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BACKGROUND: Megalocytiviruses (MCV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect fish. Two species within the genus are epidemiologically important for fish farming: red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). The objective of this work was to study regions that allow the differentiation and correct diagnosis of RSIV and ISKNV. METHODS: The regions ORF450L, ORF342L, ORF077, and the intergenic region between ORF37 and ORF42R were sequenced and compared with samples from the database. RESULTS: The tree constructed using the sequencing of the PCR product Megalocytivirus. ORF077 separated the three major clades of MCV. RISV genotypes were well divided, but not ISKNV. All qPCRs tests showed acceptable repeatability values, that is, less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Two qPCRs for ISKNV detection and two for RSIV were considered suitable for use in the diagnosis and typing of MCV. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of an accurate evaluation of methodologies for the differentiation of MCV.

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Mariculture of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus in Central America has increased over the last few decades and it is now a highly valued food fish. High feed costs and infectious diseases are significant impediments to the expansion of mariculture. Members of the genus Megalocytivirus (MCV), subfamily Alphairidovirinae, within the family Iridoviridae, are emerging pathogens that negatively impact Asian mariculture. A significant mortality event in Florida pompano fingerlings cultured in Central America occurred in October 2014. Affected fish presented with abdominal distension, darkening of the skin, and periocular hemorrhages. Microscopic lesions included cytomegalic 'inclusion body-bearing cells' characterized by basophilic granular cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple organs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed arrays of hexagonal virions (155-180 nm in diameter) with electron-dense cores within the cytoplasm of cytomegalic cells. Pathological findings were suggestive of an MCV infection, and the diagnosis was later confirmed by partial PCR amplification and sequencing of the viral gene encoding the myristylated membrane protein. The viral sequence revealed that the fingerlings were infected with an MCV genotype, red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), previously reported only from epizootics in Asian mariculture. This case underscores the threat RSIV poses to global mariculture, including the production of Florida pompano in Central America.

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Abstract Content validity of the 18-item Investigator-Rated Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale IV (I-ADHD RS-IV) with adult prompts was investigated using qualitative interviews of US clinicians who had prior experience rating adults with phenylketonuria (PKU) using the I-ADHD RS-IV. Fourteen qualitative interviews were conducted to obtain key symptom experiences of adults with PKU and assessed the relevance, clarity, and administration of the I-ADHD RS-IV. Participants (n = 13, 92.9%) endorsed the inattention symptoms as key experiences by adults with PKU and endorsed the instrument as fit for purpose for adults with PKU. Participants generally reported low frequencies of occurrence for the 9 I-ADHD RS-IV hyperactivity/impulsivity items. Despite some clinicians' concerns for the lack of patient self-awareness, the participants reported no difficulty selecting a rating on these items. This in-depth study of the content validity of the I-ADHD RS-IV provides evidence that this clinician-reported instrument captures the severity of important inattention symptoms in adults with PKU.

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Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the city of Antofagasta. Patients and Methods: Teachers and parents of 640 children (290 boys and 350 girls) between 6 and 11 years, from public, subsidized and private schools were evaluated through the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV [ADHD-RS IV]. Results: Utilizing the ADHD Scale independently, the prevalence ranged between 5 percent and 15 percent depending on the informant. This number decreased to 2 percent when the criteria were required both at home and school environments. Conclusion: In our population the prevalence of ADHD is highest in boys 6 to 8 years of age, being the combined disorder the most common subtype found in this group.

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia encontrada del Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la ciudad de Antofagasta. Método: A través de las Escalas Attention Deficit Hiperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV [ADHD RS-IV] fueron evaluados apoderados y profesores de 640 niños (290 niños y 350 niñas) entre 6 y 11 años, provenientes de establecimientos educacionales públicos, subvencionados y privados. Resultados: Se encuentran prevalencias que oscilan entre un 5 por ciento a un 15 por ciento dependiendo del informante, las cuales disminuyen a un 2 por ciento considerando criterios cumplidos en dos ambientes. Existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, así como entre rangos de edad. Conclusión: La prevalencia estimada de TDAH es mayor en hombres entre 6 a 8 a±os, siendo el subtipo más frecuente el combinado.

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