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Purpose This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent volar plate osteosynthesis for high-energy distal radius fracture (DRFx) and carpal tunnel release (CTR) for acute or subacute carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with patients who did not undergo CTR. Methods This study is a retrospective evaluation of all high-energy DRFx treated with volar plate osteosynthesis in a regional hospital between January 2021 and January 2023. All adult patients (≥18 years) who underwent open reduction and internal fixation were included in the study after obtaining approval from the internal review board of our institution. Only patients who underwent plate osteosynthesis of the volar aspect through a modified Henry incision and patients who underwent CTR through a classic separate incision were included in the study. Clinical results include hand dynamometry, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and physical examination findings of patients who underwent volar plate osteosynthesis because of high-energy DRFx and CTR due to CTS in the acute and subacute periods were retrospectively examined. Results Among the patients who underwent volar plate osteosynthesis because of high-energy DRFx, no statistically significant difference was detected between the hand grip strength and VAS scores of patients who underwent CTR because of acute CTS and subacute CTS at the sixth postoperative week (p>0.05). Conclusion Prophylactic CTR may be performed in the same session in selected cases, such as DRFx caused by a high-energy injury, to establish a scale for DRFx at a high risk of CTS and avoid delays in treatment. CTR for transient CTS detected in the subacute period during outpatient follow-up does not improve clinical outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: Clinical outcome after surgery depends on the surgeon's level of expertise or performance. The present study of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with anterior plate for distal radius fracture assessed whether clinical outcome correlated with surgeon performance. METHODS: The series included 30 distal radius fractures: 15 operated on by 4 level III surgeons (Group 1) and 15 by 4 level V surgeons (Group 2), utilizing the MIPO technique. The surgical performance of all 8 surgeons was assessed using the OSATS global rating scale. Clinical outcomes were assessed at 3 months' follow-up using the modified Mayo score (MMS), in 4 grades: 0-64 (poor), 65-79 (moderate), 80-89 (good), and 90-100 (excellent). The QuickDASH score (QDASH) was also calculated, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Median MMS was better for level V (75 = fair result) than level III surgeons (62 = poor result). Median QDASH score likewise was better in group 2 (9.1) than group 1 (22.7). In group 1, there were 2 paresthesias in the median nerve territory, 1 type-1 complex regional pain syndrome, and 1 hypoesthesia in the scar area. Mean correlation between the 2 scores was -0.68. Group 1 patients were on average 7 years older. The number of patients, number of surgeons and distribution of OA A and C fractures were almost identical in the two groups. On MMS, the overall result of the two groups was moderate (70.5), which can be explained by short mean follow-up. DISCUSSION: Quality of the clinical outcome on MMS and QDASH increased with surgical performance, with fewer complications. In the patients' interest, protocols for improving surgical performance should be implemented, for example, through deliberate practice.

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We aimed to report the clinical results of volar plate removal without carpal tunnel release in patients with late-onset median neuropathy and to evaluate the relationship between plate position and median nerve symptoms. Part I. Twelve consecutive patients with late-onset median neuropathy treated with volar plate removal without carpal tunnel release were enrolled for analysis. Pre- and post-operative Tinel sign, Phalen and Ten test, subjective rating of tingling sensation, Mayo wrist score and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were collected. Part II. 232 consecutive patients underwent volar plating for distal radius fracture. The relationships between median nerve symptoms and volar plate prominence on the Soong classification, fracture classification, gender and age were investigated. All cases except one showed complete symptom resolution at final follow-up, with negative Tinel sign and Ten test score of 10/10. Tingling was rated 0 at final follow-up. Mean Mayo wrist and DASH scores improved to 86.7 and 23.1, respectively. The incidence of the median nerve symptoms in our cohort was 5.6%. Even though the odds ratio in Soong grade 2 was 4.0957 (95% CI, 0.93-16.9) compared to the combination of grades 0 and 1, no statistically significant relationship was found between the median nerve symptoms and volar plate prominence (p > 0.05). Plate removal without carpal tunnel release adequately relieved symptoms of late-onset median neuropathy after volar plating in patients with distal radius fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; Therapeutic.

