPs for evaluation of oncogenic driver alterations and were assessed using Amoy 9-in-1 and next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays. The success rates of DNA and RNA analyses using the Amoy 9-in-1 were both 100%, compared with 86% and 45%, respectively, using NGS assays. Oncogenic driver alterations were detected in 27 (55%) and 23 (47%) patients using Amoy 9-in-1 and NGS, respectively. No inconsistent results were observed among 19 cases in which both assays showed successful detection. In the remaining 30 cases, 10 had inconsistent results: nine oncogenic driver alterations (3 MET, 2 ALK, 2 ROS1, and 2 KRAS) were detectable only in Amoy 9-in-1, and one epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation was detectable only in NGS. CONCLUSION: FCPs can be successfully used in the AmoyDx PLC panel, with higher success rate compared with the NGS assay. The AmoyDx PLC panel may be an option in cases when insufficient tissue sample is available for the NGS assay.

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We present an unusual case of Listeria monocytogenes rhomboencephalitis in a young, healthy patient. Although L. monocytogenes meningitis is usually associated with immunodeficiency, rhomboencephalitis is more commonly seen in immunocompetent patients. The wide differential for rhomboencephalitis can create a diagnostic challenge. Without prompt pathogen identification and appropriate antibiotic regimen, L. monocytogenes central nervous system infections can be fatal. Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) aided a prompt diagnosis and adjustment of therapy to achieve a good patient outcome.

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The degree of contamination of retail meat with colistin-resistant bacteria and its potential contribution to dissemination within communities remains to be determined. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the contamination status of colistin-resistance genes, indicative of colistin-resistant bacteria, in retail meats in Vietnam. In total, 46 chicken and 49 pork meats from stores in Vietnam and Japan were examined. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes was performed for detecting mcr-1, mcr-3, and Escherichia coli 16S rRNA. Colistin-resistant bacteria in meats were isolated using selective media. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of colistin were determined using the broth microdilution method. The results showed that 70.7% of chicken meats in Vietnam were contaminated with both mcr-1 and mcr-3. Meanwhile, mcr-1 and mcr-3 were detected in 15.9% and 40.9% of pork meat, respectively. Only mcr-3 was detected in 40% of chicken in Japan. In addition, mcr-1-harboring E. coli and mcr-3-harboring Aeromonas were isolated from chicken meats in Vietnam. Some of these isolates showed colistin resistance. These results showed that most retail meats were highly contaminated with colistin-resistance genes. Notably, our results suggest that mcr-3 is more prevalent in the contaminated samples compared with mcr-1.

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Methylene blue (MB) has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in vasoplegic patients after cardiac surgery. Though MB is considered to be safe, extravasation of MB leading to cutaneous toxicity has been reported. In this study, we sought to characterize MB-induced cutaneous toxicity and investigate the underlying mechanisms. To induce MB-induced cutaneous toxicity, we injected 64 adult male Sprague-Dawley rates with 200 µL saline (vehicle) or 1%, 0.1%, or 0.01% MB in the plantar hind paws. Paw swelling, skin histologic changes, and heat and mechanical hyperalgesia were measured. Injection of 1%, but not 0.1% or 0.01% MB, produced significant paw swelling compared to saline. Injection of 1% MB produced heat hyperalgesia but not mechanical hyperalgesia. Pain behaviors were unchanged following injections of 0.1% or 0.01% MB. Global transcriptomic analysis by RNAseq identified 117 differentially expressed genes (111 upregulated, 6 downregulated). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed an increased quantity of leukocytes, increased lipids, and decreased apoptosis of myeloid cells and phagocytes with activation of IL-1ß and Fos as the two major regulatory hubs. qPCR showed a 16-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA. Thus, using a novel rat model of MB-induced cutaneous toxicity, we show that infiltration of 1% MB into cutaneous tissue causes a dose-dependent pro-inflammatory response, highlighting potential roles of IL-6, IL-1ß, and Fos. Thus, anesthesiologists should administer dilute MB intravenously through peripheral venous catheters. Higher concentrations of MB (1%) should be administered through a central venous catheter to minimize the risk of cutaneous toxicity.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease is a condition usually described in immunocompromised patients, but among them, those with connective tissue diseases are poorly represented. Here we present the clinical, laboratory characteristics, management and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients who presented with a CMV infection/disease to a high complexity hospital in southwestern Colombia between 2011 and 2020. 16 SLE patients were found to have a CMV infection. SLE was predominantly characterized by renal involvement (10 patients; 62.50%), and 14 patients (87.5%) were receiving steroids previous to the CMV infection. The entire sample required hospital admission, mainly related to acute kidney injury, and nine patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Gastrointestinal organ damage was the most common CMV disease manifestation. All patients received ganciclovir, five of them (31.25%) suffered from septic shock, and seven (43.75%) died. Age ≥38 years and the presence of septic shock at admission were correlated to the mortality outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first publication evaluating SLE patients with CMV infection/disease in a Colombian population.

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BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, and existing drugs cannot cure OA, so there is an urgent need to identify new targets. Mitophagy plays an important role in OA; however, the role of mitophagy in the OA immune system is not yet clear. METHODS: In this study, differential analysis and enrichment analysis were used to identify mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) with differential expression in OA and the functional pathways involved in OA. Subsequently, two machine learning methods, RF and LASSO, were used to screen MRGs with diagnostic value and construct nomograms. At the same time, the relationship between mitophagy and OA immune response was explored by immunoinfiltration analysis. RESULTS: Forty-three differentially MRGs were identified in OA, of which six MRGs (GABARAPL2, PARL, GABARAPL1, JUN, RRAS, and SNX7) were associated with the diagnosis of OA. The ROC analysis results show that these 6 MRGs have high predictive accuracy in the diagnosis of OA. In immune infiltration analysis, we found that the abundance of significantly different immune cells in OA was mostly upregulated. In addition, the expression of diagnostic-related MRGs is correlated with changes in the abundance of immune cells in OA. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that six MRGs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers. The expression of diagnostic-related MRGs is correlated with changes in the abundance of immune cells in OA. At the same time, mitophagy may affect the immune microenvironment of OA by regulating immune cells, ultimately leading to the progression of OA.

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INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis is challenging even nowadays. This study aims to report the positivity rates of new diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in patients with intestinal tuberculosis, as well as describe the pathological and endoscopic features of intestinal tuberculosis in our population. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in patients diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis, between 2010 to 2023 from the Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion and a Private Pathology Center, both located in Peru. Clinical data was obtained, histologic features were independently re-evaluated by three pathologists; and immunohistochemistry and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction evaluation were performed. The 33 patients with intestinal tuberculosis who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry was positive in 90.9% of cases, while real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction was positive in 38.7%. The ileocecal region was the most affected area (33.3%), and the most frequent endoscopic appearance was an ulcer (63.6%). Most of the granulomas were composed solely of epithelioid histiocytes (75.8%). Crypt architectural disarray was the second most frequent histologic finding (78.8%) after granulomas, but most of them were mild. CONCLUSION: Since immunohistochemistry does not require an intact cell wall, it demonstrates higher sensitivity compared to Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Therefore, it could be helpful for the diagnosis of paucibacillary tuberculosis.

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