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Giant-cell tumor (GCT) is often more aggressive when located in the distal radius, and wide resection is then the gold-standard. No single reconstruction protocol is recommended, and the technique depends upon the surgeon's preferences. The aim of the present review was to determine the recurrence rate of GTC of the distal radius after intralesional treatment, to assess the results, advantages and complications of the various surgical techniques, and to draw up a decision-tree for surgical indications. The review of literature was performed in the main healthcare databases, searching for studies that reported results of wide resection and reconstruction of distal radius GCT. Local recurrence rates, metastasis rates, reconstruction techniques and respective results and complications were evaluated and analyzed. Sixteen studies were selected, for a total population of 226 patients; 6.0% and 0.9% experienced local recurrence and lung metastasis, respectively. Arthroplasty with non-vascularized or vascularized ipsilateral fibula were the most common techniques and were associated with the highest satisfaction rates: 86.4% and 88.0%, respectively. Arthroplasty with allograft presented a MusculoSkeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score of 79.2% and arthroplasty with custom-made prosthesis presented an MSTS score of 81.8%. Arthrodesis was performed in 46 cases, with an MSTS score of 82.7%. Arthroplasty techniques are the most common in literature; they are used in patients who wish to conserve joint motion. Reconstruction with non-vascularized fibula seems to provide the best results, with lower morbidity. Arthrodesis is usually reserved for heavy manual workers or in case of arthroplasty failure.

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Treatment of distal radius tumor sometimes requires sacrificing the epiphysis. We propose adding to currently available reconstruction options a technique using a double-barrel vascularized fibula flap fixed distally to the first carpal row, conserving midcarpal mobility. We monitored 4 cases of Campanacci III giant-cell tumor and 2 cases of osteosarcoma. After en-bloc tumor resection, a double-barrel vascularized fibula flap was lodged distally in the scaphoid and lunate and proximally in the radius. Follow-up was clinical and radiological, using DASH, PRWE and MSTS functional scores. At a median 3 years' follow-up, there were no cases of recurrence or non-union. Median ranges of motion were 23° flexion, 28° extension, 90° pronation and 62° supination. Median grip strength proportional to the contralateral side was 67%. Median DASH and PRWE functional scores were respectively 13.7 and 17 points. Median MSTS was 83%. Although this technique is challenging, with difficulties in double-barrel flap placement and in pedicle plication, the double-barrel vascularized fibula flap provided a stable and mobile wrist.

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Flexor tendon rupture after volar plate fixation of distal radius fracture (DRF) is rare. There is no consensus as to how to prevent them. The aim of our study was to identify the pathological mechanisms, and to establish the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients suffering from this complication. We carried out a systematic review using the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Studies were included if they described complete or partial flexor tendon rupture following volar plate fixation of DRF. Forty-six 46 were included, for a total of 145 patients were reported: 138 from the literature, and 7 from our personal experience. Etiology was usually mechanical, by impingement with either the plate or protruding screws. Plate impingement was due to positioning beyond the watershed line, consolidation with posterior tilt, plate thickness, or low palmar cortical angle. Mean patient age was 62.4 years (range, 23-89 years). Median postoperative interval was 8 months (range, 3-120 months). Flexor pollicis longus was the most frequently injured tendon. The plate should be positioned proximally to the watershed line if possible, to ensure good initial reduction. Hardware should be removed 4 months after surgery if the plate is causing impingement according to the Soong criteria or if signs of tenosynovitis appear.

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Morbid obesity is associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL), increased morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the correlation between obesity and complex distal radius fractures (DRF). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of being overweight on postoperative HRQOL after surgically treated intra-articular DRF. Fifty-three patients were included in this retrospective study with 7 years' mean follow-up (mean 7.2±0.4, range 6.4-7.9 years) after volar plating of an intra-articular DRF (AO-type C). All patients were categorized by their body mass index (BMI) into two study groups: group 1 (normal weight) with a BMI<25 (n=24); group 2 (obese) with a BMI≥25 (n=29). HRQOL and functional outcomes were assessed through range of motion (ROM) and four different scores - the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36), the disability of arm and shoulder score (DASH), the Gartland and Werley score and the Castaing score - along with X-rays to measure volar tilt, radial inclination, radial length and articular congruity. All HRQOL assessments and clinical outcomes were correlated to BMI by comparing group 1 versus group 2. There was no difference in terms of postoperative ROM. The group of normal weight patients achieved slightly better but non-significant results for the Gartland and Werley score. No differences were seen in the DASH score or SF-36. There were also no differences regarding the Castaing score. Overall, normal and obese patients had no significant differences their HRQOL and functionality after volar plating of DRF.

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Purpose: This study determined the extent to which modifiable risk factors (balance, muscle strength, and physical activity [PA]) explained variability in bone mineral density (BMD) among people with a recent distal radius fracture (DRF). Method: This cross-sectional study included 190 patients, aged 50-80 years, with a DRF. Participants were assessed for balance, muscle strength, PA, fracture-specific pain, and disability. Areal BMD at the femoral neck (BMD-FN) and total hip (BMD-TH) was assessed. Correlation and multiple linear regression was used to determine the contribution of modifiable risk factors to BMD. Results: Balance, handgrip strength, knee extension strength, and plantar-flexion strength had significant bivariate associations with BMD-FN. There was a weak to moderate correlation (r = 0.25-0.40; p < 0.05) of balance and grip strength with BMD. Grip strength independently (p < 0.05) explained 17% and 12% of the variability in BMD-FN (n = 81) and BMD-TH (n = 82), respectively. Stratified by age, balance (R 2 = 0.10; p = 0.04) and grip strength (R 2 = 0.32; p = 0.003) were independent significant predictors of BMD-FN among women aged 50-64 years and 65-80 years, respectively. Conclusions: Grip strength of the unaffected hand is independently associated with BMD-FN and BMD-TH in people with recent DRF. It may act as a surrogate for general bone health, frailty, or overall muscle strength rather than as a direct target for intervention.

Objectif : déterminer dans quelle mesure les facteurs de risque modifiables (équilibre, force musculaire et activité physique [AP]) expliquait la variabilité de l'ostéodensitométrie, ou densité minérale osseuse (DMO), chez les personnes victimes d'une récente fracture du radius distal (FRD). Méthodologie : la présente étude transversale incluait 190 patients de 50 à 80 ans victimes d'une FRD. Les chercheurs ont évalué l'équilibre, la force musculaire, l'AP, la douleur propre à la fracture et l'incapacité des participants. Ils ont évalué la DMO surfacique du col du fémur (DMO-CF) et de la hanche totale (DMO-HT). Ils ont utilisé la corrélation et la régression linéaire multiple pour déterminer l'apport des facteurs de risque modifiables à la DMO. Résultats : l'équilibre, la force de préhension de la main, la force d'extension du genou et la force de flexion plantaire avaient des associations bivariées significatives avec la DMO-CF. On constatait une corrélation faible à modérée (r = 0,25 à 0,40; p < 0,05) de l'équilibre et de la force de préhension avec la DMO. La force de préhension seule (p < 0,05) expliquait 17 % de la variabilité de la DMO-CF (n = 81) et 12 % de la DMO-HT (n = 82). Stratifiées en fonction de l'âge, l'équilibre (R 2 = 0,10; p = 0,04) et la force de préhension (R 2 = 0,32; p = 0,003) étaient des prédicteurs indépendants importants de DMO-CF chez les femmes de 50 à 64 ans et de 65 à 80 ans, respectivement. Conclusion : la force de préhension de la main non atteinte s'associe de manière indépendante à la DMO-CF et à la DMO-HT chez les personnes victimes d'une récente FRD. Elle peut remplacer l'évaluation de la santé osseuse générale, de la fragilité ou de la santé musculaire globale plutôt que d'être une cible directe d'intervention.

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The comminuted distal radius fractures among elderly people are usually linked to osteoporosis, and repairing them in this context is a therapeutical challenge. Several teams have reported good results of radius resurfacing. The goal of our study was to evaluate the usability of the wrist in a new series of patients after surgery. We performed a monocentric retrospective study on the data of the medical files. All the included patients were older than 65 years and received a wrist hemiarthroplasty according to the criteria that have been established by the in charge medical team. Eleven patients have been included, their average age was 80.4 years old, and the average follow-up was 18.3 months. The average QuickDASH Score was 59 (27-95). The Visual Analogue Scale for pain was in average 3.8/10 and the average mobility was: flexion 36° (12-50), extension 27° (12-50), radial deviation 15° (12-15), ulnar deviation 26° (12-40), pronation-supination range of motion 164° (150-170). The average measured strength was 44% (16-72%) of the strength of the unaffected hand. Our results are rather modest, probably because of insufficient follow-up and very severe fractures. Furthermore, the implant that has been used does not take into account the distal radioulnar joint. Another bound of this treatment is the complexity of surgical revision in case of bad result. So far, hemiarthroplasty cannot be considered as the standard treatment for complex fractures of the distal radius.

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Our study aimed to compare the anatomical result after treatment of intraarticular distal radius fracture with locking volar plates with and without arthroscopy. This was a retrospective, single-center study of intraarticular fractures. A volar locked plate was used for fracture fixation in all patients. Twenty patients were operated on with fluoroscopy only ("plate" group) and 20 operated using arthroscopy assistance ("arthroscopy" group). All patients underwent a CT scan before surgery and at 3 months postoperative. The main outcome measure was the residual intraarticular step-off (measured in millimeters). Other studied outcomes were the residual gap between fragments and extra-articular reduction. The two groups were similar preoperatively in all aspects except the size of the gap between fragments. The residual step-off was significantly less in the arthroscopy group: 1.9mm (Q1 1.7; Q3 2.25) for plate versus 0.8mm (Q1 0.7; Q3 1.5) for arthroscopy (P=0.001). The change from the preoperative to the postoperative measurement was significantly greater in the arthroscopy group: 0.1 mm (Q1 -0.5; Q3 0.8) for plate and -1mm (Q1 -1.9; Q3 -0.6) for arthroscopy (P=0.0002). The residual gap was similar between both groups: 2.4mm (Q1 1.9; Q3 3.5) for plate vs. 2.3mm (Q1 1.1; Q3 2.8) for arthroscopy (P=0.37). The change in gap was not significantly different between the two groups: -0.9mm (Q1 -1.8; Q3 -0.1) for plate vs. -2.9mm (Q1 -4.4; Q3 -1.7) for arthroscopy (P=0.32). There was no difference in the extra-articular reduction. Damage was found to the scapholunate ligament in 30% and the TFCC in 30% of arthroscopy cases. Arthroscopy improves intraarticular reduction without altering extra-articular reduction in patients with intraarticular fractures of the distal radius, and it allows for assessment and treatment of any injuries discovered. We must now follow these patients over the long-term to assess the clinical benefit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

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Legislation concerning workload of surgical trainees and pressure to reduce learning curves have forced us reconsider surgical training. Our goal was to evaluate a synthetic procedural simulator for teaching open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fractures (DRF). Twenty surgeons used a synthetic procedural simulator (Wristsim®) made by 3D printing for ORIF of DRF with a volar plate (Newclip Technics®). The evaluation consisted of grading the simulator's realism compared to the surgeons' own experience with surgery on cadavers. The Wristsim® was graded 5.10/10, compared to 8.18/10 for the cadaver specimen for introduction of the plate under pronator quadratus. For fracture reproduction, Wristsim® scored 6.40/10, with the cadaver specimen scoring 7.15/10. For fracture reduction, Wristsim® scored 5.62/10, with the cadaver specimen scoring 7.38/10. Plate application was scored 7.05/10 for Wristsim® and 8.23/10 for the cadaver. Drilling was scored 6.60/10 for the Wristsim® and 8.23/10 for the cadaver. Screw fixation was scored 7.40/10 for the Wristsim® and 8.12/10 for the cadaver. Our results demonstrated that Wristsim® is still inferior to a cadaver specimen for teaching ORIF by volar plating of DRF. A new model of Wristsim® is being developed that will address shortcomings in pronator quadratus thickness, passive ROM in flexion/extension and bone size.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of treatment on epiphyseal fractures of the distal radius. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 53 patients treated in the pediatric surgery department on children was conducted between 2002 and 2012 for a distal radius epiphyseal fracture. The mean age of 12.5 years. According to Salter-Harris classification, fractures were classified of type I in 35 patients (66%) and types II 18 (34%) cases. The average treatment time was 1.42 days. Firstly, closed reduction followed by an anti-brachial brachiocephalic palmar cast was performed on patients. Failure of the orthopedic treatment led to open reduction and pin fixation. Post-care results were evaluated on the functional and morphological study of the upper limb. RESULTS: Postoperative complications occurred in 7 patients. Failures of closed reduction were caused by irreducibility due to periosteum interposition in 5 patients with type II fractures and by a redisplacement in 2 patients with type I fracture. In these patients, treatment consisted of a fixation pin by open reduction. Positive results occurred in 49 cases (92.5%) and sequelae occurred in 4 (7.5%) patients. Sequelae were represented by a stiff wrist in 3 cases (5.6%), and limitation of prono-supination in 1 case (1.8%). CONCLUSION: The results of treatment of epiphyseal fractures of the distal radius in children are accompanied by a low rate of complications. But a long-term follow up is required because growth disturbances predominated among the complications.

L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les résultats du traitement des fractures décollements épiphysaires du radius distal chez l'enfant. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Etude rétrospective portant sur 53 patients traités dans le service de chirurgie pédiatrique entre 2002 et 2012 pour une fracture décollement épiphysaire du radius distal. L'âge moyen était de 12,5 ans. Les lésions étaient reparties selon la classification de Salter et Harris: type I 35 cas (66%), type II 18 cas (34%). Le délai thérapeutique moyen était de 1,42 jour. En première intention, une réduction par manœuvre externe était réalisée, suivie d'un plâtre brachial anti brachio palmaire. Les échecs du traitement orthopédique ont imposé une réduction chirurgicale par brochage à ciel ouvert. L'évaluation des résultats s'est basée sur l'étude fonctionnelle et morphologique du membre supérieur. RÉSULTATS: Des complications post thérapeutiques ont été observées chez 7 patients. Il s'agissait de 5 cas d'irréductibilité par interposition périostée dans le type II et 2 cas de déplacement secondaire dans le type I. Chez ces patients, le traitement a consisté à une ostéosynthèse par brochage à ciel ouvert. Une consolidation sans séquelle a été observée chez 49 patients (92,5%) et 4 patients (7,5%) ont présenté des séquelles. Les séquelles étaient représentées par une raideur du poignet dans 3 cas (5,6%), une limitation de la prono-suppination dans 1 cas (1,8%). CONCLUSION: Le traitement des fractures décollements épiphysaires du radius distal chez l'enfant s'accompagne d'un faible taux de complications. Il convient d'insister sur l'intérêt d'une surveillance prolongée en raison de la nature évolutive et du caractère imprévisible de trouble de croissance.

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Adaptive carpal malalignment is the consequence of malunion of the distal radius. Since the radial metaphysis and capitate have to be aligned, any disorientation of the radial epiphysis will force the proximal carpal row to adapt, as it is the only mobile element. There are two types of adaptation depending where the compensative occurs: (1) midcarpal - leading to flexion between the lunate and capitate, with the lunate maintaining a normal relationship with the radial epiphysis axis; (2) radiocarpal - combining flexion and dorsal displacement of the lunate relative to the axis of the radial epiphysis, with the midcarpal joint remaining aligned. Clinically, adaptive carpal malalignment is not the first reason for consultation in cases of distal radius malunion. It occurs in cases of moderate deformity with preserved pronation-supination in a young patient who has good mobility. It generates dorsal pain that may be associated with a snapping sensation. The diagnosis requires strict lateral X-ray views. Over time, the wrist becomes stiff but analgesic and is often well tolerated functionally. This type of deformity has not been shown to lead to osteoarthritis. Osteotomy to correct the malunion is the only way to treat adaptive carpal malalignment in active young patients who have a mobile but painful wrist.

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Nonunion after distal radius fracture is rare, serious and unpredictable. The preferred treatment is resection of the nonunion zone followed by open reduction and internal fixation with autologous iliac crest bone graft. When the distal fragment is less than 5mm high, a dorsal plate that bridges the radiocarpal joint is recommended. In patients with low functional demands, radiocarpal fusion is a logical choice. The bone healing rate is 58% and could be improved by using a vascular graft. Bone healing is not synonymous with good clinical outcomes. Nonunion after distal radius fracture is a serious problem and the functional prognosis is doubtful.

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The wrist's function is at stake in young active adults with partial intra-articular fractures of the distal radius. The high energy nature of these injuries, displaced fractures with risk of malunion in case of insufficient treatment, and associated ligament or cartilage damage all hinder the prognosis of these fractures. Many classification systems exist to help us analyze and in some cases, select a treatment. Optimal management requires a high-quality preoperative assessment and a precise surgical technique coupled with the use of arthroscopy to deal with joint and ligament injuries in the same operation. Devices that address the fragmented nature of these fractures provide the best fixation. The primary treatment goal is reduction with less 1mm intra-articular step-off in order to reduce the risk of secondary osteoarthritis and to treat associated ligament damage, which is very common and often under-estimated. Treating the fracture and any associated lesions during the same operation is the best way to ensure a good functional outcome.

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The authors report their experience with wrist hemiarthroplasty for acute irreparable distal radius fractures in independent elderly patients (12 women, mean age 76years) and following failed initial treatment in the same population (5 women, mean age 75years). The first 11 cases have a mean follow-up of 30months. No complications requiring implant removal were reported. At follow-up, the mean VAS for pain was 1/10, the mean flexion-extension arc was 60°, the Lyon Wrist score was 73 % and the PRWE (Patient-Related Wrist Evaluation) was 22 points. The five patients who had secondary procedures and were reviewed at mean of 16months' follow-up did not require implant removal but there was one complete forearm rotational ankylosis with ossification. At follow-up, the mean VAS for pain was 3/10, the mean flexion-extension arc was 56°, the Lyon Wrist score was 65 % and the PRWE was 45 points. The authors believe that hemiarthroplasty is a useful salvage procedure for irreparable wrist fractures in the emergency room and after failed initial treatment in active elderly patients.

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Malunions of the distal radius are associated most of the time with disturbances of the distal radioulnar (DRU) joint. While a corrective osteotomy of the distal radius is a well-known procedure in younger patients, manual workers and active patients, is it justified in independent elderly patients above 70 years of age? These techniques improve function, reorient the articular surfaces, protect against complications such as degenerative osteoarthritis and stiffness of the wrist, and they improve DRU balance. Osteotomies performed with bone or artificial grafts have comparable outcomes. Either a volar or dorsal approach can be used depending on the orientation of the carpal articular surface of the radius and the need to lengthen the radius. If the patient is active and independent, the clinical benefit is higher when an osteotomy is done for significant malunions; urgent treatment of these older patients brings about additional costs and unclear benefits.

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Complex regional pain syndrome (CPRS) greatly affects the outcomes of distal radius fractures in terms of functional recovery, time away from work and patient satisfaction. The diagnosis is sometimes difficult to make in the immediate post-injury period. The disproportionate nature of the pain in the absence of differential diagnoses and the presence of a pain-free interval should arouse suspicion. The natural history consists of spontaneous improvement except in some refractory forms. The treatment is multidisciplinary combining a physician specializing in pain, therapist and psychologist coordinated by the surgeon who must not abandon the patient. Treatment aims to improve the patient's comfort and quality of life. Recent treatment approaches aimed at improving cortical reorganization have demonstrated their effectiveness. Surgery has to be considered even in the acute phase to address any causes of pain that can be resolved and address secondary stiffness. Significant progress has to be made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CPRS to improve treatment and shift this condition to a regional pain syndrome.

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